Experimental Designs in Behavioral Research, Exams of Advanced Education

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What are the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement? - Correct Answer-Validity, accuracy, and reliability. Describe validity in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. What does it measure? - Correct Answer-Requires 3 equally important elements: (a) measuring directly a socially significant target behavior, (b) measuring a dimension of the target behavior relevant to the question or concern about the behavior and (c) ensuring that the data are representative of the behavior's occurrence under conditions and during times that are most relevant to the question or concern about the behavior. Describe accuracy in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. What does it measure? - Correct Answer-Refers to the extent to which the observed value matches the true state or true value of the event as it exists in nature. It must be determined if there is a measurement bias. Describe reliability in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. What does it measure? - Correct Answer-When measuring a procedure yields the same outcome each time. It measures consistency of data collection. How do we ensure our data are valid, accurate, and reliable? - Correct Answer- Researchers and practitioners who asses the accuracy of their data can (a) determine early in an analysis whether the data re usable for making experimental or treatment decisions, (b) discover and correct measurement errors, (c) detect consistent patterns of measurement error that can lead to the overall improvement or calibration of the measurement system, and (d) communicate to others the relative trustworthiness of the data. What are some procedures that provide direct and indirect measurement? - Correct Answer-Direct observation is an example of direct measurement and questionnaires filled out by parents is an example of indirect measurement. Describe the difference between continuous recording and sampling recording. Give examples of each, and advantages and disadvantages. How do we do each type of recording? 106-107 - Correct Answer-Continuous recording is considered the gold standard in applied behavior analysis as it continuously records behaviors in a session. sampling recording differs as data is recorded in samples or increments that have been predetermined. Sample recording may be utilized when an observer is collecting data for multiple students at one time. Name the three threats to measurement accuracy and reliability. - Correct Answer- Human error is the biggest threat to measurement accuracy and reliability. Factors that

contribute to human measurement error include poorly designed measurement systems, inadequate observer training and expectations about what the data should look like. poorly designed measurement systems - Correct Answer-An example would be an unnecessarily cumbersome and difficult to use measurement system which can create a needless loss of accuracy and reliability. inadequate observer training - Correct Answer-observers who are not trained enough. Explicit and systematic training of observers i essential for the collection of trustworthy data. unintended influences on observers - Correct Answer-Presuppositions an observer may hold about the expected outcomes of the data and an observer's awareness that others are measuring the same behavior. How do we maximize the quality of observers who are taking our data? 108-109 - Correct Answer-Provide a systematic approach that covers methods such as sample vignettes, narrative descriptions, video sequences, role playing and practice sessions int eh environment Describe how we assess the accuracy and reliability of data, including the differences between obtained and true values of data. Describe how, if you can, look at data and know whether those data are obtained or true or both? 110-11 - Correct Answer- calculate the correspondence of each measure, or datum, asses to its true value. True values for many behaviors of interest to ABA are evident and universally accepted or can be established conditionally by local context. True values for some behaviors are difficult because the process for determining a true value must be different from the measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to compare to the true value. Why is the interobserver agreement very important to measurement? - Correct Answer- To determine the competence of new observers, detect observer drift, judge whether the definition of the target behavior is clear and the system not too difficult to use, and convince others of the relative believability of the data. List the requisites for obtaining valid IOA measures - Correct Answer-It requires that two or more observers use the same observation code and measurement system, observe and measure the same participants and events, and observer and record the behavior independent of influence by other observers. If given some data, be able to calculate IOA using the preferred method of doing so, based upon the type of measurement system used to collect those data. If given a description of a target behavior and context, be able to select the best observational recording system to use to measure that behavior. 114-119 - Correct Answer-...

Summarize the considerations in selecting, obtaining, and reporting IOA information, including how often IOA should be collected and acceptable levels of IOA - Correct Answer-IOA assessments should occur during each condition and phase of a study and be distributed across days of the week, times of day, settings and observers. 80% is the standard acceptable level of IOA. accuracy - Correct Answer-(of measurement) The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature. believability - Correct Answer-The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation. Measures of interobserver agreement are the most often used index of this in applied behavior analysis. calibration - Correct Answer-Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information to correct or improve the measurement system. continuous measurement - Correct Answer-measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period. Frequency recording, duration recording direct measurement - Correct Answer-Directly measure the behavior of interest rather than measuring indicators of the behavior. (Frequency data on nail-biting occurrences rather than checking nails periodically). discontinuous measurement - Correct Answer-Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected. Whole interval, partial interval, momentary time sampling exact count-per-interval IOA - Correct Answer-The percentage of total intervals in which observers recorded the same count; the most stringent description of IOA for most data sets obtained by event recording. indirect measurement - Correct Answer-Occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct measurement because inferences about the relation between the data obtained and the actual behavior of interest are required. (Checking nails periodically to see if nail-biting has occurred rather than recording instances of nail-biting observed) interobserver agreement (IOA) - Correct Answer-The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.

interval-by-interval IOA - Correct Answer-comparing the two observers' recordings of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in each observation interval and dividing the number of intervals of agreement by the total number of intervals and multiplying by 100. Y/N Y/Y N/N 66% IOA mean count-per-interval IOA - Correct Answer-The average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times; a more conservative measure of IOA than total count IOA. mean duration-per-occurrence IOA - Correct Answer-An IOA index for duration per occurrence data; also a more conservative and usually more meaningful assessment of IOA for total duration data calculated for a given session or measurement period by computing the average percentage of agreement of the durations reported by two observers for each occurrence of the target behavior. measurement bias - Correct Answer-Nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event. naive observer - Correct Answer-An observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/r the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period. Data obtained by a naive observer are less likely to be influenced by observers' expectations. observed value - Correct Answer-A measure produced by an observation and measurement system. Observed values serve st the data that the researcher and others will interpret to form conclusions about an investigation. observer drift - Correct Answer-Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observer's interpretation of the original definitions of the target behavior subsequent to being trained. observer reactivity - Correct Answer-Influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports reliability - Correct Answer-(of measurement) Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same even yield the same values.

scored-interval IOA - Correct Answer-An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the occurrence of the behavior; calculated by dividing the number of intervals in which the two observers agreed that the behavior occurred by the number of intervals in which either or both observers recorded the occurrence of the behavior and multiplying by 100. Scored-interval IOA is recommended as a measure of agreement for behaviors that occur at low rates because it ignores the intervals in which agreement by chance is highly likely. total count IOA - Correct Answer-The simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data; based on comparing the total count recorded by each observer per measurement period; calculated by dividing the smaller of the two observers' counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100. total duration IOA - Correct Answer-A relevant index of IOA for total duration measurement; computed by dividing the shorter of the two durations reported by the observers by the longer duration and multiplying by 100. trial-by-trial IOA - Correct Answer-An IOA index for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' counts (0 or 1) on a trial-by-trial, or item-by-item, basis; yields a more conservative and meaningful index of IOA for discrete trial data than does total count IOA true value - Correct Answer-A measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quality of an event as it exists in nature. Obtaining true values requires "special or extraordinary precautions to ensure that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed" unscored-interval IOA - Correct Answer-An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the nonoccurrence of the behavior; calculated by dividing the number of intervals in which the two observers agreed that the behavior did not occur by the number of intervals in which either or both observers recorded the nonoccurrence of teh behavior and multiplying by 100. This is recommended as a measure of agreement for behaviors that occur at high rates because it ignores the intervals in which agreement by chance is highly likely. validity - Correct Answer-(of measurement) The extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it. History - Correct Answer-Events that occur during an experiment, and after the introduction of the IV, that may influence the outcome. (e.g. the actions of others, actions of the participants) Maturation - Correct Answer-Changes in Bx due to the passage of time.

Testing - Correct Answer-May have a facilitative effect or an inhibitive effect on the Bx over time due to repeated exposure. Instrumentation - Correct Answer-Concerns with the measurement system (ie.g. behavioral definitions, recording procedures, frequency of reliability observations, observer bias, IOA formula, independence of observers, observer bias, observer drift, etc). Procedural Infidelity - Correct Answer-When the procedures of an experimental condition are not consistently implemented across behavior episodes, time, interventionists, etc, as described in the methods section of a research proposal or report. Attrition - Correct Answer-Loss of participants during the course of a study, which can limit the generality of the findings. Multitreatment Interference - Correct Answer-When a study participant's Bx is influenced by treatments or interventions, other than the IV alone, during the course of a study. (i.e. sequential confounding, carryover effect) Data Instability - Correct Answer-The amount of variability there is in the data (DV) over time. Cyclical Variability - Correct Answer-Data instability as the result of repeated and predictable patterns in a data series over time. Perhaps due to some unidentified natural source that may account for the variability. Adaptation - Correct Answer-A period of time at the start of an investigation in which the participants' recorded Bx may differ from their natural Bx due to the novel conditions under which data are collected (e.g. observer effect, reactive effect). Hawthorne Effect - Correct Answer-Participants' Bx not being representative of their natural Bx as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment. When can you use withdrawal design? - Correct Answer-1) Behaviour is reversible (learning does not occur)

2. limited carryover effects
3. ethical concerns - ok to do reversal (DV not dangerous) What are the strengths of withdrawal design? - Correct Answer-- can establish functional relationship with single participant

• if multiple participants, the designs for each are independent What are the sources of error? - Correct Answer-multiple treatment interference/ interaction effects (carryover effects), history, measurement threats (observer drift, observer bias)

What are the limitations of AB design? - Correct Answer-- uncontrolled variables, maturation, history, testing, no experimental control - only one demonstration of effect When individual's behaviour during subsequent baseline conditions are negatively affected by resentment over having treatment withdrawn, what is it called? - Correct Answer-Resentful demoralization What is an AB case study and what are its limitations? - Correct Answer-- Baseline data (A) and treatment (B) -limitations: uncontrolled variables, maturation, history, testing, no experimental control (only 1 demonstration of effect) Problems with the ABA design - Correct Answer-Baseline -Treatment- Baseline

• limited analysis of controlling variables -participant left in baseline phase ABAB design - Correct Answer--Replication of IV effect within the participant
• 3 demonstrations of behaviour change -Participant ends in intervention phase What is the most powerful within subject design for demonstrating a functional relationship? - Correct Answer-ABAB Verification - Correct Answer-If the level of responding in baseline 2 is the same or close to baseline 1 Replication - Correct Answer-If reintroduction of the IV in Treatment 2 reproduces the behavior change observed during Treatment 1 Why did the ABAB design play a dominant role in EBA? - Correct Answer-1. Able to expose variables as either strong, weak, reliable or unstable.

2. Few alternative analytic tactics were available Why is the BAB design weaker than the ABA? - Correct Answer-Does not enable an assessment of the effects of the IV on the preintervention level of responding What is the disadvantage of using a reversal design to compare 2 or more treatments? - Correct Answer-It is vulnerable to confounding by sequencing effects. How can sequencing effects be reduced? - Correct Answer-Recapturing the original baseline levels of responding before introducing the 2nd treatment condition. What treatments can be compared in a ABABCBC design? - Correct Answer-B to A & C to B but NOT C to A

What treatments can be compared to a ABABB+CBB+C design? - Correct Answer-The additive or interactive effects of B+C but does not reveal the independent contribution of C. Why use an NCR as a control condition? - Correct Answer-When it is not possible or appropriate to eliminate completely the event or activity used as a contingent reinforcement. When does a weakness of the NCR control procedure become apparent? - Correct Answer-When a high rate of the desired behavior has been produced during the preceding contingent reinforcement phase. What is a potential problem with NCR on a predetermined time schedule? - Correct Answer-Some instances of target behavior will be accidentally reinforced (or function as adventitious) What are 4 advantages of using a reversal design? - Correct Answer-1. Ability to provide a clear demonstration of the existence (or absence) of a functional relation between the IV and DV.

2. Enables quantification of the amount of behavior change over preintervention level of responding.
3. Return to baseline provides info on the need to program for maintenance.
4. A complete ABAB design ends with the intervention in place. What are 2 scientific and social disadvantages that need to be considered before using a reversal design? - Correct Answer-1. Irreversibility
5. Social, educational and ethical considerations of withdrawing a seemingly effective intervention. Under what conditions does irreversibility must be considered? - Correct Answer-1. If the treatment cannot be withdrawn once presented.
6. If demonstration of the IV's effectiveness depends on verification by recapturing baseline levels of responding. Examples of conditions where irreversibility is inappropriate or must be considered? - Correct Answer-Children learning to talk and socialize, exposure by modeling What other experimental tactics can be used when irreversibility is an issue? - Correct Answer-1. DRI/DRA conditions
7. Multiple-baseline designs What are 5 considerations of withdrawing an effective intervention? - Correct Answer-1. People against withdrawal could sabotage experiment.
8. If people do not want it withdrawn.
9. Lost instructional time

4. Improvements might not be recaptured when intervention is re-introduced
5. SIB or dangerous behaviors What are 2 inherent limitations of multiple treatment designs comparing two or more treatments? - Correct Answer-1. Vulnerable to confounding b/c of sequencing effects.
6. Extended time required to demonstrate differential effects. What are 4 other names for alternating treatment designs? - Correct Answer-1. Multielement design
7. Multiple schedule design
8. Concurrent schedule design
9. Simultaneous treatment design What is the difference between a reversal design and an alternating treatment design? - Correct Answer-Revesal design - experimental manipulations are made after steady state responding is achieved in a given phase Alternating treatment design - based on stimulus discrimination that subject will discriminate which treatment is in effect during a given session. What are 3 examples of alternating treatment designs? - Correct Answer-1. Alternated across daily sessions, one treatment in effect each day.
10. Administered in separate sessions occurring within same day.
11. Implemented each during a portion of the same session. How can the probability be reduced that any observed differences in behavior are the result of variables other than the treatments themselves? - Correct Answer-1. Counterbalance days of week, times of day and sequence in which the different treatments occur
12. Person delivering different treatments How are the 3 components of steady state strategy evident in an alternating treatment design? - Correct Answer-Each successive data point plays the role of prediction, verification and replication.
13. A basis for the prediction of future levels of responding under treatment
14. Potential verification of the previous prediction of performance
15. Opportunity of replication of previous effects produced by that treatment. How is the presence and degree of experimental control in an alternating treatment design determined? - Correct Answer-Visual inspection of the differences between or among the data paths representing the different treatments. How can experimental control be determined when some overlap of data paths occur during an alternating treatment design? - Correct Answer-If the majority of the data points for a given treatment fall outside the range of values of the majority of data points for the contrasting treatment.

How is the extent of differential effects established? - Correct Answer-Determined by the vertical distance or fractionation between their data paths and quantified by the vertical axis. The greater the vertical distance, the greater the differential effect of the two treatments on the response measure. The greater the separation of data paths on the vertical axis, the higher the liklihood that the differences represent a socially significant effect. What are 4 common variations of the alternating treatment design? Pages 192-194 - Correct Answer-1. Single-phase alternating treatment design

2. Single-phase design in which 2 or more conditions with one being a no-treatment control condition are alternated
3. Two-phase design with initial baseline followed by phase in which 2 or more conditions are alternated
4. Three-phase design with initial baseline, a second phase where 2 or more condtions are alternated and a final phase with most effective treatment is implemented What are 7 advantages of the alternating treatment design? - Correct Answer-1. Does not require treatment withdrawal
5. Speed of comparison - quick
6. Minimizes irreversibility
7. Minimizes sequencing effects
8. Can be used with unstable data
9. Can be used to assess generalization of effects
10. Intervention can begin immediately Why can one assume that any effects of practice, change in task difficulty, maturation or other historical variables will be equally represented in each treatment condition (therefore not differentially affecting any one condition more or less than the others)? - Correct Answer-1. Different treatment conditions are alternated rapidy
11. Each treatment is presented many times throughout each time period
12. No single condition is present for any considerable length of time What are the disadvantages of using an alternating treatment design? - Correct Answer-
13. Multiple treatment interference
14. Unnatural nature of rapidly alternating treatments
15. Limited capacity - 2 to 4 treatments only
16. Selection of treatments - should be signficantly different so subject can discriminate between treatments
17. Some interventions do not produce behavior change unless and until it has been consistently implemented for a continuous period of time. CHAPTER 6 - Correct Answer-CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 - Correct Answer-CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 - Correct Answer-CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 9 - Correct Answer-CHAPTER 9 A-B-A design - Correct Answer-an experimental design consisting of an initial baseline phase, an intervention phase, and a return to baseline conditions by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in the initial baseline phase A-B-A-B design - Correct Answer-An experimental design consisting of an initial baseline phase, an initial intervention phase, a return to baseline condition, and a second intervention phase alternating treatments design - Correct Answer-an experimental design in which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding B-A-B design - Correct Answer-an experimental design that begins with the treatment condition DRI/DRA reversal technique - Correct Answer-an experimental technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement using a differential reinforcement of an incompatible or alternative behavior (DRI/DRA) as a control condition instead of a no- reinforcement condition DRO reversal technique - Correct Answer-an experimental technique for demonstrating the effects of reinforcement by using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement condition irreversibility - Correct Answer-a situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase multielement design - Correct Answer-also knows as alternating treatments design multiple treatment interference - Correct Answer-the effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study multiple treatment reversal design - Correct Answer-any experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another (NCR) reversal technique - Correct Answer-an experimental control technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement by using noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement condition

reversal design - Correct Answer-any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by "reversing" responding to a level obtained in a previous condition sequence effects - Correct Answer-the effects on a subject's behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition withdrawal design - Correct Answer-a term used by some authors as a synonym for A- B-A-B design; also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes Multi-element/alternating treatments design - Correct Answer--Two or more treatments are rapidly alternated; predetermined changes in conditions -Differences in responding are a function of the stimulus/context -Similar to the multiple reinforcement schedule used in basic research -Demonstrates control when clear differences between experimental and control conditions are replicated -Reversals occur frequently, just differently than in reversal design Multi-element vs alternating treatment (as described by Kazdin) - Correct Answer-Multi- element varies treatments across stimulus conditions but alternating treatments balances them across all conditions Alternating treatments without initial baseline - Correct Answer--Use baseline as one of the alternating conditions in the intervention phase- allows ongoing comparisons -Does raise issues/ambiguities-initial baseline performance may be different from baseline used as an ongoing control condition when the intervention has been implemented and alternated with it -Not as strong a demonstration of effect Baseline condition options - Correct Answer--Can be implemented initially and/or continued as a condition in intervention phase as a control comparison -Use of initial baseline allows strongest demonstration of effect-> aids in the evaluation of the experimental effect, allows application of describe, predict, test logic -Ongoing baseline condition can help judge the magnitude of the impact of the intervention by providing an ongoing comparison Multiple treatment design options - Correct Answer-Simultaneous availability of all conditions, randomization design, combine components, continuation of baseline as a condition, use of most effective treatment in the final phase Disadvantages of randomization design - Correct Answer--Practical issues related to inability to flip an intervention randomly in applied settings -Randomly changing intervention back and forth interferes with describe/predict/test functions gained by stable rates -Creates additional demands for planning and implementing interventions

-Not amenable to several statistical tests Advantages of randomization design - Correct Answer--Facilitates application of special statistical techniques -Used in broader context of single-case research- as a method to infuse different designs -Useful in deciding how to order presentation of conditions if bias is a possibility Continuation of baseline variation - Correct Answer--Allows for projecting what baseline looks like in the future and assessing baseline levels of performance concurrently with the intervention -Useful when initial baseline is unstable -Would allow better discrimination of extraneous variables playing a role (they would affect the intervention and baseline) -Provides greater assurance of intervention's effect Final phase of alternating treatments - Correct Answer--Instead of ending at the intervention phase, follow-through with phase of implementation of only the most effective treatment -Contributes to strength of the demonstration Variations of multiple-treatment design - Correct Answer--Changing conditions or number of interventions compared does not alter the basic features -The different phases are what accommodate the describe, predict and test features Advantages/attractiveness of multiple treatment design - Correct Answer--Demonstrates experimental effect without withdrawal -Can evaluate effects despite trends or instability (useful when extraneous variables cannot be held constant) -Can be conducted quickly/short period of time -Data can be plotted to determine if behavior is a function of a certain stimulus condition -Doesn't require extended exposure to baseline Problems/considerations of using multiple treatment design - Correct Answer--Omitting initial baseline causes ambiguities in evaluating effect if performance between the intervention doesn't differ much -DV must shift rapidly and IV sho rapid effects with have little/no carry over effects -Behavior cannot be low frequency (not enough opportunities to demonstrate differential effects) -Behavior cannot be high frequency- ceiling effect restricts the opportunities for the behavior to occur and the ability for interventions to differ -Interventions must be sufficiently different to be discriminated by the client -Multiple treatment interference Multiple treatment interference - Correct Answer--The effect of one treatment influencing the effects of another

-Limits the conclusions that can be drawn -A disadvantage of any design with more than one treatment -Can be addressed by programming distinct stimuli across conditions or confirming effects by running the treatment in isolation Levels of Scientific Understanding - Correct Answer-Description, Prediction, Control Description - Correct Answer-observing behavior to describe, assess, and measure Prediction - Correct Answer-observation indicates that presence of an event is likely related to 2nd event Control - Correct Answer-a change in behavior is dependent on the presence or absence of an environmental event Independent Variable - Correct Answer-aspect of environment that is manipulated (only one change at a time) Dependent Variable - Correct Answer-what is measured (behavior) Internal Validity - Correct Answer-when there is convincing demonstration of a relationship What is the goal of behavioral research? - Correct Answer-to demonstrate that measured changed in the target behavior occur because of experimentally manipulated changes in the environment Confounding Variables - Correct Answer-uncontrolled factors that are known or suspected of influencing a study, and thereby threaten its internal validity Two basic categories of designs - Correct Answer-group design and single-subject design characteristics of single Subject design - Correct Answer-repeated measurement of DV, individual performance across different conditions, participant is own control, clinically significant change, baseline performance, intervention condition, generality, graphs Strengths of single subject design - Correct Answer-reduces number of subjects needed, day-to-day monitoring of data, highlights the importance of learning history, can be used in clinical settings to assess treatment weaknesses of single subject design - Correct Answer-time and labor intensive, difficult to design when history is factor, not amenable to traditional inferential statistics, demonstrates social significance, show variability in behavior of individual (analyzing what groups will do does not necessarily indicate what individual will do)

Measurement - Correct Answer-process of applying quantitative labels to observed properties of events using a standard set of rules Why do we need measurement? - Correct Answer-guide decision making, evaluate effects of intervention, prevent mistakes response - Correct Answer-single instance of any class of behavioral events Most important component of measurement - Correct Answer-definition functional response class definition - Correct Answer-relationship between the behavior and its antecedents and consequences topography response class definition - Correct Answer-based on the form of responses in three-dimensional space Single response dimensional quantities - Correct Answer-temporal locus, temporal extent, repeatability Temporal locus - Correct Answer-when behavior occurs (latency); the time that occurs between two events Temporal extent - Correct Answer-extent of the behavior (duration); elapsed time between the onset and termination of an event repeatability - Correct Answer-behavior occurs more than once over time (countability); Measures of duration - Correct Answer-total duration of session; duration of event; appropriate for high frequency of behaviors Frequency/Rate - Correct Answer-number of cycles per unit time (usually per minute); total count divided by total time behavior was observed Celeration - Correct Answer-change in rate of responding per unit of time; change in rate over time; acceleration or deceleration Interresponse time (IRT) - Correct Answer-time that elapses between two successive responses Percentage - Correct Answer-ratio formed by combining the same dimensional qualities; proportional quantity Trials to criterion - Correct Answer-measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance topography - Correct Answer-physical form of behavior

magnitude - Correct Answer-force or intensity with which a response is emitted permanent product - Correct Answer-tangible or intangible environmental effects of responding that are more than transitory in duration Event recording - Correct Answer-how often behavior occurs; use counters; each instance must have beginning and ending; take into account rate and duration time sampling - Correct Answer-dividing observation period into time intervals and then recording the presence or absence of behavior within or at the end of each interval whole interval recording - Correct Answer-measure continuous behavior; 5-15 second intervals; record if behavior occurred throughout WHOLE interval; reported as percentage; underestimates; useful for behavior you want to INCREASE Partial interval recording - Correct Answer-record if behavior occurred at any time during the interval; allows recording of multiple behaviors or participants; multiple occurrences scored as 1; report as percentage; often overestimates; useful for behavior you want to DECREASE Momentary time sampling (MTS) - Correct Answer-at the end of the interval, record if behavior is occurring at the moment; does not require undivided attention; can miss a lot of behavior; best for continuous; Goal of study - Correct Answer-to show functional relationship between the target behavior and the intervention Withdrawal (Reversal) design - Correct Answer-treatment is withdrawn one or more phases of the study; one or more baseline and intervention phases; demonstrate effects of treatment (IV) on the target behavior (DV); ABA or ABAB; increased internal validity A-B Design - Correct Answer-quasi experimental design; pre-experimental; most basic and weakest of all designs; inadequate experimental control; functional relationship between IV and DV cannot be demonstrated; can't rule out extraneous factors Replication - Correct Answer-repeating a previously observed change with further manipulation of the IV; demonstrates functional relations; increases likelihood that change was function of IV What is the most powerful within-subject design for demonstrating a functional relation between environmental manipulation and a behavior? - Correct Answer-ABAB Reversal Strengths of ABAB reversal-replication design - Correct Answer-turn behavior on and off; demonstrates functional relation; high internal validity; involves prediction, verification, replication;

BAB Reversal Design - Correct Answer-no assessment or pre-intervention levels; may be appropriate with dangerous behaviors; when treatment is already in place; limited amount of time to demonstrate effect Multiple Treatment Reversal Designs - Correct Answer-compare effects of two or more experimental conditions with each other or baseline; ABABC, ABCBCBC Advantages of Reversal Design - Correct Answer-clearer demonstration of functional relationship; quantifies amount of behavior change; shows need to program for maintenance Disadvantages of Reversal Design - Correct Answer-if behavior is irreversible; social, educational, ethical concerns Changing criterion design - Correct Answer-each phase serves as baseline for next phase level; applied in graduated fashion to single target behavior; sequential performance criteria; variation of multiple baseline; Length of phases in Changing Criterion - Correct Answer-each phase serves as baseline so must be long enough to achieve stability; slower to change target behaviors equals longer phases; should vary to increase validity Magnitude of criterion changes - Correct Answer-varying sizes of change demonstrates more experimental control; must be large enough to be detectable but not so large to be unattainable; highly variable responses require larger changes required to demonstrate experimental control; smaller changes can be used with very stable levels Number of criterion changes - Correct Answer-more times behavior changes to meet new criteria, more convincing demonstration of experimental control; interrelated with phase length and magnitude of changes; limited time of study= greater number of changes, shorter phases. Strengths of Changing criterion - Correct Answer-does not require reversal, only one target behavior needed, only for use for behaviors that are already in childs repertoire; best suite for evaluating effect of techniques on stepwise changes in rate, frequency, accuracy, duration, latency, single target behavior. Alternating Treatment design/Multi-Element - Correct Answer-compares effects of 2 or more treatments; rapid and RANDOM alternation of 2 or more treatment conditions for each participant (different condition each session); AKA multiple schedule, concurrent schedule, simultaneous treatment; all factors need to be equally distributed across conditions

Sequential confounding/order effects - Correct Answer-results of treatment B in alternation with treatment A may be different than if B was administered alone; minimize this by randomizing order of administration ADvantages of ATD - Correct Answer-does not require withdrawl; speed of comparison; minimizes irreversibility problem; minimizes sequence effects; can be used with unstable data; can be used to assess generalization of effects; intervention can begin immediately disadvantages of ATD - Correct Answer-multiple treatment interference; not best for treatments that take a long time; treatments should be different from one another; max of 4 conditions; Multiple baseline design - Correct Answer-most widely used; highly flexible; no withdrawal; treatment variable is introduced in TEMPORAL SEQUENCE to different subjects, environments, or behaviors.; 2-4 baselines; apply IV to behavior 1 when you have stability,; if behaviors 2 and 3 remain unchanged after the application of IV this verifies the prediction; if IV change behavior 2 like it did behavior 1, effect fo IV has been replicated; more replications the more convincing the demonstration Difference between AB design and MBL - Correct Answer-experimental control is demonstrated as change occurs when and only when the intervention is directed at the subject, setting or behavior in question; replication of the treatment effect occurs through a series of A-B designs with differing lengths of baseline multiple baseline across behaviors - Correct Answer-2 or more different behaviors from same subject; each subject serves as their control; after steady baseline IV applied to first behavior, others kept in baseline; after some time and stability is reached with other behaviors, introduce IV multiple baseline across subjects - Correct Answer-one target behavior for 2 or more subjects; most widely used MBL multiple baseline across settings - Correct Answer-single behavior targeted in two or more settings or condtions Guidelines of MBL - Correct Answer-responses must be functionally independent of one another, if they aren't, other behaviors will change when IV implemented to 1st target; behavior must be measured concurrently; all relevant variables that influence one behavior must have opportunity to influence others; don't apply IV to other behavior too soon; intervene on most stable baseline first advantages of MBL - Correct Answer-does not require withdrawal; ideal for multiple behavior changes; useful in assessment occurrence of generalization of behavior change; easy to conceptualize

limitations of MBL - Correct Answer-does NOT demonstrate experimental control; provides more info about effectiveness of treatment variables than function of target behaviors; can require treatment being withheld from some behaviors for long time; time and resources