Exam 3 Study Guide for General Biology | BIOL 1001, Study notes of Biology

Download Exam 3 Study Guide for General Biology | BIOL 1001 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 7: 1. _______ are the site of photosynthesis in plants. a. Chloroplasts 2. Photosynthesis is the opposite of ______. a. Cellular Respiration 3. During photosynthesis, glucose and other energy-rich molecules are _____ through a process that requires energy from the sun. a. Made 4. During cellular respiration, energy is ______ from glucose and other energy-rich molecules. a. Obtained 5. _________ transforms light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy and stores that energy in sugar and other organic molecules. a. Photosynthesis 6. What type of chemical reaction is photosynthesis? a. Endergonic 7. _____ are the major organs of photosynthesis. a. Leaves 8. _______: the green pigment that gives a leaf its color; responsible for the absorption of the light energy that drives photosynthesis. a. Chlorophyll 9. Chloroplasts are primarily in cells of _______. a. Mesophyll 10.CO2 and H2O enter the leaf through pores called: a. Stomata or Stoma 11.Chloroplasts contain the _____ and the ________. a. Thylakoids and Stroma 12.___ are flattened membranous sacs inside the chloroplasts. a. Thylakoid 13.The thylakoids are arranged in stacks called _____. a. Grana 14.The Thylakoids are where the _______ reactions occur. a. Light-dependent 15.Photosynthesis consists of two different reactions: a. Light dependent and light independent 16.__________: sunlight is converted into chemical energy that is stored in energy-carrier molecules called ATP and NADPH; Oxygen is released as a by-product; occurs in the thylakoid membranes. a. Light-dependent reactions 17.__________: chemical energy in the carrier molecules is used to make glucose, and other organic molecules; takes place in the stroma. a. Light-independent reactions 18. a. Green: Light-dependent Reactions b. Yellow: Energized Carriers (ATP, NADPH) c. Purple: Light-Independent Reaction (stroma) d. Blue: Depleted Carriers (ADP, NADP+) 19. Electromagnetic energy travels in ________. a. Waves 20.Shorter wavelength means the light has _____ energy, while longer wavelength means it has _____ energy. a. Higher; lower 21.Electromagnetic energy also travels in discrete particles called _____ a. Photons 22.______ are substances that absorb visible light. a. Pigments 23.________ the pigment which is the key light-capturing molecule in thylakoid membranes. a. Chlorophyll 24.Other pigments such as carotenoids and phycocyanins are called _________ a. Accessory Pigments 25.________ are the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes; Chlorophyll, proteins, and the accessory pigments are arranged into this. a. Photosystems 26.What are the 9 steps of the light-dependent reaction? (MUST KNOW) a. Light s absorbed by PSII b. Energized electrons leave the reaction center c. Enter the electron transport chain d. Electrons move along chain, and energy is used to make ATP e. Light is absorbed by PSI f. Energized electrons leave the reaction center g. Enter the electron transport chain h. Energy is transferred into NADPH i. Initial electrons from PSII are replaced by splitting of water 27.What is the purpose of having 2 photosystems in the light-dependent reactions? a. The 2 generate different energy carriers. 28._________: transforming light energy into chemical energy a. Light-dependent reaction 29.As the electrons flow down the PSII electron transport system, ATP is generated by ________. a. Photophosphorylation 30.When less water is available during a drought, why is the rate of photosynthesis in plants reduced? a. Fewer electrons are around to fuel the ETC. a. Three 28.For every FADH2 that feeds into the electron transport chain __ protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane compartment. a. Two 29.For every proton that crosses back into mitochondrial matrix one ATP is synthesized by _____. a. ATP synthase. Chapter 11: 1. ______ are the units of heredity and are made of nucleic acid (DNA). a. Genes 2. _______ are polymers of nucleotides linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions. a. Nucleic Acids 3. _______ are the building block molecules of a nucleic acid and are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. a. Nucleotides 4. What groups form the nucleic acid backbone? a. Sugar and Phosphate groups 5. If DNA were compared to a book, the sugar and phosphate groups would only be the binding of the book. The actual words or genetic information would be contained in the nitrogenous bases. 6. What are the two families of nitrogenous bases? a. Pyrimidines and Purines 7. ______ are nitrogenous bases characterized by a six-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms. a. Pyrimidines (Thmine, Cytosine) 8. ______ are nitrogenous bases characterized by a five-membered ring fused to a six- membered ring where both rings are made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms. a. Purines (Adenine, Guanine) 9. Evidence that DNA is the genetic material: In a eukaryotic cell, the DNA content _____ prior to cell division. During cell division the doubled DNA is divided equally between two daughter cells. a. Doubles 10.In 1947, Erwin Chargaff from Columbia University used paper chromatography to separate the bases of the DNA from different species. (fish, humans, bacteria, etc.) He found that the base composition (number of As, Ts, Gs, Cs) ______ between species. a. Varied 11.A- _________. T- ________. G- ___________. C- ____________. He found there was a relationship between the bases. Chargaff’s rule’s stated that A=___ and G=_____. a. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine b. T, C 12.Watson and Crick (and others) discovered the ______. a. Double helix 13.The structure of the monomer or _________ and the polymer or ____________. a. Nucleotide; Single Strand DNA 14.Rosalind Franklin found physical structure evidence for DNA. She was a gifted x-ray crystallographer. This discovery lead to the _______. a. Double helix model 15.Two double helix strands are ______. a. Antiparallel 16._____: is the specific-base pairing of DNA molecules; the key to solving the “puzzle”. a. Complementary base pairs 17.DNA in a typical human cell is about ___ long and must be contained within a cell about ____ in diameter. a. 2 meters or about 3 miles long ; 10 µm 18.The _______ revealed that most of the DNA of humans does not encode mRNAs or any other RNAs. They appear to serve _______ in our life cycle. a. Human Genome Project; no purpose 19._____ account for about 98.5% of human chromosomal DNA. a. Genes 20.These non-doing regions are similar in humans, but not identical. They account for your DNA _____, which are called _____. a. Fingerprint; mini-satellite sequences. 21.Mini-satellite sequences have a single _____ difference in sequence between individuals of the same species. a. Nucleotide b. Red nucleotides represent sequence differences between people; this is now used to fingerprint an individual. 22.____ became commercially available in 1987. Since then, there have been thousands of people who have avoided wrongful accusation of crimes. Over 200 rulings have been overturned due to DNA analysis. They are called the “DNA 200”; They served on average 12 years in prison. a. Forensic DNA Analysis 23.______ is the combination of DNA from 2 or more organisms into a single DNA molecule; this is how many important proteins such as insulin, HGH, and EPO are commercially produced today. a. Recombinant DNA 24.The gene that encodes for ____ production in humans is snipped out of human DNA and inserted into the DNA of an _____. a. Insulin; E. Coli bacterium b. These E. Coli bacterium reproduce extremely fast, & the new generations of bacteria all produce enormous amounts of insulin. This is the insulin that diabetics inject on a daily basis. 25.Insulin was the first genetically engineered drug approved by the FDA in ___. a. 1982 26._______; produced by the human pituitary gland; insufficient production of this can lead to dwarfism; this also increases protein synthesis, burning of body fat, & growth in nearly every part of the body. a. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) i. Also used to combat weight loss in AIDS patients ii. Before 1994, treatment was very expensive but now it is available for $7500 for a month’s supply 27.________: hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production; used to treat anemia resulting from chemotherapy, eating disorders, and lung disease; increases the body’s ability to transport oxygen to cells and tissues. a. Erythropoietin (EPO) i. Can thicken blood increasing the chances of a heart attack ii. Sales of this exceeded $10 billion in 2004 28.In 1995, recombinant DNA technology was used to actually insert the bacterial gene for the production of this spore into the actual plant’s DNA. Now the plant produces the crystal spore that kills the insects and pesticides are no longer used 29.The process of DNA replication requires ___ enzymes and accessory proteins. It is extremely rapid (humans replicate ____ per second); Very accurate process, about 1 in a billion chance of a mistake. a. 20 + b. 50 nucleotides 30.There are three fundamental steps of DNA replication, otherwise known as _____: a. Step 1: Double helix unwinds and the strands separate. b. Step 2: Each strand can act as a template. c. Step 3: A new strand winds up with an old strand. i. Semiconservative replication 31.When DNA replication starts, the DNA strands are separated by an enzyme called ___ to form a replication “bubble”. a. Helicase 32.At each end of that replication “bubble” is a _______ where the new strands are being synthesized; these are the Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules where new strands are growing. a. Replication fork 33._____ is the synthesis of the new strands; this synthesis occurs in a ____ to ____ direction, therefore synthesis is bidirectional. a. DNA polymerase; 5’; 3’ 34.During this, the fragments of the lagging strand are joined by another enzyme called ___. a. DNA ligase 35.Because of the bidirectional nature of the replication one strand is synthesized in a ______ manner (leading strand) the opposing strand (lagging strand) is synthesized in _____. a. Continuous; pieces 36.During the ______, DNA polymerase is moving in the ____ direction as the helicase. It adds complimentary nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction. a. Leading Strand Synthesis; same 37.During the _____, DNA polymerase is moving in the ______ direction of the helicase. a. Opposite Chapter 12: 1. ____ are the instructions (program) that tell the cell what to do. a. DNA 2. ____ are the results of these instructions. a. Proteins 3. The study of ____ ____ provided evidence that genes lead to proteins. This relationship was first proposed by ____ in 1909. a. Metabolic Defects; Archibald Garrod b. He suggested that some metabolic disorders were caused by a blocked pathway. He also said that inherited diseases were the result of the lack of an enzyme. 4. A blockage in a pathway not only stops the production of something we need but it also may lead to the accumulation of something we don’t want. 5. The biochemical pathway for synthesis of the amino acid ____ involves two steps, each catalyzed by a different enzyme.