Factors Influencing Law Enforcement Intervention and Procedural Justice - Prof. Tate, Exams of Nursing

Download Factors Influencing Law Enforcement Intervention and Procedural Justice - Prof. Tate and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! OPOTA Complete Study Questions And Answers Student Performance Objective (SPO): 1-1 ANS A. Explains the relationship between a Student Performance Objective and a test question B. Explains the ultimate reason for law enforcement training The Ultimate Reason for Law Enforcement Training 1-1 ANS A. To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public. A Peace Officers Main Goals 1-2 ANS A. Enforce laws B. Preserve peace C. Prevent Crimes D. Protect Civil Rights and liberties E. provide Services Considerations when exercising discretion ANS A. Use sound judgement to determine which laws are to be formally enforced. B. Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or citation. Prevention Patrol: Deter crime Interrupt a crime in progress Position the officers to respond to emergency situations Increase of feeling of security to citizens. Incident Response: Officers respond to minor situations Typical dispositions include: Gathering information Directing parties to community resources Restore order Complete reports Emergency Response: Takes precedence over all other calls Less common than routine incident calls Includes incidents. Criminal Investigation: Process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible. Investigations carried out by detectives Responding officer secures and protects the scene Detective should be able to pick up where the responding officer left off. Factors Necessary for the commission of a Crime ANS A. Desire (Most difficult to change) The motivation behind the criminal behavior. B. Victim the potential target criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking proper security precautions. C. Opportunity (easiest to change) Removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim's environment D.O.V. Crime Prevention is About: A. Attitude B. Modifying Behavior 4 "D's" of Crime Prevention: Deny Delay Detect Deter Core Concept of Community Policing ANS A. A partnership between the police and the community B. Crime prevention C. Organizational change of the agency D. A problem solving approach to the police role that is proactive "SARA" Model: A. Scanning B. Analysis C. Response D. Assessment The connection between between In-groups, Out and police legitimacy. ANS A. Some individuals interpret their encounters by Police in terms of their groups social position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the Police contact. Types of Racism ANS A. Individual Racism, a. Internalized unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race. B. Interpersonal Racism a. Occurs between individuals. b. Includes public expression of racial prejudice and hate made by individual's. C. Institutional Racism, a. Race based, discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (Schools, media, government, banks) that result in equitable opportunities and impacts b. Occurs within and between institutions c. Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g. A bank loan officer representing an institution, treating someone with racial bias; A law enforcement institution treating someone with racial bias). D. Structural Racism a. Refers to the collective way history, culture and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racial intent. b. It is broadly encompassing; It touches on all aspects of society (e.g. history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge. c. Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities and differing outcomes by race, whether or not intentional. Components of Biases ANS A. Stereotypes a. Generalization about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category. b. We categorize people by age, gender, race and role. c. Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point out that it is just a way for your brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups. B. Prejudices a. An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc that is not necessarily reasonable or logical. C. Attitude a. Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups: the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably toward someone or something. Biased Based Profiling and Criminal Profiling ANS A. Bias Based Profiling, racial profiling and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably B. Bias Based Profiling a. Is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer or any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's ethical or racial characteristics, gender, religion or sexual orientation C. Criminal Profiling a. Based on observed behaviors or characteristics D. Biased Based Profiling a. The factors of race/ethnicity bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention Two types of bias ANS A. Explicit bias and Implicit bias - common characteristics a. Everyone possess them b. They have real world effects on behavior c. They can relate for example to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight or age B. Explicit Bias Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category C. Implicit Bias Preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness D. Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but are still distinct concepts. a. While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be disassociated from explicit biases - our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our explicit biases. b. Implicit Biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful, and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact your interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote Police legitimacy. Two Modes of Thinking ANS System 1 (Automatic thinking) System 2 (deliberate thinking) A. Practical Purpose a. Simplifies tasks (e.g. driving, tying shoes) which most can do without having to systematically and deliberately think about each step B. Protection Mechanism a. We evaluate everything we see and everyone we meet with 200 milliseconds to determine if something is threatening or not. Strategies to counter Implicit Biases ANS A. Guarding against its influences in decision making a. Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential biases b. Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair c. Know when you are susceptible c1.Conditions: c2. Ambiguous or incomplete information c3. Time constraints c3a. Comprised cognitive control High cognitive overload (processing many thoughts at one time) c3b. Fatigue (tired) B. Result a. When the previous factors are present which they often are in the law enforcement profession, we are more apt to switch to system 1 thinking C. Response a. Engage deliberative processing; slow down your thinking. D. Overcome biases a. Reorganize your stereotypes and reflecting on why the response occurred and creates a process to consider how to avoid the biased response and replace it with an unbiased one Counter Stereotypic Imaging Develop new associations by looking at positive examples that challenge negative associations Obtain specific information about others by intentionally engaging in a meaningful way with others who are different from you, rather than relying on stereotypical references Be empathetic Effort Required Intention, attention and time are needed to build new associations well enough for them to compete with a person implicit biases. Two Pronged Approach to Procedural Justice. ANS A. Person Based Approach Emphasizing the importance of face to face interactions between an officer and a citizen B. Community Based Model Ultimate goal is to achieve Police legitimacy throughout the entire society f. Police subculture B. Internal influences a. Officers own ethical and moral beliefs and values b. Anger c. Greed d. Lust e. Internal rationalizations made prior to or after misconduct. Continuum of Compromise ANS A. Transformation from idealistic ethical officer to a self- serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process. a. Process i. Begins with a perceived sense of victimization. ii. Victimization can lead to a sense of entitlement. iii. Entitlement ncan lead to acts of omissions on the job, and progress to acts of commission, including criminal. Steps in the Decision Making Model and the application of PLUS Filters. ANS Step 1 a. Define the problem, being aware that how you define the problem determines where and how you will look for solutions. STEP 2 a. Identify alternative solutions available to address the problem - At a minimum 3, and ideally more than 5. Step 3 a. Evaluate the identified alternatives list the pros and cons of each; Differentiate between known facts and personal beliefs of the situation. 4. Make the decision. 5. Implement the decision. Evaluate the decision. PLUS filters defined ANS a. P=Policies: Is it consistent with my agencies policies and procedures b. L=Legal: Is the action lawful c. U=Universal: Does it conform to the universal principles and values of my agency d. S=Self: Does it align with my beliefs of what is right, good and fair. B. PLUS filters should be applied at each of the following steps of the decision making model: STEP 1 (i.e. define the problem) Does the existing situation violate any PLUS considerations STEP 3 (i.e. evaluate alternative solutions) Do the alternatives resolve or create any PLUS considerations, and if so, are the ethical tradeoffs acceptable STEP 6 (i.e. evaluate the decision) Does the solution resolve all PLUS considerations, or were unintended or unforeseen PLUS considerations created Uses of Field Notes ANS A. Preservation of knowledge, and written form B. Foundation of the formal, written C. Aids in further investigation D. Evidence in court E. Documentation of the officers effort in the field Types of Information to be recorded in Field Notes ANS A. Complete information on victims, witnesses and suspects involved B. Relevant dates and times C. Location of occurrence D. Types of places where offense or incident took place E. Details of offense or incident being reported F. Disposition of evidence, property and suspects G. Corresponding report number Guidelines to be followed when taking Field Notes ANS A. Head notebook page with the date and time of shift B. Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident C. Write or print notes neatly so you can read and understand your notes later D. Record all information in ink E. Let witness and victims talk through the event before you start recording notes F. Ask clarifying follow up questions G. Be complete as possible H. Consider the use of electronic device or template I. Do not record personal information in your notebook Essential Questions Answered in a Report ANS A. Who B. What C. When D. How E. Where F. Why Requirements of a well Written Report ANS A. Complete B. Factual C. Accurate D. Objective E. Concise F. Clear G. Grammatically and mechanically correct General Elements of a Crime ANS A. A prohibited act ("Actus Reus") and.... B.A specific mental intent ("Mens Rea") that.... C. Occur at the same time ("Concurrence") and.... D. Bring about a particular result made by the statute ("Causation") Culpable Mental State (4) ANS A. Purposely A person acts a. Purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a result or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish, thereby it is the offenders specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature B. Knowingly · Brought on by the serious provocation by the victim ... · Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force Murder R.C. 2903.02 (A) ANS No person shall... PURPOSELY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy Voluntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.03 (B) ANS No person shall... KNOWINGLY... Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy When... · Under the influence of sudden passion or sudden fit of rage ... · Brought on by the serious provocation by the victim ... · Reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force And · Done with sexual motivation Involuntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.04 (A) ANS No person shall... (Intent satisfied if state proves intent to commit underlying felony) Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy As a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit a felony. Involuntary Manslaughter R.C. 2903.04 (B) ANS No person shall... (Intent satisfied if state proves intent to commit underlying misdemeanor or minor misdemeanor) Cause the death of another or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy As a proximate result of committing or attempting to commit a misdemeanor of any degree, regulatory offense, or a minor misdemeanor (not traffic MM) Objective Evidence that the Crime was Motivated by Hate or Bias: ANS 1. The offender and victim were of a different race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, and/or gender identity 2. Bias-related oral comments, written statements or gestures were made by the offender indicating his/her bias 3. The presence of visible symbols of hatred and/or bias 4. The victim is a member of a spiritual group that is overwhelmingly outnumbered by other residents in the neighborhood where the victim lives, and the incident took place 5. The victim was visiting a neighborhood where previous hate crimes had been committed and where tensions remained high against the victim's group 6. Several incidents occurred in the same locality, at or about the same time, and involved victims of similar demographics (e.g., race, gender identity) 7. A substantial portion of the community where the crime occurred perceived that the incident was motivated by race 8. The victim was engaged in activities related to his or her race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity at the time of the offense; Or, if not a member of that group, was a member of an advocacy group supporting the target group 9. The incident coincided with a holiday or date of significance relating to a group (e.g., MLK day, Rosh Hashanah, Ramadan) 10. The offender was previously involved in a hate crime or is a hate group member 11. A hate group claimed responsibility for the crime or is active in the neighborhood List the Elements of the Following Selected Offenses of R.C. Chapter 4301: ANS 1. See corresponding worksheets in binder List the Elements of R.C.4507.30 - Prohibitions: ANS Deadly Weapon ANS 1. Any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specifically adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon a. Two elements must co-exist to constitute a deadly weapon i. It must be an instrument, device, or thing by which there is an inherent possibility that in can cause death, AND ii. It must be designed or adapted for use as a weapon or be possessed, carried, or used as a weapon iii. Both elements are essential b. "B-B"/airsoft gun may be a deadly weapon if capable of inflicting death, as a bludgeon, or perhaps used in some other manner. This capability, however, is a factual issue to be determined by the trier of fact (i.e., judge or jury) 2. An item is not generally thought of as being a weapon may satisfy the definition of deadly weapon if it is of sufficient size and weight and of such shape and design to inflict death upon a person and either designed for use as a weapon or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon Firearm ANS 1. Any deadly weapon capable of expelling or propelling one or more projectiles by the action of an explosive or combustible propellant 2. Includes an unloaded firearm and any firearm that is inoperable but can be readily rendered operable 3. Before a defendant can be convicted of a firearm offense, evidence must be presented regarding the operability of the firearm at the time the offense was committed Handgun ANS 1. Any firearm that has a short stock and is designed to be held and fired by the use of a single hand, or any combination of parts from which a handgun can be assembled. semi-automatic Firearm ANS 1. Any firearm designed or specially adapted to fire a single cartridge and automatically chamber a succeeding cartridge ready to fire, with a single function of the trigger Sawed-off Firearm ANS 1. A shotgun with a barrel less than 18 inches long, or a rifle with a barrel less than 16 inches long, or a shotgun or rifle less than 26 inches long overall Dangerous Ordnance ANS 1. Any automatic or sawed-off firearm, zip-gun, or ballistic knife 2. Any explosive device or incendiary device 3. Nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, nitrostarch, PETN, cyclonite, TNT, picric acid, and other high explosives; amatol, tritonal, tetrytol, pentolite, pecretol, cyclotol, and other high explosive compositions; plastic explosives, dynamite, blasting gelatin, gelatin dynamite, sensitized ammonium nitrate, liquid-oxygen blasting explosives, blasting powder, and other blasting agents, and any other explosive substance having sufficient brisance or power to be particularly suitable for use as a military explosive, or for use in mining, quarrying, excavating, or demolitions 4. Any firearm, rocket launcher, mortar, artillery piece, grenade, mine, bomb, torpedo, or similar weapon, designed and manufactured for military purposes, and the ammunition for that weapon B. Officers should consider the totality of the circumstances. While none of the circumstances standing alone may justify a Terry stop, when considered together, they may amount to reasonable suspicion C. An officer may give weight to his/her experience, and to the reasonable inference that he/she is entitled to draw from the circumstances, and facts in light of that experience Personal Notes 3 Categories of Informants a. Citizens b. Confidential/reliable informants c. Anonymous informants ORC 2921.29 - a. Failure to Disclose Failure to provide an I.D. to a law enforcement officer (Name, Address, DOB) Considerations Officers should be Mindful of when Making a Terry Stop: ANS A. Use the least intrusive means of detention and investigation reasonably available that will achieve the goal B. Conduct the business of the stop as quickly as possible as to not prolong the period of involuntary detention C. If during that detention, additional facts are uncovered that supply the officer with probable cause to arrest, the individual may be arrested D. If grounds for an arrest are not discovered in a reasonable amount of time, the detainee must be released or the encounter risks becoming a "De Facto" arrest The Requirements which must be Established before a Terry Pat Down/Frisk: ANS A. Officers are required to articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed AND the suspect poses a threat to them B. Limited to the outer clothing only Plain Feel Doctrine ANS A. While an officer may not search for objects other than weapons on a Terry stop, if an officer physically feels an object that the officer immediately recognizes as contraband, the object may be seized even if the officers know it is not a weapon B. This only applies when the identity of the object is immediately apparent to the officer from its shape and the way it feels C. When the incriminating nature of the object is immediately apparent, seizing it does not invade the subjects privacy beyond what is allowed in a Terry frisk Personal Notes: 4 Elements to an Arrest The intent to arrest The authority to arrest Seizure and/or detention Understanding: Does the person understand why they are being arrested? The Evidentiary Standard on which to Base an Arrest: ANS A. An arrest must be based on Probable cause a. Teacher Diagram i. Proof>Probable Cause 1. Articulable Facts=Reasonable Prudent Person Believes a. A Crime has occurred b. Someone about to be arrested for that crime The Elements of Probable Cause to Arrest are Satisfied When: ANS A. The officer is aware of articulable facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed, and the person is about to be arrested, committed that unlawful act Personal Notes Affidavit - A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court. Needed for a Warrant A. Nature of offense (objective and factual) B. Description (physical) C. ORC # and definition D. Copy of complaint (Affidavit) E. Persons information/descriptors F. Date and Time Only 48 hours to charge someone Sources of Information to Establish Probable Cause to Make a Warrantless Arrest: ANS A. Personal observations B. Informant's tips C. Reports from other officers or law enforcement agencies D. Leads furnished by the victim or witness of the crime E. Physical evidence found at the scene F. Past criminal record of suspect G. Statements made by a suspect In the Absence of Consent or Exigent Circumstances, Before Entering a Private Residence to make an Arrest, Officers Must....: ANS A. Personal observations B. Informant's tips C. Reports from other officers or law enforcement agencies D. Leads furnished by the victim or witness of the crime E. Physical evidence found at the scene F. Past criminal record of suspect G. Statements made by a suspect In the Absence of Consent or Exigent Circumstances, Before Entering a Private Residence to make an Arrest, Officers Must....: ANS A. Secure the appropriate warrant or warrants, including: Arrest warrant(s), and.... If making an arrest in the home of a third party, A search warrant to secure the premises for the person to be arrested B. Reasonably believe that the person to be arrested is present at the correct address listed on the warrant and C. Knock and announce their presence To Justify a Warrantless, Non-Consensual Entry into a Private Residence in order to make an Arrest...: ANS A. Exigent circumstances must exist which demand an immediate response B. Considerations and examples of exigent circumstances a. The time of day of the offense and/or arrest b. The gravity of the underlying offense thought to be in progress (i.e. crime must be serious) 2. Evidence will be destroyed or moved if officers postpone taking action until a search warrant can be obtained 3. Officers are in Hot Pursuit of a felon who flees and takes refuge inside The Area an Officer May Search Incident to a lawful Arrest of that person ANS Is the area within the person's immediate control at the time of arrest Personal Note: Why can we search incident to arrest? A. Weapons B. Evidence C. To prevent escape Factors that Will Determine the Reasonableness of the Length of Time Involved in a Motor Vehicle Detention: ANS Purpose of the stop, AND.... 1.The time reasonably needed to effectuate those purposes and.... 2. Whether the officer diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the subject An Officer May Conduct a Protective Search of a Motor Vehicle for Weapons When...: ANS A. The officer has lawfully stopped the vehicle and... B. The officer has reasonable suspicion, based upon specific and articulable facts, to believe that the driver or passenger is dangerous and can gain immediate control of a weapon An Officer can Search a Motor Vehicle When... ANS For any type of contraband or other evidence of a crime once probable cause has been established In general, under the Motor Vehicle Exception, officers can search ALL containers and receptacles (locked or unlocked) found anywhere in the vehicle that may contain the item sought by police Factors Considered in Determining if an Inventory of a Motor Vehicle is Reasonable ANS A. The car was lawfully impounded B. The inventory was conducted after the impoundment C. The owner was not present to make other arrangements for the safekeeping of the vehicle D. The inventory was prompted by valuables in plain view and was pursuant to standard police procedure E. The inventory was not a pretext to conceal an investigatory search Relevant Factors in Determining If Force Was Reasonable: ANS 1. Severity of the crime suspected (e.g., theft vs. armed robbery) 2. Whether the suspect is an immediate threat to the safety of Officer(s) or others 3. Whether the suspect is actively resisting 4. Whether the suspect was attempting to evade arrest by flight Types of Resistance: ANS 1. There are two basic types of resistance: active resistance and passive resistance a. Passive Resistance - When a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal commands and other direction i. It is unreasonable to use significant force on a restrained subject, even if some level of passive resistance is presented ii. When a suspect refuse to follow an officer's orders but otherwise poses no safety threat, use of significant force is unreasonable iii. Failing to exit a vehicle is passive resistance iv. Noncompliance, not paired with any signs of verbal hostility or physical resistance, is passive resistance b. Active Resistance - When a person exhibits resistant movements to avoid physical control or, as a passive resistor, the person presents a credible threat to an officer (e.g., lying on hands and not responding to commands to make hands visible) i. Force is only justifiable in the face of active resistance, (i.e., some outward manifestation, either verbal or physical, on the part of the suspect suggesting volitional and conscious defiance) ii. If a suspect actively resists arrest, officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment by using an electrical weapon to subdue him/her When Handcuffing May Be Considered Unreasonable Force: ANS 1. The Fourth Amendment prohibits use of unduly tight or excessively forceful handcuffing during a seizure 2. Absent exigent circumstances, an officer choosing to handcuff a peaceable arrestee in a manner likely to cause serious harm amounts to excessive force 3. An officer that makes a brief examination of a severe obvious medical injury and chooses to handcuff in a manner that is likely to cause serious harm amounts to excessive force 4. In order for an excessive force claim based on unduly tight handcuffing to survive summary judgement, a plaintiff must offer sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that all of the following exist: a. Plaintiff complained that the handcuffs were too tight b. The officer ignored those complaints c. The plaintiff experienced some physical injury resulting from the handcuffing When Using Chemical Weapons May Be Considered Unreasonable Force: ANS 1. Using chemical weapons on an arrestee who has already been subdued and who poses no threat is excessive force (i.e., it is not reasonable to use a chemical weapon on someone after they have quit resisting) 2. Whenever you use a chemical weapon on someone who is already handcuffed, especially in a cruiser, the court is going to take a very hard look at the use of that chemical weapon 3. There are circumstances when using a chemical weapon on someone handcuffed or secured in a vehicle might ne reasonable and justifiable, but you will have to articulate that the person's conduct posed a danger to himself/herself, you, or the public, given the fact the person was in restraints Using Electrical Weapons: ANS 1. It is unreasonable to use an electrical weapon on a non- resisting or passively resisting suspect 2. In cases where the court has concluded that an officer's use of force was justifiable because it was in response to active resistance, some outward manifestation, either verbal or physical, on the part of the suspect had suggested deliberate choice to be defiant 3. In the excessive force context, noncompliance alone does not indicate active resistance; there must be something more 4. When an officer employs an electrical weapon on a suspect who is actively resisting, such action does not constitute unreasonable force Civil Liability Considerations Associated with Using Force Against Those With Diminished Capacity/Mental Illness: ANS 1. Federal courts have ruled that diminished capacity of an unarmed suspect must be considered when assessing the reasonableness of the amount of force exerted Similarities and Differences between Traditional and Non-traditional Media: ANS 1. Similarities a. Both afforded the same First Amendment protections b. Both entitled to the same physical access to the scene of an incident as each other and any private citizen c. Both want access to information, un a user-friendly form, with audio and visuals, and they want it in a timely fashion d. Both are entitled to the same access to information as each other and any private citizen 2. Differences a. Non-traditional media's primary objective is often sensationalism, whereas one of traditional media's primary objectives is accuracy b. Non-traditional media is often advocacy focused, whereas traditional media is objective focused c. Non-traditional media is not held to a professional standard, whereas traditional media is held to the professional standards of journalism d. Non-traditional media is less interested in relationship building with law enforcement because non-traditional media reporting is event driven, whereas traditional media, which regularly interacts with law enforcement on a variety of news events, is interested in developing good rapport with law enforcement Reasons for Establishing Effective Communications with the Media: ANS 1. You and the media each have a job to do and each can benefit from the cooperative nature of the other 2. For the media, information from law enforcement is necessary for them to develop and produce accurate news stories 3. For the law enforcement agency, media coverage influences public perception 4. Media provides a quick way to reach large audiences a. Agencies need a method of distributing information to the public about developing situations and threats and requesting assistance with investigations, and media can fill that role Guidelines an Officer Should Follow When Interacting with the Media: ANS 1. In general... a. Be prepared to think on your feet i. Be familiar with your agencies policies and procedures ii. Respond within those policies and procedures b. Maintain a professional decorum at all times c. Give consistent information to all media outlets; make certain that all media on the scene receive the same message d. Never speak off the record 2. When media arrives at the scene, make certain the crime scene is secured a. Establish a safe staging area for media b. Advise media of the approximate timeframe that information will be made available c. If you are going to refer the media to a supervisor or public information officer (PIO), be aware that camera crews may still be recording and you may indirectly make a statement to the media by your actions and demeanor 3. Preparing to give a statement a. Prepare key messages; decide on one or two major points you wish to make b. Be cognizant of personal appearance c. Be aware of what is in the background 4. Giving a statement a. Avoid distracting mannerisms b. Make eye contact, but don't stare into the camera c. Keep your voice at a normal, conversational level; be aware of how your tone may be perceived d. Think before you speak e. Remember, language that works within law enforcement circles may sound less tactful to a civilian audience f. Explaining the process of what is happening can be helpful, even if it is obvious, but... g. Keep your comments direct, concise, and brief; avoid police jargon h. Be message driven, not question driven i. Don not feel the need to fill "dead air" - stay on point, make your statement or answer the question, then stop talking j. Don't hesitate to correct yourself - accuracy is vital 5. Additional tips for specific circumstances a. Questions you cannot answer b. Never give a personal opinion, speculate, predict, lie or guess c. Do Four Dimensions of a Whole Person and the Focus of Each That, Collectively, Contribute to a person's Effectiveness: ANS 1. Physical - A healthy body; strength and endurance 2. Mental - a healthy mind; feeding, challenging, growing the mind 3. Emotional - a healthy heart; positive emotions, managing energy 4. Spiritual - a healthy spirit; purposeful, serving a cause, faithful to self Elements of the Offense of Domestic Violence per R.C. 2919.25: ANS 1. Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member 2. Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member 3. By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member Categories of Persons Who Fall Within the Meaning of Family or Household Member: ANS 1. Any of the following who is residing or has resided with the offender a. A spouse, a person living as a spouse, or a former spouse of the offender b. A parent, foster parent, or a child of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity (i.e., blood) or affinity (i.e., marriage) to the offender c. A parent or child of a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender, or another person related by consanguinity or affinity to a spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse of the offender d. The natural parent of any child of whom the offender is the other natural parent or is the putative (i.e., alleged) other natural parent Four Elements that Should Be Used to Determine the Primary Physical Aggressor in a Domestic Violence Incident: ANS 1. Any history of domestic violence or other violent acts by either person involved in the alleged offense that the officer can reasonably ascertain 2. Whether the alleged violence was caused by a person acting in self-defense 3. Each person's fear of physical harm, if any, resulting from the other person's threatened use of force against any person or resulting from the other person's use or history of the use of force against any person, and the reasonableness of that fear 4. The comparative severity of any injuries suffered by the persons involved in the alleged offense 8. Early exposure to violence (e.g., family fights, physical or sexual abuse, parent with criminal record) Difference between Traditional Encounters and Special Populations Encounters: ANS 1. ...is the increased need to be non-confrontational 2. Special populations encounters frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de- escalation is the foundation Eight Techniques of Active Listening: ANS 1. Emotional labeling (i.e., identifying the other person's emotions) a. Provides the opportunity for the other person to acknowledge his/her emotions and possibly explain their cause b. Validates what the other person is saying rather than minimizing it c. Once the emotions have been acknowledged, there is a better opportunity for the person's balance between emotion and cognition to be restored and facts to be developed 2. Reflecting/mirroring (i.e., repeating the last few words or gist of the person in crisis) a. Helps validate for the other person that you are listening and understanding b. May encourage the other person to continue speaking c. Much shorter format than paraphrasing 3. Paraphrasing (i.e., restating in your own words the crux of the other person's message) a. Demonstrates listening and understanding b. Gives the other person the opening to clarify or correct his/her meaning 4. Summarizing (i.e., extended version of paraphrasing; restating both the other person's message and emotion) a. Validates for the other person that he/she has been heard and understood b. Reflects effort to understand the other person's viewpoint of the situation c. It is a crucial part of active listening, as it can bring a sense of relief to the other person and, thereby, reduce his/her actions that are being emotionally driven 5. Silence and effective pauses (i.e., deliberate silences before or after making a meaningful comment) a. Silence - allowing there to be silence before speaking prevents prematurely cutting off the other person and gives the other person the opportunity to continue speaking b. Pauses - when speaking, pauses increase attention and focus when they are used before a meaningful statement and prompt reflection when they are used after a meaningful statement 6. Minimal encouragements (i.e., verbal, and non-v LEAPS and its Five Basic Communication Tools that Assist in Generating Compliance: ANS 1. Listen - Actively listen and look interested 2. Empathize - Try to understand where the person is coming from 3. Ask - Ask general, open-ended questions and opinion seeking questions to gain understanding 4. Paraphrase - In your own words, repeat the person's message 5. Summarize - Condense all that has been said and indicate the outcome, keeping it brief, concise, and inarguable The EAR Model's Three Phases of a Crisis Encounter: ANS 1. Engage 2. Assess 3. Resolve 4. Purpose of Engage - to make a connection with the person so you can calm him/her a. The first 10 seconds of a crisis or special populations encounter are critical in setting the tone for de-escalation b. Remove distractions from the scene c. Introduce yourself and ask for the person's name d. State the reason why you are there and let him/her know you are there to help e. If safety is not compromised, remember that special populations encounters are medical encounters and you should begin to look for identifiers f. Ask questions g. Verbalize the subject's observable characteristics h. Ask the person "what help do you need right now?" i. Model calmness that you want the person to mirror j. In order to make a connection and calm the situation during the Engage phase, you need to be empathetic to the person's situation or state of mind, as individuals who feel they are understood are more inclined to calm down k. Speak softly, simply, briefly, and move slowly l. If there is more than one officer present, to avoid confusion, have one take the lead in communicating and de-escalating the situation 5. Purpose of Assess - to gather the information you need about the situation and the person's condition so that you can make the needed resolution a. Remember, your threat assessment is continuous b. If the encounter changes and there is an imminent risk of harm, use the objective reasonableness standard to determine the amount of force necessary to gain control of the situation c. Recognize that the person may be overwhelmed by frightening beliefs, sounds, or other things in the environment d. Be patient during the encounter e. Check to see if a crime has been committed f. If the person perpetrated a crime, you job is go gain control of the situation, which may include trying to de-escalate the p Tactics and Behaviors to Avoid While Engaging in De-escalation: ANS 1. Moving suddenly, giving rapid orders, or shouting 2. Forcing a discussion 3. Maintaining direct and continuous eye contact 4. Touching the person without letting the person know you intend to do so, unless essential to safety 5. Crowding the person or moving into his/her comfort zone 6. Expressing anger, impatience, or annoyance 7. Assuming that a person who does not respond is ignoring you 8. Using sarcasm or inflammatory language 9. Lying or misleading the person to calm him/her down, unless extreme circumstances exist Loss Model: ANS 1. Loss of Reality 2. Loss of Hope 3. Loss of Control 4. Loss of Perspective Typical Dispositions When Resolving a Crisis Intervention Incident: ANS 1. Arrest Information an Officer Should Document and Provide when Making a Referral to a Children's Services Agency: ANS 1. Physical abuse a. Serious and/or multiple inflicted injuries to any area of the body b. Any inflicted injury requiring medical attention c. Injury to vulnerable or sensitive areas of the body (e.g., eyes, genitalia) d. Injuries not consistent with the history given e. Widespread bruising f. Multiple injuries in various stages of the healing process g. Corporal punishment of a child less than one year old h. Any dangerous acts (e.g., electric shock, preventing a child from breathing) that place the child at risk of serious harm i. Signs of abusive head trauma/shaken baby syndrome j. Intentionally pulling a child's hair out k. Injury is a result of domestic violence directed at the child l. Caregiver forced the child to eat a non-food item or a food item in an excessive amount that can be toxic m. Caregiver denies child proper amounts of food and water 2. Emotional abuse a. The child is threatened with extreme or sinister punishment b. Caregiver threatens child with a weapon c. Caregiver encourages child to participate in criminal/delinquent behavior d. Caregiver repeatedly involves the child in activities causing significant emotional stress on the child 3. Sexual abuse a. Child under the age of 18 engaged in sexual activity with any relative, regardless of force or coercion b. An adult acting in "Loco Parentis" that engages in sexual conduct/contact with a child c. A child between the ages of 13 and 14 engaged in sexual activity with any person more than 4 years older than the child d. Caregiver touches a child's genitalia for purposes other than hygiene e. Caregiver has the child touch the caregivers genitalia f. Caregiver masturbates in front of the child; asks the child to masturbate g. Caregiver makes no attempt to prevent child from observing sexual behavior h. Caregiver shows child pornographic material i. Car Considerations to be Made When Investigating a Missing Child or Adult and When Recovering a Victim of Human Trafficking: ANS 1. The missing child or adult you are investigating may be a victim of human trafficking; the victim of human trafficking that you are recovering may have been reported missing Responsibilities of a Law Enforcement Agency in a Missing Child Case: ANS 1. Response to the missing child report should be immediate 2. Understand there is no waiting period before a child can be reported missing 3. Immediately enter the information regarding all missing children, including runaways, into NCIC 4. Notify neighboring agencies 5. Notify the FBI, who are mandated to assist in searches for missing children under the age of 12 years old 6. Remove entry from NCIC if child is found Upon arrival at the Scene, the Initial Officer Assigned to the Report of a Missing Child Shall: ANS 1. Conduct a preliminary interview of the person making the report 2. Verify the child is missing 3. Secure a recent photo of the child for upload into NCIC and other distribution What the Officer Should Do if the Initial Investigation is Complete and the Child is Still Missing: ANS 1. Reach out to additional resources, such as surrounding agencies, a local Child Abduction Response Team (CART) (if one is in your area), BCI, and the FBI Information an Officer Should Gather During a Preliminary Interview in a Family Abduction of a Missing Child: ANS 1. Determine who has custody rights a. Custodial records will be able to demonstrate parentage and the individual's right to physical custody or access b. If you receive conflicting information on who has custody rights, you need to use the court documentation you are provided 2. Confirm the suspected family member as the actual abductor 3. Ask questions to establish the intent of the abductor a. You must make a determination of whether a child is in danger and whether activating an alert is appropriate b. Asking questions can help establish this i. Is there any reason to believe the person will harm the child? ii. Has the person made any statements such as, "You will never see our child again?" iii. Does the abductor have a history of drug or alcohol abuse iv. Does the abductor have a criminal history? 1. Is there any history of abuse? 2. Is there any history of sexual abuse? 3. Is there any history of violence? c. Ask additional questions i. Does he/she know where the child is? ii. Does he/she know where the abductor is? iii. Is there any place the child would likely be taken? Why it is an Officer's Responsibility to Investigate All Aspects of the Runaway's Life: ANS 1. In the past, runaways, especially older teens, were viewed as a social problem best handled by families, teachers, or social service professionals 2. Today, law enforcement is more aware f the fact that all missing children, including runaways, are at risk and need to be located as quickly as possible for these primary reasons 3. Life on the run for these children is extremely dangerous 4. The longer they are on the street, the greater their chances of falling victim to those who wish to exploit them, including the potential of becoming victims of human trafficking 5. Too often runaways are running from something at home (e.g., abuse, neglect) b. Foreign born persons, whether in the country legally or illegally c. Migrant workers d. Persons with drug addictions e. Persons with mental disabilities or illness Two Types of Human Trafficking Included in Ohio's Trafficking in Persons Law: ANS 1) Involuntary servitude (i.e., labor trafficking) a. Being compelled to perform labor or services for another against one's will 2) Sex trafficking a. Applies to a range of commercial sexual activity, including sex for hire, performances or materials that are obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented (these include materials or performances that show a person participating in or engaging in sexual activity, masturbation, bestiality, or that show a person in a state of nudity) b. Includes exchange of anything of value (e.g., money, drugs, food, shelter, protection) c. Applies differently depending on the victim's age and whether or not the victim has a developmental disability Victim Mindset as it Pertains to a Victim of Human Trafficking: ANS 1) Why victims do not leave their situations, ask for, or accept help a. Fear of the perpetrator b. Victims may develop traumatic bonds with perpetrators and will defend them at all costs, even their own freedom 2) Sex traffickers often take on the following roles a. Role of protector, makes the victim feel special, or that he/she would die for the victim b. Role of friend, lover, boyfriend, husband c. Role of teach, mentor, father, discipline figure d. They capitalize on girls not knowing what a normal relationship is like and they will groom them into victims to create a sense of family 3) Like domestic violence, the perpetrator of sex trafficking becomes the most powerful person in the life of the victim a. The psychology of the victim is shaped by the actions and beliefs of the perpetrator b. The perpetrator often uses a system of punishment and reward - alternating between affection, threats, and violence toward the victim or person or things that the victim loves - in order to keep and maintain control 4) Often the perpetrator has been taking care of the victim for so long that the victim does not know how he/she would obtain basic needs without the perpetrator 5) Isolation, captivity, or confinement 6) Shame or self-blame 7) May be completely unaware of their rights or may have been intentionally misinformed about their rights in this country 8) Fear of law enforcement a. Victims may be hesitant to come forward because of their fear of arrest or deportation i. Traffickers often convince the victim that speaking with law enforcement will result in the victim being arrested, detained, or deported ii. While many victims have been beaten or raped, their current situation may still be better that from where they came iii. In some parts of the world, law enforcement is corrupt and foreign national victims may bring th Red Flag Indicators of Human Trafficking: ANS 1) Suspicious locations - indicators observed from outside a location may include a. Windows that are blocked, blackened out, barred, or sealed b. Doors that are chained, locked, sealed c. Guards and/or guard dogs d. Surveillance cameras and buzzer systems for entry e. Gates, barbed wire fencing, self-contained camps or compounds f. Large amount of foot traffic in and out of location, especially males g. Lighted "open" sign on building after regular business hours h. Rear entrance only for some businesses 2) Indicators observed from inside a location may include a. Large amounts of cash on site b. Multiple laptops or cell phones c. Appointment and receipt books/ledgers d. Appearance that individuals are living on site of a business (e.g., restaurant, nail salon) e. Sparse rooms with beds or mattresses f. Prostitution paraphernalia (e.g., high heels, lingerie, lotions, creams, wipes, condoms) g. Large amounts of repay/reloadable credit cards h. Marbles, playing cards, poker chips in bucket or jar may be an example of showing payment in certain types of brothels i. Evidence of frequent travel (e.g., bus/plane tickets) 3) General working conditions a. Unpaid, paid very little, or paid only through tips b. Work excessive and/or unusual hours c. Live and sleep where they work d. Provided daily transportation to and from work 4) Suspicious behaviors a. Encounters with migrant workers and/or in a legitimate business where a supervisor attempts to keep the ground away from law enforcement or attempts to control all communication b. Often the word used for the sex trafficker is husband, boyfriend, "dope boy," drug supplier c. No personal identification (e.g., passport, driver's license, social security card) or the person is not in control of his/her own documents 5) Mental health a. Signs of emotional abuse (e.g., demeanor is How to Interview a Human Trafficking Victim: ANS 1) Preferably before the interview, identify other resource agencies in your area and communicate with them; consider a. Human trafficking task force b. Federal law enforcement agencies c. Other local law enforcement agencies d. Human trafficking coalitions e. Social service providers f. Nonprofit organizations 5) Any juvenile that is held securely is not sight and sound separated from adult offenders The AGO Pamphlet Titled Ohio Crime Victims' Rights: Helping Crime Victims Rebuild Their Lives: ANS 1. Provides a compilation of all Ohio statutes relative to victims' rights 2. Contains most of the information peace officers are required to provide to the victim 3. Describe protection orders 4. Identifies services available for victims of crime 5. Includes contact information for state and federal victim services Ohio Statutory Rights Provided to Victims of Crime include...: ANS 1. The right to have written information regarding rights as a crime victim be provided by the investigating enforcement agency 2. The investigating LE agency must give, in writing, all of the following information a. An explanation of the victim's rights under R.C. Chapter 2930 b. Information about medical, counseling, housing, emergency, and any other services that are available to a victim c. Information about the Ohio Victims of Crime Compensation Program, and... d. Information about protection that is available to the victim, including protective orders issued by the court e. The right to receive information about the criminal investigation from the investigation LE agency f. (With certain exceptions) the right to the prompt return of property 3. Exceptions - property will not immediately be returned when... a. Ownership of property is disputed b. The prosecutor certifies to the court the need to retain the physical property (e.g., weapon) rather than a photograph or other evidentiary substitute c. A judge grants the defendant's motion to use the property in his/her defense d. The right to have a representative who may exercise the rights of the victim e. The right to notification of the arrest or detention of the suspected offender f. The right to notification if a violent offender escapes custody before trial or sentencing g. The right to confer with the prosecutor and receive notice of court proceedings h. The right, (if requested by the victim), to notification of substantial delay in the prosecution i. The right to be present at court proceedings j. The right to have identification information (e.g., address, telephone numbers, place of employment) kept confidential k. The right to be free of intimidation from the offender l. The right to have contact with the defendant minimized during criminal proceedings m The Ohio Constitution Provides Victim Rights to...: ANS 1. A person against whom the criminal offense or delinquent act is committed or a person who is directly and proximately harmed by the commission of the offense or act a. The term "victim" does not include the accused or a person whom the court find would not act in the best interests of a deceased, incompetent, minor, or incapacitated victim Under Ohio's Constitution, All Victims of Crime are...: ANS 1. Entitled to justice and due process throughout the criminal and juvenile justice systems 2. To ensure that, the Ohio constitution provides such persons with rights that are to be protected in a manner no less vigorous than the rights afforded to the accused 3. The constitutional rights provided to victims include the ... a. Right to be treated with fairness and respect for the victim's safety, dignity, and privacy b. Right to reasonable and timely notification of all public proceedings in the case c. Right to be present and heard at all court proceedings, including the right to petition the court to protect victim's rights d. Right to reasonable protection from the accused or any person acting on behalf of the accuses e. Right to notice of the release or escape of the accused f. Right to refuse discovery requests made by the accused, except as authorized by Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution g. Right to confer with the attorney for the government h. Right to the prompt conclusion of the case i. Right full and timely restitution Primary and Secondary Injuries Victims May Suffer: ANS 1. Primary injuries a victim may suffer can include ... a. Physical injuries, including death and disfigurement b. Financial loss leading to economic hardship c. Emotional trauma and reactions (e.g., anxiety, guilt, sleep disturbance, shock, denial, depression, loss of trust, relationship problems) 2. Secondary injuries a victim can also suffer can include ... a. Injustice - e.g., believing the system has "let him/her down" or doesn't really care perceiving that the officer doesn't believe him/her b. Indignities - e.g., having to repeat sordid details, possibly several times and in public c. Isolation - e.g., lack of follow-up; failing to keep the victim informed of the case investigation and prosecution progress Four Core Most Victims Have After a Crime Has Been Committed: ANS 1. Safety - i.e., the need to feel safe 2. Healing - i.e., the need to feel supported and process their trauma 3. Justice - i.e., the need to know "what comes next" and to receive fair treatment 4. Restitution - i.e., the need to pay for financial losses or bills Practical and Sensitive Responses to the Four Core Needs of Crime Victims: ANS 1. The need to be and feel safe (i.e., safety) a. Reassure and continue to reassure victims that they are safe in LE presence b. Be attentive to your own words, tone of voice, posture, mannerisms, and actions, and how those may impact the victim's sense of safety and security c. The to express and process their emotions (i.e., healing) i. Do 1. Exercise patience ii. Don't 1. Assume that a victim, who is not yet ready to express his/her needs because of trauma is being uncooperative 2. Try to frame the victim's experience by referencing similar experiencing 3. "Second guess" the victim's response to the crime 4. Become "overly-helpful" by making decisions and choices for the victim d. The need to know what comes next and to receive fair treatment (i.e., justice) Keep your finger off the trigger until you've made a conscious decision to shoot (FINGER) Be aware of your backstop and beyond (TARGET) Explain the Cycle of Fire: ANS 1. FIRE a. Shooter presses the trigger b. Round begins to travel down the barrel 2. UNLOCK a. The instant the round leaves the barrel, the slide unlocks from the barrel b. The slide moves rearward independently from the frame 3. EXTRACT a. The extractor removes the expended cartridge casing from the chamber of the barrel 4. EJECT a. Ejector mechanism engages the expended cartridge b. Casing is expelled 5. COCK a. Striker/hammer resets 6. FEED a. Slide moves forward b. Round is stripped from top of magazine 7. CHAMBER a. Round starts movement into chamber 8. LOCK a. Slide closes b. Cartridge is locked into position for firing The Smith System Approach to Driving: ANS 1. An approach to driving that includes a five-step system in which you must practice all steps until they become routine a. Aim high in driving - look as far ahead as possible to keep the driver's view up rather than looking down at the area in front of the car b. Keep your eyes moving - establish an orderly visual search pattern (e.g., look near and far, to the left and right, in the mirrors, at the instrument panel) c. Get the big picture i. Become aware of the whole traffic scene ii. This is the mental process of putting together the clues received from the first two steps d. Leave yourself an out i. Avoid being boxed in ii. Maintain a space cushion (e.g., 2-4 seconds between you and the vehicle in iii. front of you) surrounding your vehicle iv. Increase space cushion as weather or circumstances dictate v. Constantly plan for eventuality of evasive actions e. Make sure others see you i. Advantageous lane position ii. Headlight use during the day iii. A communication mode for getting drivers to be aware of one another's presence to avoid surprise situations Importance of Safety Belts and other Occupant Protection Devices: ANS 1. Required by the Revised Code 2. Better vehicle control thereby reducing the chances of becoming involved in a collision 3. Less chance of injury or death if involved in a collision while using a properly adjusted vehicle restrain system Dynamics of Steering: ANS 1. Counter steering - a method of counteracting the forces created in a skid, dry or wet, by steering in the direction of the skid, or the intended path of travel 2. Under steering - usually caused by excessive speed. The vehicle will tend to continue in a straight line and resist turning due to loss of traction with the front tires (i.e., wheels are turned, and the vehicle continues straight) 3. Over steering a. Reduces the desired cornering radius as a vehicle progresses through a turn, requiring the driver to rotate the steering wheel away from the direction of the turn b. Is the result of excessive speed, hydroplaning, or improper braking as the rear wheels lose their lateral traction before the front tires, causing the rear of the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn Acceptable Hand Movements for Steering Methods: ANS 1. Shuffle steering a. Avoid crossing the hands b. Hands should encompass the whole steering wheel c. Pull down from the twelve o'clock to the six o'clock position with the hand in the direction you are turning d. Pushing up with the opposite hand to complete the turn 2. Hand over hand 3. Evasive steering a. With hands at nine o'clock and three o'clock, turn the wheel ½ rotation, then a full rotation in the opposite direction, and finally back to the original position Dynamics of Braking: ANS 1. Front wheel lock up a. Caused by improper brake adjustment or slick spot on the road b. Causes reduced braking ability and loss of steering c. Rear wheels act as a rudder and maintain straight ahead slide 2. All wheels locked up a. Caused by a panic situation in which brakes are applied abruptly and hard enough to lock all four wheels b. The vehicle will probably skid in a straight line as long as variables such as road surface, tire tread, and air are fairly even 3. Rear wheel lock up a. Caused by improperly adjusted brakes which cause rear wheels to lock while the front wheels continue to rotate b. Vehicle will rotate around center mass in the horizontal plane 4. Brake fade a. No feedback from the brake when pressure is applied b. Is most common during a drive when frequent use of the brakes does not allow for proper cooling (i.e., overheated brakes) 3.) Use quick, yet thorough, searching methods to clear the intersection to the left, front, and right streets a. Place your chin near your shoulder from left to right b. In order to ensure center vision down cross lanes 4.) Look for additional emergency response vehicles 5.) Change siren pattern to attract attention with a different sound a. Change pitch in advance of intersection b. Return to two handed driving near intersection and concentrate on lane clearing c. The goal is to make sure you have a clear path before you enter the intersection 6.) Intersections are extremely hazardous areas; be aware of limited sight, driver confusion, drivers turning in front of you, and cross traffic unaware of your approach 7.) Never assume an intersection is clear simply because of a green signal or the presence of another officer "holding" the intersection; it is the responsibility of the emergency vehicle operator to make sure the way is clear before entering the intersection 8.) On approach to a multilane intersection, use the lane by lane clearing approach a. Visually clear each lane before you proceed through the intersection b. For example, look and say to yourself, "lane 1, left, right, clear. Lane 2, left, right, clear," etc. 9.) A complete stop at intersections may be the safest option on emergency response Ways to Reduce Injury or Property Damage when a Collision is Imminent: ANS 1.) Avoid having the collision take place in the driver's quarter of the vehicle 2.) Try to strike the object on an angle, thus deflecting some of the impact forces 3.) Maintain steering and braking control to avoid colliding with additional objects after the first collision 4.) Steer to the rear - steering for the rear of the other vehicle minimizes injury by avoiding the passenger compartment and minimizes crash severity by striking the lightest area of most vehicles 5.) If possible, look through the collision for a clear path of travel Factors to Consider when determining to Initiate a Vehicle Pursuit: ANS 1.) Legal authority and agency policy a. The guidelines set forth by state law and agency policy ARE NOT OPTIONAL b. Officers are bound by these restrictions whether they personally agree with them or not c. Officers must be absolutely sure what the state law and agency policy allows and that they do not exceed those limits Primary Considerations for Discontinuing a Vehicle Pursuit: ANS 1.) The safety of the public and yourself Alternatives to a Continued Vehicle Pursuit: ANS 1.) Aircraft involvement (OSP, Sheriff, etc.) 2.) Investigate later (e.g., you know who the suspect is, you have vehicle license plate information); send officers to the residence of registered owner 3.) Suspect may come to you 4.) Termination techniques with additional training a. Spikes b. Roadblocks c. PIT (Pursuit Intervention Technique) d. Stop sticks M.A.R.C.H. ANS M- Move to cover, massive hemorrhage, mental status, check hands A-Airway Respiration C-Circulation H-Hypothermia Steps to Apply a Tourniquet: ANS 1. Use Body Substance Isolation (BSI) precautions to include, at a minimum, nitrile or latex gloves 2. The T.Q. can be applied over a uniform; However, any equipment (e.g., coat, body armor) or personal items (e.g., items in casualties' pockets) that impede access should be removed 3. Place as high on the extremity as possible 4. Tighten until bleeding is controlled (i.e., if it does not hurt, it is not tight enough) 5. Write the time the T.Q. was applied on the forehead of the casualty or on the T.Q. itself 6. Removal of the T.Q. should take place once it is practical, as long as the bleeding is controlled by other methods (e.g., pressure bandage) Steps for Junctional Hemorrhage Control: ANS 1. Pack wound with gauze or hemostatic gauze 2. Hold direct pressure for a minimum of three minutes, if possible 3. Apply trauma dressing Steps to Insert a Nasopharyngeal Airway: ANS 1. NPA's are designed to be inserted in the casualty's right nostril, but will still be effective if inserted on the left 2. Us the head tilt/chin lift maneuver to open the casualty's airway 3. Apply water-based lubricant to NPA, if applicable 4. Push the tip of nose upward 5. Insert the airway, pushing towards the casualty's back, rather than up 6. Gently advance the NPA until the flange rests against the nostril 7. Roll casualty onto his/her side (i.e., recovery position) or into a position of comfort for him/her Steps for Sealing a Chest Wound: ANS 1. Wipe fluids (e.g., blood, sweat) off the area 2. Peel off adhesive backing from the chest seal 3. Center the seal over the wound; if valve is present, place valve over middle of wound 4. Secure with tape if available Ways to Improve Public Perception by Properly Employing Aspects of Patrol: ANS 1. Exercise authority fairly 2. Be professional in appearance and attitude 3. Manage citizen contacts with the understanding that negative events can be handled in a positive way 4. Temper the operational skills of patrol with the mindset, character, and service in the spirit of what democratic policing promises its citizenry Proactive Patrol: ANS 1. Working to prevent crime rather than waiting for it to occur 2. The goal for many L/E agencies is to move away from incident-driven, reactive policing, and move toward proactive policing iii. Clipboard iv. Chair 2. Intermediate weapons a. If distractions or escaping the situation are impractical or unavailable, you may need to use other items that are available on your person b. Impact weapons can be used for blocking, redirecting a dog attack, or used as a bite stick; be aware that the motions involved in opening, may be seen as threatening by some dogs 3. OC is the only chemical weapon that can be highly effective on dogs and, therefore, is the only chemical weapon that should be considered for use on dogs a. Because of differences in anatomy and physiology of animals, dogs experience few, if any, of the symptoms induced by CN in humans b. Likewise, CS is virtually ineffective on on-human animals 4. Electrical weapons a. In field reports of electrical weapon use on dogs, most officers reported that the period of immobilization was shorter than for people b. When using an electrical weapon on dogs, officers must deploy it differently than when using it on people c. Most of a dog's body mass is horizontal or parallel to the ground, therefore, the electrical weapon needs to be held sideways so that the probes spread horizontally when fired d. Due to the fact that dogs are smaller than people, officers firing electrical weapons must be closer to a dog than to a person, less than 10 feet e. Have a backup plan because animals can move f Two General Types of Building Searches: ANS 1. Unknown risk (e.g., open doors, alarm drops, suspicious activity) a. Officer is unsure if the area or structure is occupied b. Whether an officer thinks a suspect is in the building or not, the search should always be conducted as if a suspect was in the structure c. Do not become complacent d. Searching a building is a practical skill i. Use every opportunity to practice this skill ii. Work with your partner to develop cohesion 2. High risk (e.g., active shooter, hot pursuit situation) a. High risk searches involve prior knowledge or circumstances indicating a likelihood of serious physical harm b. Risk of the offender escaping c. This may require the officer to respond immediately to avoid injury or death to an innocent civilian Differences between Cover and Concealment: ANS 1. Cover - a position or situation affording protection from gunfire a. Officer's should always seek the best position for cover available i. Advantages: 1. Offers ballistic protection from being shot 2. May allow time to assess situation 3. Allows officer to fire at the threat while minimizing exposure to themselves ii. Disadvantages: 1. May not provide full ballistic protection 2. May limit visibility 3. Difficult to move from 2. Concealment - Anything that protects from being observed a. Concealment alone does not protect an officer from the suspect's fire b. If cover Is not available, officer should seek concealment i. Advantages: 1. Protection from observation 2. May not limit officer's visibility to return fire 3. May provide time to evaluate situation ii. Disadvantages: 1. Does not provide ballistic protection Two Most Common Methods by Which an Officer May Be Injured or Killed During an Officer Initiated Contact: ANS 1. Felonious assault 2. Crash Officer Initiated Contact: ANS 1. Any situation in which the officer deploys directly from a cruiser to intentionally make contact with a citizen or a suspect 2. Deployment options are effective for nearly any type of officer initiated contact a. Contact involving an occupied stopped vehicle b. Contact involving an occupied or unoccupied parked vehicle c. Contact involving individual(s) on or off the roadway (e.g., hitchhiking) d. A vehicle stop is one kind of an officer initiated contact Two Legal Foundations for Making a Vehicle Stop: ANS 1. Probable Cause - When the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he/she has reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a person to believe that an offense has been, or is being, committed by the person to be arrested. 2. Reasonable Suspicion - Is less than probable cause but more than a hunch and based on circumstances, common sense judgements, and inferences about human behavior, that criminal activity was being planned or is in the process of being executed Two General Categories of Vehicle Stops: ANS 1. Unknown-Risk 2. High-Risk Unknown-Risk Vehicle Stop: ANS 1. A vehicle stop which has an unknown potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash High-Risk Vehicle Stop: ANS 1. A vehicle stop which has a high potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash The Most Crucial Component of the Officer Initiated Contact is the Assessment: ANS 1. Without assessment, officers cannot choose a plan of action 2. The officer is constantly assessing and re-assessing the threat level for factors that may appear or change and necessitate tactical adjustment 3. Assessment can change a situation at any time before and during the vehicle stop. This could be based upon: iii. Window tint iv. Bumper or window stickers 4. Occupants - call in... a. The number of occupants b. Their perceived gender and race c. Any other distinguishing characteristics 5. Nature of the offense (contingent on threat assessment) a. Understand that the relative severity of the offense does not always correlate to the threat level encountered b. An officer may wish to advise the communication center of the nature of the violation if the officer senses a heightened level of threat c. All officers should monitor communications and stay attuned to the nature of the contact a fellow officer is initiating d. This will enable all to start toward an area before being dispatched - the time saved by this will equate to precious seconds and also foster a culture of personal concern Two Approach Patterns: ANS 1. Left-side walk-up 2. Right-side walk-up 3. Left-side walk-up: a. Approach preparation b. Visually monitor the occupant actions - shoulders, hands, eyes c. Maintain weapon awareness i. Keep jacket zipped, if worn, and tucked away from the firearm ii. Keep the holster retention secured d. Begin the approach and sensory sweep i. Wait for a break in traffic that will allow time to exit and approach ii. To maintain noise discipline, don't slam the cruiser door iii. Approach, keeping close to the cruiser, near the door and hood iv. After passing front bumper of cruiser, cut in and follow a path aligned with the left side of the suspect's vehicle v. Rely on hearing and peripheral vision to monitor traffic e. Mid approach i. Monitor actions of the driver and passengers continually, with glances at other areas ii. Monitor brake lights and trunk f. Application of brake or reverse lights evaluate the threat g. There are two schools of thought on touching the trunk, and which one used will be determined by assessment i. Touch the trunk to ensure against unexpected opening ii. Do not touch the trunk; this action may give away your position and slow the approach h. Check rear seat area to confirm number of occupants i. Take note of unusual sounds or smells j. Contact at the suspect's vehicle i. Stay behind the rear or trailing edge of the front door ii. Your body should be close to, but not touching, the suspect's vehicle 1. This position will create a severe angle for the suspect attempting to shoot the officer 2. Staying behind the trailing edge of the door prevents the officer from being struck by the door opening iii. Concentrate on occupant's/s' hands and sudden movements iv. Verbally address the suspect. Be polite but in control v. What questions or statements should the officer make and in what order? 1. Greet - Greet the Goals in a High-Risk Vehicle Stop: ANS 1. Take all the time needed to pre-plan the stop 2. If possible, wait for backup prior to initiating the stop 3. If the suspect forces the stop, cover the vehicle from the safest location possible and hold position until backup arrives 4. In a perfect situation, it is safest to have four officers on scene 5. Cruiser positions should be positioned so as to create a wall between officers and the suspect(s) 6. Maintain cover and concealment in a low profile position a. The engine block provides more effective cover than other areas of the vehicle 7. Cruiser tires may take all the time needed to pre-plan the stop 8. If possible, wait for backup prior to initiating the stop 9. If the suspect forces the stop, cover the vehicle from the safest location possible and hold position until backup arrives 10. In a perfect situation, it is safest to have four officers on scene 11. Cruiser positions should be positioned so as to create a wall between officers and the suspect(s) 12. Maintain cover and concealment in a low profile position a. The engine block provides more effective cover than other areas of the vehicle b. Cruiser tires may offer some protection from rounds striking the ground 13. Maintain weapons coverage on all suspects until all are in custody 14. Initially, control three main things a. Keys i. Placed on roof ii. Thrown out window iii. Brought back to you iv. Circumstances or personal choice dictate which action is chosen v. The goal is to keep the vehicle from being driven away b. Hands i. Out the window ii. Fingers interlaced on top of head iii. Out to the side with palms up iv. The goal being the suspect(s) cannot access a weapon v. Under certain conditions (i.e., presence of a K9) have them open the vehicle doors c. Eyes i. Direct away from officer's actions ii. The goal being the suspect(s) cannot plan an attac Reasons Vehicles are Stolen: ANS 1. Joyriding/transportation 2. To commit other crimes 3. Theft for profit/commercial theft c. Unity and signs of unity - the group demonstrates an apparent cohesiveness and allegiance that manifests itself in a common name, symbol, or sign d. Pattern of criminal gang activity - members of the group, individually or collectively, engage in criminal activity that... i. Benefits the group or... ii. Is related to the beliefs of, or membership in, the group, or... iii. Enhances a members status within the group 2. In addition, members of a gang usually share the following traits: a. Group name b. Symbols, tattoos, or graffiti c. Style of dress d. Frequent congregation at/or laid claim to a specific geographical area Signs of Gang Membership: ANS 1. Signs a. Admits to being a member of a group that meets the revised code criteria of a gang b. A reliable informant identifies the person as a gang member c. Resides in or frequents a particular gang's area d. Adopts a particular gang's style of dress, symbols, or tattoos e. Associates with known gang members or association can be proven through social media or other means f. Has been arrested in the company of identified gang members for offenses consistent with gang activity g. Has a documented criminal history An individual must meet two or more of the indicators to be considered a gang member Peace Officer's Duties in Response to the Gang Problem: ANS 1. Stay educated on gang trends 2. Document any potential gang activity with notes and photography 3. Become familiar with jurisdiction and take notice of repeat offenders and the nicknames used 4. Develop contacts with other agencies to share information Operator Certification Levels for LEADS Users: ANS 1. A Fully Qualified Operator (FQO) is someone who can operate a LEADS access device and who has the authority to enter, cancel, clear, modify, query, locate, detain, and submit hit confirmations 2. An Inquiry Only Operator (INQ) is someone who can operate a LEADS access device and who has the authority to query, locate, and submit hit confirmations only 3. A Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) operator is someone who can operate a mobile access device a. There is no MDT certification b. An MDT operator will have an FQO or INQ certification which permits them to operate a LEADS access device 4. A LEADS practitioner is non-certified personnel authorized to receive LEADS data Information Obtained from LEADS May Be Shared for...: ANS 1. Criminal justice purposes only Severity of Crime for Misuse of the LEADS System: ANS Felony of the Fifth Degree (F-5) Information Stored in the Computerized Criminal History (CCH) File: ANS 1. Personal identifier - Name, state ID number, and FBI number of the individual 2. Demographics - sex, race, birth date, height, weight, eye color, hair color, and birthplace of the individual 3. An accounting of the individual's progress through the state's criminal justice system, organized by individual arrests 4. Arrest - date of arrest, arresting agency, case number, name used, and charge 5. Trial or other resolution - court of jurisdiction, court number, case number, charges, date of trial or other resolution, disposition (including sentence, if appropriate) 6. Appeal or retrial - court of jurisdiction, court number, case number, charges, date of trial or other resolution, disposition (including sentence, if appropriate) 7. Release, parole, or probation - name of receiving agency, case number, and status of individual (if appropriate); date of action 8. Each record also contains a reminder that the record only contains information from a single state and the information should only be considered current for the date of request Locating Agencies Must Confirm "Hit" Confirmation: ANS 1. For any records received in response to LEADS and/or NCIC inquiry prior to taking the following actions based upon a. Arresting the wanted person b. Detaining the missing person c. Seizing the stolen property d. Charging the suspect with violating a protection order Strip Search: ANS 1. The inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities Basic Requirements for Body Cavity Searches: ANS 1. Must obtain a search warrant unless there is a medical emergency justifying the search 2. Must be conducted under sanitary conditions in a location that permits only the person being searched and the person(s) conducting the search to observe 3. Must be performed by a medical professional (i.e., physician, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse) of the same sex Communication between the Escorting Officer(s) and Detention Facility Personnel: ANS 1. ...is vital for welfare of the arrestee and the investigation of offenses 2. The arresting officer may have discovered relevant information in the course of the incident leading to the arrest a. Combative b. Suicidal - now or in the past c. Medical condition (chronic and/or injuries) d. Mental condition e. Escape risk f. Any other condition that would require special attention 3. If the arresting officer is not the escorting officer, every effort should be made to communicate this information through the escorting officer to detention facility personnel 4. Officer success and safety is dependent upon relationships a. Arresting officers need to understand how the booking process is completed and what information is needed b. The booking process is a two way street iii. These acts seem to feed off of each other and increase in severity until the mob is stopped c. Acquisitive (i.e., looting) mob i. Has the desire to acquire something for free; loot for things such as food or merchandise ii. May also try to take the officer hostage d. Expressive mob i. Is expressing intense feelings or revelry ii. Usually follows some special event (e.g., rival football game) iii. Can be very destructive Basic Concepts of Perimeter Crowd Control: ANS 1. Linear Strategy - Deploys police forces as a blocking force along a roadway or geographical barrier perpendicular to access routes into the impacted area 2. Cordoning - Surrounding a problem area by using linear strategy to seal off access on all sides 3. Sectoring - Dividing the cordoned off area into smaller size units in which control can be re- established sector by sector once enough police resources are assembled to regain control Common Uses for Mobile Field Force: ANS 1. To control unruly crowds, whether hostile or passive 2. To seal off problem areas, regardless of size 3. To rescue citizens or officers from crowds 4. To clear an area of hostile individuals by use of proactive tactics 5. To apprehend multiple offenders a. Keys to successful use of field force i. Pre-planning The Color Code and Each Associated Agent that may be used by Law Enforcement Agencies: ANS 1. HC (i.e., smoke) a. Labeling color code - Yellow b. Produces a thick, heavy cloud of smoke c. Uses i. Cover for tactical movement ii. Checking wind direction iii. Used with other chemical agents to hold that agent closer to the ground iv. Helps carry other agents further d. Odor ranges from none to sweet smell e. Psychological effects - slight irritation to the eyes and respiratory system 2. CS a. Labeling color code - Blue b. Lachrymator c. Has a pepper odor d. It is manufactured from two chemicals that form a wet, flaky powder and is classified as an irritant e. Incapacitation time factor i. Effective in 3-5 seconds ii. More potent that OC f. Characteristics i. 30-45 minute effective time ii. Subjects under chemical influences or those with a mental illness may react slowly iii. CS gas rises (i.e., apply low on a crowd and it will rise) g. Psychological effects i. Extreme burning of the eyes accompanied by copious flow of tears ii. Involuntary closures of the eyes; however, strong willed individuals may be able to overcome this response iii. Runny nose, sinus discharge, nasal drip iv. Stinging sensation on moist skin v. Tightness in the chest airways and throat that is sometimes described as feeling like a heart attack vi. Dizziness vii. Prolonged exposure can result in nausea and vomiting 3. OC a. Labeling color code - Orange b. Flammability i. Stream delivery products are non-flammable ii. Foaming products are flammable c. The effects are mostly evident within seconds after use and last approximately 30 minutes d. OC gas is heavier than air (i.e., apply it high and it will fall) e. Description i. Oily resin in a refined form ii. Odorless f. Psychological effects i. Burning and inflammation to 1. Exposed skin 2. Mucous membranes 3. Eyes 4. Nose ii. Causes involuntary eye closure g. General psychological effects i Steps for Administering First Aid to an Individual Who Has Been Exposed to the Chemical Agent CS: ANS 1. First aid a. Remove individual from the contaminated area b. Encourage the individual to remain calm c. Advise the individual no to rub his/her eyes d. Flush affected tissue area with clean, fresh water e. If the individual's condition is questionable, seek professional medical attention Steps for Administering First Aid to an Individual Who Has Been Exposed to the Chemical Agent OC: ANS 1. First aid a. Remove individual from contaminated area b. Flush exposed tissue with clean, fresh water d. Any injured or deceased victims should be treated the same as you would treat your own family members 5. Protect the involved vehicles and other evidence at the crash scene 6. Place sufficient and adequate warning devices (e.g., signs, reflectors, flares, fuses, traffic cones) on approaches to the scene as well as appropriate directional signage within the scene area, to give proper warning to drivers and other highway users Conditions that must be Present for a Situation to be Classified as a Motor Vehicle Accident: ANS 1. Conditions a. The incident includes one or more occurrences of injury or damage b. At least one occurrence of injury or damage was not the direct result of cataclysm (i.e., an avalanche, landslide/mudslide, hurricane, cyclone, downburst, flood, torrential rain, cloudburst, lightning, tornado, tidal wave, earthquake, volcano eruption) c. The incident involved one or more motor vehicles d. At least one motor vehicle was in-transport e. The incident was an unstabilized situation f. The unstabilized situation originated on a trafficway or the injury or the damage occurred on a trafficway g. If the incident involved a railway train in-transport, a motor vehicle was involved prior to any injury or damage involving the train h. Neither an aircraft in-transport nor a watercraft in-transport was involved in the incident 2. If all of these conditions are met and the property damage is over $1,000, the officer will need to complete an OH-1 Sequence of Events: ANS 1. The various events that make up a traffic crash; officers should ensure his/her investigation and report covers all of these events: a. Indicate the series of events in sequence for each vehicle/unit b. To describe the sequence of events, begin with the first crash event that applies to each traffic unit c. If the crash event began with a non-collision (e.g., motor vehicle leaves the roadway to the right), list the first event from the non-collision events category d. If the crash event began with a collision with a person, vehicle, or object not fixed (e.g., motor vehicle colliding with a motor vehicle in transport), list the first event from the collision with person, vehicle, or object not fixed e. A collision with a fixed object will occur after the first event f. Enter as many as six events for each traffic unit g. If the number of events exceeds six, include the first harmful event and the most harmful event, then list the next four most relevant events, giving preference to other harmful events h. Document what the traffic unit did or what it hit, not what the unit is (e.g., in a one vehicle collision where the vehicle hit a telephone pole, we can assume that the motor vehicle was in transport; if the vehicle did not hit another motor vehicle in transport, do not indicate "motor vehicle in transport" in the sequence of events section) i. Ask yourself the following questions to assist in filling out this section: i. What did this unit do? ii. What did this unit hit? j. The "07" or "separation of units" option should only be used when the vehicles involved were towing something (e.g., when the vehicle being towed is separated from the vehicle doing the towing) k. First harmful and most harmful should each be one of the six sequence of event options that you already chose Differences between Contact and Induced Damage: ANS 1. Contact damage a. Caused by direct contact with some object which is not a part of the vehicle i. External contact damage most often appears as collapsed or deformed areas of vehicles, tears or punctures, scratches, or smeared material, transferred from one vehicle to another or one object to another ii. Internal contact damage is found inside the vehicle and is caused when vehicle occupants strike the dashboard, steering wheel, windows, or when objects within the vehicle strike interior parts of the vehicle b. Relating internal contact damage to injuries sustained by the vehicle occupants assists in determining the seating position of the occupants 2. Induced damage occurs when part of the vehicle is displaced a. Induced damage is often found adjacent to or around the contact damage and is caused by the forces of the contact damage b. While the area may not have contacted any other object, it was damaged by the force of the crash Evidence at the Scene of a Crash that should be Documented with Photograph's: ANS 1. Officers should photograph everything that was damaged and all physical evidence 2. The entire sequence of events for OH-1 3. The approach to the crash scene a. Photograph the approach and the departure directions of all operators i. Photograph the view from the driver's perception point ii. View from the driver's reaction point iii. View from the driver's point of no escape b. Do the same for pedestrians 4. Surface marks on the roadway a. Photograph debris and marks left upon the roadway and other surfaces b. Photograph debris and roadway marks in the direction of movement the vehicle or object that made them was traveling 5. The area of impact (i.e., the area between the vehicles involved) 6. Final rest a. Show where the vehicles came to rest and in what position b. If victims or pedestrians are thrown clear of vehicles, photograph their final rest positions in the same way as a vehicle's final rest 7. Evidence from the scene a. Tire marks should be documented from the beginning of the mark to the end of the mark b. Photograph areas of the tire mark that explain a vehicle's movement (e.g., offset tire marks, the separation of front and rear tire marks) c. Photograph any traffic control devices d. Document the position of missing or damaged traffic signs e. Vehicle damage should be photographed at the scene as additional damage may occur when the vehicles are moved or removed from the scene of the traffic crash 8. To corroborate eyewitness statements, take photographs of the scene from his/her position and eye level Information an Officer Must Relay to a Defendant Concerning the Defendant's failure to Appear in Court at the Time Stated on the Affidavit or Pay for a Traffic Ticket: ANS 1. The defendant's driver's license or commercial driver's license will be suspended 2. The defendant is not eligible for reissuance of a license or certification of registration until the person appears and complies with all orders of the court g Measures the Officer can take to Minimize Contamination at a Crime Scene: ANS 1. Definitions a. Contamination - the transfer of outside material to the scene (e.g., a hair from the first responder drops off into the scene and it is collected) b. Cross-contamination - the transfer of material between evidence within the scene (e.g., packaging the victim's clothing in the same bag as the suspect's clothing) 2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should include latex/nitrile gloves, shoe covers, respiratory equipment, eye protection, and anything else required by the scene's circumstances 3. To prevent contamination with your DNA, when wearing latex/nitrile gloves, do not touch you face, hair, cell phone, etc. 4. Change gloves often, in between samples, and when soiled, especially if you have had contact with both the victim and the suspect 5. Do not talk over the evidence as your DNA (e.g., saliva spray) could be transferred to the evidence 6. Use disposable or sterilized equipment 7. Sterilize all reusable equipment once you are done (e.g., placards, scales, tripod legs) 8. Be sure you do not use the facilities, phones, change temperature, or lighting controls, eat, 9. drink, smoke, or spit inside the perimeter of the crime scene, as this may disturb evidence that is present 10. An officer should be designated to monitor entry into the scene and keep unauthorized personnel out Recognize the Difference between Class and Individual Evidence Characteristics: ANS 1. Class characteristics a. Traits or characteristics of evidence that allow the item to be compared with a group b. Shared by all members of its class c. Cannot be identified to a single source d. Example - the sole of a Nike Air Max size 11 is manufactured to have a design; all size 11 Nike Air Max soles manufactured from the same mold will have the same general appearance 2. Individual Characteristics a. Traits or characteristics of an item of evidence that allows the item to be compared with a specific object or person b. The comparison will determine whether the item originated from the object or person (i.e., allows individualization of evidence) Example - the cuts, scratches, wear pattern, or other defects on the sole of a Nike Air Max size 11 distinguish one shoe from another Describe Chain of Custody: ANS 1. Labeling evidence a. Tags should be directly attached to the evidence packaging at the time of collection b. Tags should never be removed 2. Factors to show integrity of evidence in the chain of custody a. Evidence collected at a crime scene is the same as presented in court b. The item must not be altered or changed c. Chain must be maintained to document reasons why any party has dealt with the evidence 3. Information a chain of custody must reflect... a. Who found or had contact with the evidence b. To whom the evidence was given c. Reason the evidence was given to that person d. When and by whom the evidence was returned e. Where and how the evidence was stored until taken to court f. Any changes that were made to the evidence 4. Paperwork for chain of custody must remain with the evidence 5. Information that must be shown on an evidence tag... a. Date recovered b. Time recovered c. Exact location of recovery d. Report/case number e. Item number f. Thorough description of the item g. Recovering officer's initials/badge number h. Marked to show biohazard and/or sharp object i. Victim's name if known j. Type of crime What First Responders Should Ensure Before Collecting a Device That May Hold Electronic Evidence: ANS 1. The scene has been secured and documented 2. Legal authority exists to seize evidence 3. Appropriate personal protective equipment is used Preserving Digital Evidence from Computers: ANS 1. Collect any forensic evidence (e.g., DNA, fingerprints), if applicable 2. Photograph the surrounding area prior to moving any evidence 3. Photograph the front and back of the computer and make a diagram of any cords and connected devices 4. If the computer is off, leave it off. Do not power it on to begin searching it 5. If you reasonably believe the computer is destroying evidence (e.g., remote wipe, remote formatting of the hard drive), immediately shut down the computer by removing the power cord from the back of the computer 6. If the computer is a laptop, unplug from the power source (if necessary), remove the battery (if possible), attempt to force a shutdown by holding down the power button 7. If the computer is a laptop ... a. Unplug from the power source (if necessary) b. Remove the battery (if possible) c. Attempt to force a shutdown by holding down the power button 8. If the computer is on, contact should be made with a properly trained Computer Forensic Examiner/Analyst in order to determine how to proceed Preserving Digital Evidence from Mobile Devices: ANS 1. "Dumb" phones (e.g., older cell phones, flip phones) a. Power off b. Remove battery c. Place in evidence bag d. Document chain of custody information on evidence bag 2. Smart devices (e.g., iDevice, Android) b. Close up shots should be created with and without the evidence placards and scales present, if needed c. Extreme close ups, or macro shots, you mist fill the frame with the object Basic Procedures for Photographing Crime Scenes: ANS 1. Establish a break between different scenes by using a title card or take a picture that contains identifying info at the beginning of the series (e.g., take picture of address first, take a picture of the car with front license plate first) 2. Document the entire scene using overall photos 3. Photograph all fragile items of evidence (e.g., footwear marks, bloodstain patterns on body) using both the evidence establishing and close-up shots 4. Place photo placards in the scene next to all items of interest and reshoot a second series of overall photos 5. Document all know evidence items with evidence establishing shots and evidence close-up shots 6. Use placards sequentially whenever possible to clearly differentiate the various items of evidence from one another (e.g., do not start with number two, then go to number five, and number 9; start with number one and progress sequentially) 7. If items are discovered later in processing (e.g., during second or third rechecks), ensure that all appropriate photographs are taken 8. This may require taking additional overall photographs even though the original scene is altered Cardinal Rules of Crime Scene Photography: ANS 1. Fill the frame a. If something is important enough to have a close-up photograph, fill the frame b. Too many times, the primary subject can get lost in the background c. If the background elements are not considered essential to the close-up, try to minimize or eliminate them 2. Maximize depth of fiend a. Depth of field is the variable range from the foreground to the background, of what appears to be in sharp focus b. Having correct depth of field is important when you have multiple pieces of evidence within a crime scene, as they all need to be in focus at the same time c. You must know how to operate your camera to maximize the depth of field by changing the aperture setting (i.e., f-stops) d. If you only focus on the front, the farthest item will be out of focus e. If substantial pieces are out of focus, it may not be a "fair and accurate representation of the scene" f. As you looked around the scene, each part was in focus, and your photograph should accurately represent that 3. Keep the lens perpendicular to the subject a. If the close-up is parallel to the subject, the close up may not be able to be used for comparison purposes b. Using a tripod will often help with lighting/shadowing when taking perpendicular photographs Reasons for Tracing Stolen Property: ANS 1. May reveal perpetrator 2. May reveal other investigative leads 3. May reveal other crimes 4. Recovery for victim Sources of Information for Tracing Stolen Property: ANS 1. Department records and staff a. Vehicle inventories b. Case reports c. Information from other shifts 2. Surrounding jurisdictions 3. Owner/victim 4. Law Enforcement Automated Data System (LEADS)/National Crime Information Center (NCIC) 5. Retailers a. Department stores 6. Auto dealers 7. Commercial/subscription database services (e.g., LeadsOnline.com, Tracechecker.com, social media sources) 8. Confidential informants 9. Pawn shop records a. A pawnbroker must keep a record of every transaction b. Information that a pawnbroker shall provide to the chief of police or sheriff... i. A description of all property pledged or purchased ii. The number of pawn or purchase form used to document purchase 10. Junkyard dealers a. All scrap metal dealers must be registered with the Ohio Department of Public Safety (DPS) b. The dealer must document all purchases with a log that contains... i. Name and residence of the seller ii. Copy of seller's identification card iii. Photograph of the seller iv. License plate number and state of issue of the vehicle the seller is in v. Time and date of the sale vi. Weight of the item vii. Identifying marks such as makes, model numbers, and brand names Resources to Use in Establishing the Value of Stolen Property: ANS 1. Owner/victim 2. Retailers (e.g., department store, car dealer) 3. Bank loan departments 4. Ohio Revised Code (i.e., R.C. 2913.61) 5. Internet resources (e.g., Kelly Blue Book, eBay) General Indicators of Stimulant Use: ANS 1. Restlessness 2. Talkative 3. Excitation 4. Euphoria 5. Exaggerated reflexes 6. Loss of appetite 7. Anxiety 8. Grinding teeth (i.e., bruxism) 9. Redness to nasal area (if snorting) 10. Body tremors