Exploring the Diversity and Evolution of Eukaryotes, Exams of Biology

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Exam 1 (Ch 21-27)- Week 4

Q # 1 (2.5 point)

Some slime molds have some morphological similarities to fungi such as during times of stress they will develop into fruiting bodies that produce spores. However, DNA analysis doesn't indicate a direct common ancestor, but it is thought that the similarities are due to environmental pressures, which is an example of Q # 1 option: vestigial structures homologous structures divergent evolution convergent evolution

Q # 2 (2.5 point)

What was the major event that marks the Ordovician period more than 500 million years ago? Q # 2 option: appearance of green algae in the fossil record colonization of land by ancestors of modern land plants the evolution of flowering plants

appearance of the first gymnosperms

Q # 3 (2.5 point)

Which fungus has often served as a starting point for identifying and studying genes that were then discovered in humans? Q # 3 option: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Penicillium notatum Escherichia coli Agaricus campestris

Q # 4 (2.5 point)

How did the evolution of seed plants change the different forms in the life cycle of plants? Q # 4 option: dominant gametophyte generation and microscopic sporophyte within gametophyte dominant sporophyte generation and microscopic gametophyte within sporophyte dominant sporophyte generation with large, separate gametophyte bodies dominant gametophyte generation with large, separate sporophyte bodies

Q # 5 (2.5 point)

What body plan feature promoted active mobility and an increased

ability to get food? Q # 5 option: schizocoely coelom development cephalization radial symmetry

Q # 6 (2.5 point)

A common characteristic of eukaryotes that was likely present in the last common ancestor is the ability to form haploid cells with recombined chromosomes which then fuse together to form a diploid cell. This process is termed Q # 6 option: asexual reproduction binary fission cytokinesis karyogamy mitosis

Q # 7 (2.5 point)

What is the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine, which is obtained from fungi, used for?

Q # 7 option: bacterial infections fungal infections organ transplants AIDS treatment stop bleeding

Q # 8 (2.5 point)

The conspicuous vegetative organs such as the thallus, rhizoid, and stem all belong to which stage in the bryophytes? Q # 8 option: sporophyte sporangium diploid gametophyte

Q # 9 (2.5 point)

The diplomonad that is a waterborne protist and can cause severe diarrhea when ingested is known as Q # 9 option: Volvox Trypanosoma Giardia Trichomonas

Q # 10 (2.5 point)

Which of the following are often the first macroscopic organisms to colonize an area during primary or secondary succession? Q # 10 option: mosses and liverworts green algae and horsetails ferns and hornworts lichens and angiosperms

Q # 11 (2.5 point)

Although fungi can be found in a wide variety of environments, most members are found in what habitat? Q # 11 option: ocean forest floor grassland s freshwater lakes, streams, and ponds.

Q # 12 (2.5 point)

has killed over 1 million bats in the United

States and is caused by the cold-loving fungus Geomyces destructans. Q # 12 option:

White-nose syndrome Cave- dwelling blight Mycetismus Bat ringworm

Q # 13 (2.5 point)

There are about how many species of protists currently identified? Q # 13 option: 10 billion 1, 10 million 1 million 100,

Q # 14 (2.5 point)

What is it called when, during development, a solid mass of the mesoderm splits apart and forms the hollow opening of the coelom? Q # 14 option: cephalization blastoporation gastrulation schizocoely

Q # 15 (2.5 point)

Secondary endosymbiosis of red algae is thought to have led to the evolution of Q # 15 option: flowering plants, shrubs, and trees ferns, mosses, and fungi apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and stramenopiles liverworts, lichen, and sea stars

Q # 16 (2.5 point)

Which of the following is the group of plants that is the closest extant relative of early terrestrial plants? Q # 16 option: tracheophytes bryophytes chlorophytes streptophytes

Q # 17 (2.5 point)

What two eukaryotic organelles are thought to have arisen from endosymbiosis? Q # 17 option: nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

chloroplasts and mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton and flagella

Q # 18 (2.5 point)

How can commensal bacteria affect human weight? Q # 18 option: fermentation, produce wastes, and photosynthesis affect food choices, absorption, and activity levels respiration, competition, and transformation antibiotics, probiotics, and competitive exclusion

Q # 19 (2.5 point)

For protists that can reproduce both asexually and sexually, what usually triggers sexual reproduction and why does it likely occur? Q # 19 option: nutrients acting as hormones to promote sexual reproduction in order to diversify species low nutrients or change in environment triggers so genetically diverse offspring can adapt after too many asexually reproduced cells sexual reproduction occurs to provide stability ideal environmental conditions so that higher numbers of offspring will be produced faster

Q # 20 (2.5 point)

What gives rise to pollen grains by the process of meiosis? Q # 20 option: megasporocyt es antheridia microsporocyt es strobilus

Q # 21 (2.5 point)

Food poisoning from raw foods is often caused by Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter, but botulism from Clostridium botulinum is mainly associated with food in cans or jars – why? Q # 21 option: Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe that is killed by oxygen. Salmonella is seldom found in home or industrial settings. Both E. coli and Campylobacter would have to containate the same can, but Clostridium can survive alone. E. coli is an obligate anaerobe, but Clostridium is a facultative anaerobe.

Q # 22 (2.5 point)

Water filters sunlight to some extent. What advantage and

disadvantage would come about by plants moving to land concerning this fact? Q # 22 option: more light for photosynthesis but more radiation to cause mutations increased activation energy but more likely to dry up increased temperatures for faster growth but more loss of water from cells can rest at night to get ready for more photosynthesis but increased temperature swings

Q # 23 (2.5 point)

Some members of the parabasalids, an Excavata subgroup, have semi-functional mitochondria that can function anaerobically and are called Q # 23 option: hydrogenosom es mitosomes kinetoplasts raphe plastids

Q # 24 (2.5 point)

When an animal dies, what process returns its carbon and nitrogen to

the atmosphere? Q # 24 option: microbial decomposition evaporation inorganic chemical reactions fertilization

Q # 25 (2.5 point)

What happens to the undigested remains of phagocytized food particles? Q # 25 option: burned in the mitochondria to produce energy excreted through the large intestine and the anus exocytosed from the cell used to make new cellular macromolecules

Q # 26 (2.5 point)

The morphology of some choanoflagellates resembles the likely common ancestor to all animals and looks like the collar cells of which type of animal? Q # 26 option: jellyfish octopus

rotifers sponge s coral

Q # 27 (2.5 point)

What is a distinguishing characteristic of a perfect flower? Q # 27 option: the ratio of the width of the petal to the height is the same the petals are arranged in the form of a star it has both male and female floral organs it attracts many different types of pollinators

Q # 28 (2.5 point)

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the bubonic plague? Q # 28 option: caused Black Death in 1300s that killed off over 75 million people susceptible to common antibiotics viral disease that no longer infects people caused a number of different plagues in Europe over the last 2,000 years carried by fleas on rats

Q # 29 (2.5 point)

Sponges have traditionally been thought to have branched from the base of the animal tree. In recent years, however, some molecular analyses have controversially suggested that ctenophores (comb jellies) may in fact have branched off first. Why is it so difficult to determine early animal phylogeny? Q # 29 option: The first animal divergences happened approximately 600 million years ago. Early diverging groups like Ctenophora and Cnidaria do not have extant living species We have no fossil record for the Porifera, Ctenophora, or Cnidaria. No fossils appear for animals until the colonization of land by tetrapods.

Q # 30 (2.5 point)

In obtaining nutrients from food during phagocytosis, the food vacuole needs to be able to break down the macromolecules of the ingested prey. How is this accomplished? Q # 30 option: the food vacuole is brought to the stomach where the food is digested the food vacuole selectively releases the necessary macromolecules to be digested by cytoplasmic enzymes the food vacuole merges with a lysosome to digest the food

the food vacuole cuts the food into small pieces and shuttles them to mitochondria for digestion

Q # 31 (2.5 point)

Which of the following can be associated with life cycles in protists? Select all that apply. Q # 31 option: alternation of generations multicellular haploids and unicellular diploids heterotrophic diploids and phototrophic haploids meiosis and fertilization binary fission zygotes producing gametes

Q # 32 (2.5 point)

Some parasitic fungi produce specialized hyphae that can penetrate tissues and are called Q # 32 option: sporangium basidia asocarp haustoria coenocyt ic

Q # 33 (2.5 point)

Linear eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged in the nucleus with the first level of packing consisting of the DNA wound around positively charged proteins called. Q # 33 option: flagella histones microtubule s porins microfilame nts

Q # 34 (2.5 point)

Which of the following provide indications of the endosymbiotic theory accounting for mitochondria in eukaryotes? Select all that apply. Q # 34 option: mitochondria can live and divide outside of the eukaryotic cell the size is similar between mitochondria and alpha- proteobacteria pili-like structures help mitochondria attach to the inside of the cell mitochondria have singular, circular DNA mitochondria have double membrane with the inner one similar to bacterial plasma membrane

Q # 35 (2.5 point)

Which statement about viruses is correct? Q # 35 option: They are classified in the kingdom Animalia They are small single-celled organisms They survive only in human cells. They produce identical progeny

Q # 36 (2.5 point)

What is the largest available pool of nitrogen? Q # 36 option: gaseous nitrogen ammonia nitrate s nitrite s

Q # 37 (2.5 point)

In the 1300’s, Yersinia pestis caused increased bubonic plague cases in humans worldwide, resulting in over 75 million deaths. This outbreak was labeled a(n) Q # 37 option: Endemic

Epidemic Pandemic

Q # 38 (2.5 point)

An angiosperm species is evolving to become insect-pollinated instead of wind-pollinated. What genes are likely to become upregulated? (Select all that apply.) Q # 38 option: genes that increase petal size genes that increase nectar deposits genes that increase stigma size genes that produce odorants

Q # 39 (2.5 point)

When influenza enters a host cell Q # 39 option: the genome enters the cell and the capsid is left outside the cell. the entire virus enters the cell; the envelope and capsid are degraded. the entire virus enters the cell; only the capsid is degraded. the entire virus enters the cell; the capsid and genome are degraded.

Q # 40 (2.5 point)

Why is the kingdom Protista not a good taxonomic group? Q # 40 option:

because it doesn't include the Archaea because prokaryotes are too diverse because it is paraphyletic because it is too restrictive in its subcategories