Clinical Psychology Training and Related Professions, Exams of Psychology

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Clinical Psychology Exam 1

Boulder model (scientist-practitioner) - Training in clinical psychology that equally emphasized practice and research. This approach of clinical psychology training dominated the field for decades. Practitioner-scholar model (Vail model) - Less intensive scientific training, with a focus on the development of applied clinical skills. Led to the birth of a new type of doctoral degree: the PsyD. Clinical scientist model - Formed in the 1990s... a new model of training which stressed the scientific side of clinical psychology more strongly than the Boulder model. Richard McFall - Key figure in the "clinical scientist model movement". Was a professor of psychology at Indiana University. Published an article called "Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology" in which he argued that "scientific clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology". Academy of Psychological Clinical Science - Resulting group from a clinical psychology conference held at Indiana University. Richard McFall served as its first president. Predoctoral Internship - Typically consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting--a psychiatric hospital, Veterans Affairs medical center, university counseling center, community mental health center, etc. Takes a year BEFORE the PhD or PsyD is rewarded. Postdoctoral Internship - Typically lasts 1-2 years...essentially a step up from the predoctoral internship. More responsibilities than predoctoral interns, but still remain under supervision. Provides opportunities for specialized training. Can become licensed to practice independently after interns accumulate the required hours. Licensure - Give a professional the right to identify as a member of the profession - to present themselves as a psychologist. Requires completion of graduate coursework, predoctoral internship, and postdoctoral internship.

Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) - A standardized multiple choice exam on a broad range of psychology topics. All US states and most Canadian provinces establish a minimum score for licensure. State exams may vary according to state regulations, but tend to center on legal issues relevant to the practice of psychology. These exams may be written or oral. Continuing education units (CEUs) - Requirements for renewing licensure from year to year. These requirements can be met in a number of ways: attending workshops, taking courses, undergoing additional specialized training, passing exams on selected professional reading material, etc. These CEUs ensure that clinical psychologists stay up to date in the field in order to maintain/improve the standard of care that they can provide to clients. Counseling psychologists - While clinical psychologists are more likely to work with seriously disturbed individuals, counseling psychologists are likely to work with less pathological clients. Today, many clinical and counseling psychologists see the same types of clients, sometimes colleagues side by side. Graduate students of these two fields occupy the same internship sites, often earn the same degree (PhD), and obtain the same licensure status. Clinical psychologists tend to work in hospitals or inpatient psychiatric units. Counseling psychologists work at place like university counseling centers, for example. Clinical psychologists tend to endorse behaviorism more strongly, while counseling psychologists tend to endorse humanistic/client-centered approaches more strongly. They also tend to be more interested in vocational testing and career counseling. Psychiatrists - Unlike clinical or counseling psychologists, psychiatrists go to medical school and are licensed as physicians. They're allowed to prescribe medication (psychologists haven't had this right until recently). Clinical psychologists are trained to appreciate biological aspects of their clients' problems, but psychiatrists' training emphasizes biology to such an extent that disorders (depression, anxiety, etc.) are view first and foremost as physiological abnormalities of the brain. PSYCHIATRISTS TEND TO FIX THE BRAIN BY PRESCRIBING MEDICATION. Social workers - Traditionally social workers have focused their work on the interaction between an individual and the components of society that may contribute to or alleviate the individual's problems. View clients' problems as products of social ills (racism, poverty, etc.)

More likely to get into the "nitty-gritty" of their clients' worlds by visiting their homes or workplaces, or by making contacts on their behalf with organizations that might prove beneficial. In recent years social work training includes a strong emphasis on supervised fieldwork, but very little on research methods, psychological testing, or physiological psychology. School psychologists - Usually work in schools, but may work in day care centers or correctional facilities. Primary function is to enhance the intellectual, emotional, social, and developmental lives of students. Often conduct psychological testing (intelligence + achievement tests) to determine diagnoses such as learning disabilities. Professional counselors - Typically earn a master's degree and often complete their training within two years. Often specialize in areas such as career, school, addiction, couple/family, or college counseling. William Tuke - English native who heard about the awful conditions that the mentally ill lived in (lived in the late 18th, early 19th century). Visited asylums and was appalled. York Retreat - A residential treatment center opened by William Tuke where the mentally ill would always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency. Patients received good food, frequent exercise, and friendly interactions with the staff. Philippe Pinel - What William Tuke was to England, Pinel was to France. Worked to successfully move mentally ill individuals out of dungeons in Paris where they were help as inmates rather than treated as patients. Convinced his contemporaries that they were not possessed by devils and that they deserved compassion and hope. Eli Todd - Did for America what Tuke and Pinel did to Europe. Was able to open The Retreat in Connecticut. Dorothea Dix - Devoted her life to improving the lives and treatment of the mentally ill in america. She'd travel to a city, collect data on its treatment of the mentally ill, present her data to community leaders, and persuade them to treat the mentally ill more humanely and adequately. Lightner Witmer - He founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to Witmer, psychology was an academic discipline which focused on research. He was one of the first psychologists to apply his knowledge to real-life settings. The Psychological Clinic -

First scholarly journal in the field of psychology. Founded by Lightner Witmer. He also wrote the first article which was titled "Clinical Psychology" Neurosis - Neurotic individuals were thought to suffer from some psychiatric symptoms but to maintain an intact grasp on reality. Psychosis - Demonstrated a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking. Emil Kraepelin - He was the "father of descriptive psychiatry". He offered a different two-category system of mental illness (endogenous and exogenous disorders). Exogenous disorders - Disorders caused by external factors. Though to be much easier to treat than endogenous disorders. Endogenous disorders - Disorders caused by internal factors. Dementia Praecox - A term Kraeplin came up with which described one endogenous disorder similar to what is now known as schizophrenia. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - Consisted of terms which were influenced by Kraeplin's terminology for various psychological terms (paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, etc.). First one was published in 1952. Second edition was published in 1968. DSM-3 was published in 1980. Diagnostic Criteria - Lists indicating exactly what symptoms constitute each disorder. Found in the DSM. Multiaxial system - Introduced in DSM-III. A way of cataloguing problems of different kinds on different axes, which remained for multiple editions before being taken out of the most recent (DSM-V). Edward Lee Thorndike - Among those who promoted the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences. Charles Spearman - Led a group of theorists who argued for the existence of "g", a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities. Alfred Binet - Along with Theodore Simon created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905. The test yielded a single overall score, endorsing the concept of "g". It was the first to incorporate a comparison of mental age to chronological age as aa measure of intelligence.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - A revision of Binet's tests. This is the name the test is currently known as. David Wechsler - Devised an intelligence test designed specifically for adults. Wechsler-Bellevue test - Intelligence test devised by Wechsler. Its more recent revisions still used to this day, as it's been restandardized multiple times. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955, WAIS-R in 1981, the WAIS-III in 1997. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) - Released in 1949, it distinguished itself from the Stanford-Binet by including specific subtests as well as verbal and performance scales, as well as overall IQ. It's been revised several times: WISC-R in 1974, WISC-III in 1991, WISC-IV in 2003. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) - An intelligence test designed for very young children. Revised in 1989 (WPPSI-R) and in 2002 (WPPSI-III). Hermann Rorscharch - Swiss psychologist who developed a test in 1921 that had a significant impact for many years to come. Projective personality test (Rorschach Inkblot Method) - Based on the assumption that people will "project" their personalities onto ambiguous or vague stimuli. The way individuals perceive the blots corresponds to the way they perceive and make sense of the world around them.