Family Therapy Theories and Concepts: A Comprehensive Overview - Prof. Tate, Exams of Marriage and Family Psychology

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Psuedomutality ANS describes a systemic pretense of harmony and closeness that hides conflict and interferes with intimacy (Lyman Wynne, 1940s) Psuedohostility ANS Arguing and bickering that hide "pathological alignments" in families A volatile and intense way of disguising and distorting both affection and splits Prevents open communication and quality relationships (Lyman Wynne, 1940s) Rubber-Fence Boundary ANS Families are seemingly yielding, but are in fact nearly impermeable to information from the outside; boundaries bind them together in their resistance to separation" Appear open and flexible but are closed. (Lyman Wynne, 1940s) John Bowlby ANS Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver. Different attachment styles (Bowlby, 1949) ANS - Secure Attachment

• Insecure Attachment (Anxious-Avoidant)
• Insecure Attachment (Ambivalent-Resistant)
• Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Theodore Lidz ANS Professor out of Yale, researched schizophrenia and the marital couple's influence on the development of schizophrenia in a child (1950s)
• Marital Schism: Parents overly focused on their own problems which harms the marriage, individuals, and the children.
• Marital Skew: One parent dominates the family and the other is dependent. "Family process" (peer-reviewed journal) ANS Founded by Don Jackson and Nathan Ackerman, edited by Jay Haley (1962)

Mental Research Institute (MRI) ANS MRI; Mental Research Institute A center for the study of families in Palo, Alto, CA whose researchers and practioners- Bateson, Jackson, Satir, Weakland, Fry, and Haley studied schizophrenia and family interactions, communication, and cybernetic theory. They emphasized process and interactional sequences rather than structure, and distinguished between first-order and second-order change. They developed a version of Brief Family Therapy based on the notion that the "problem" or tx focus, stems from the failed solution previously attempted by the family. Norbert Wiener ANS Coined the term and theory "cybernetics" General Systems Theory ANS living systems are like cybernetic systems that are equipped w/ complex feed systems capable of maintaining a desired state of affairs (i.e. homeostasis) → leads to Bowlby's system of behavior control Double bind theory ANS distinct pattern of communication in which one individual receives contradictory commands from which there is no escape (lose, lose situation) 6 characteristic of a double bind ANS 1) Communication involves 2 or more people who are involved in an important emotional relationship.

2. The pattern of communication and the relationship is a repeated experience.
3. The communication involves a primary negative injunction--or a command not to do (some act) or not to NOT do (some act), either of which come with a threat of punishment.
4. A second abstract injunction is given that contradicts the primary injunction but at a more abstract level and is usually nonverbal. This also occurs under the threat of punishment.
5. A third negative injunction both demands a response and prevents escape, effectively binding the recipient to the environment in which these patterns exist.
6. When the above double bind messages have been communicated enough times, the individual has become conditioned which no longer requires all of the above mentioned criteria to be present in order to elicit the same intensity in response (panic, rage, schizophrenia). Bertrand Russell ANS Theory of Logical Types Ludwig von Bertalanffy ANS General Systems Theory

Milton Erickson ANS Hypnosis and paradox Gregory Bateson ANS Human Communication Processes (influenced by Russell, Von Bertalanffy, Wiener, Erickson) MRI Systemic Therapy ANS Strategic Family Therapy ANS Jay Haley Emphasizes change techniques over theory. Influenced by Milton Erickson Therapist is very directive, especially useful with change-resistant families Techniques: Take charge role, directives, paradoxical directives, ordeals, out-positioning, reframing Milan Systemic Family Therapy ANS A theory and therapeutic model influenced by Bateson and the MRI Group, originally developed in Italy by Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin, and Prata. The primary techniques associated with the early Milan group were rituals and positive connotations. The Milan Group split in the early 1980s with Selvini Palazzoli and Prata forming one group, adhering to the strategic model and developing a ritualistic technique, invariant prescription, to counteract the dirty game, or power struggle between the parents and their child. Boscolo and Cecchin moved away from the strategic approach, developing a collaborative style of therapy. In this model, problems are maintained when the family holds to an old epistemology that does not fit its current circumstance. The therapist introduces new information indirectly by asking questions and the family solves problems themselves as they develop a new epistemology. The therapist/client interactions within the session are the treatment. In their interviews they displayed a curious attitude about the family and the meanings they derived from their experiences and interchanges. General Systems Theory definition ANS GST proposed that all living systems share universal characteristics. Fundamental principle is idea that the whole of the system is more than the sum of its parts. To understand the system as a whole, must understand the dynamic, circular functioning between the parts. Cybernetics ANS the study of information processing, feedback, and control in communication systems

Boundaries ANS theoretical lines of demarcation in a family that define a system as an entity and separate the subsystems from one another and the system from its environment. Boundary Interface ANS The regions between each subsystem of the family and between the family and the supra-system. In family systems therapy this interface is referred to as the familial boundary. Familial Boundary ANS the term used to represent the concept of Boundary Interface within literature of FT Open systems ANS interact regularly with the environment with relatively no inhibition Jay Haley ANS Strategic Family Therapy founding editor of 1st journal in family therapy schism (Theodore Lidz) ANS family division into competing groups Adlerian Family Therapy ANS An approach that is based on the premise that parents and children often become locked in repetitive, negative interactions based on mistaken goals that motivate all parties involved. "stuck family" (Adlerian) ANS parents assume roles based on their expectations of the children strength of Bowen Family Therapy ANS attention upon past family interaction as a means by which to avoid future problems Hermeneutics ANS the interpretation of meaning CBT Therapy is also known as... ANS "reality therapy"

Brief Therapy (earliest model) was developed by... ANS Milton Erickson the genogram was developed/popularized by BLANK & BLANK ANS Monica McGoldrick & Randy Gerson mystification ANS n. The act of artfully perplexing. Confused, befuddle, mask what is going on (RD Laing) 2 Essential Theme's of Bowen's theory ANS 1) Individuality

2. Togetherness Individuality (Bowen) ANS cognitive capacity to realize our creative, individual potential rooted in individuality and is non-reactive - exclusively rational and observable in physical world Togetherness (Bowen) ANS affective capacity that is more reactive and driven toward ability to communicate with and connect to others rooted in togetherness, subjectively experienced, prone to emotional reactivity (offers survival value) Triangle (Bowen) ANS three-person relationship system. a triangle is the smallest stable relationship system. Nuclear Family Emotional System (Bowen) ANS 4 basic relationship patterns that can lead to problems within the family system Present in multiple family structures (not just the nuclear family) Family tension arises when external or internal stressors occur: tension appears in the form of anxiety within one of the patterns below:
3. Marital conflict
4. Dysfunction in one spouse
5. Impairment of one or more children
6. Emotional distance (fusion - little overt conflict)

Undifferentiated family ego mass (Bowen) ANS Emotional stuck-togetherness or fusion of the family - prominent in schizophrenic families. Family Projection Process (Bowen) ANS The primary way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child. The projection process can impair the functioning of one or more children and increase their vulnerability to clinical symptoms. The projection process follows three steps: (1) the parent focuses on a child out of fear that something is wrong with the child;(2) the parent interprets the child's behavior as confirming the fear; and(3) the parent treats the child as if something is really wrong with child. Multigenerational Transmission Process ANS The process by which the family's level of differentiation and the parents' unresolved emotional attachments are reenacted in future relationships and passed along to succeeding generations. The concept of the multi-generational transmission process describes how small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to marked differences in differentiation among the members of a multigenerational family. The information creating these differences is transmitted across generations through relationships. The transmission occurs on several interconnected levels ranging from the conscious teaching and learning of information to the automatic and unconscious programming of emotional reactions and behaviors. Relationally and genetically transmitted information interact to shape an individual's "self." emotional cutoff (Bowen) ANS The concept of emotional cutoff describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them. Societal emotional Process (Bowen) ANS The influence of society in which the family exists (sexism, classism, racism, etc.). Process of how the emotional system governs behavior on a societal level, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in a society. Assessment & Diagnosis of Bowen's Family Systems ANS Genogram to assess generational history Dx: non pathologizing, systemic focus on the presenting problem

Who, Duration, and Goals of Bowen's Family Systems ANS Who: individual family members, partner dyad, entire family, or any combo Tx duration: long-term, several years Goals: working through underlying processes/conflicts (1) decrease anxiety (2) increase levels of differentiation in family members Detriangulate (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS A family system can be detriangulated when the therapist insists that one family member take a position on an issue and maintain that position despite opposition from other family members that might occur (Hoffman 1981). This strategy helps establish differentiation of self but also, in a three-person emotional system, allows one person to remain detached and unreactive. Non-anxious Presence (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS Bowen emphasized the importance of the therapist remaining differentiated and providing a non-anxious presence throughout session, influencing family members to become less reactive and access rationality. This intervention served to promote higher levels of differentiation for each family member through modeling. Genogram (Guerin)/ Family Diagrams (Bowen) - Intervention Technique ANS These gather rich family history through the creation of a diagram resembling a family tree with various symbols used to identify gender and the degree of conflict, fusion, emotional cutoff, or health between individuals. It identifies the multigenerational transmission process and triangles among other dynamics. Process Questions (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS Questions designed to help family members think about their own reactions to what others are doing. Going Home Again (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS This was an intervention used to encourage adult individual clients to go home and repair any conflicted relationships. Displacement Stories (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS Technique used in Bowenian therapy where therapist tells a story of someone with a similar problem. This helps a family member see their own roles in the family system, and it helps frame process questions without provoking defensive responses.

Coaching (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS Bowen used this term to identify what he believed his role to be with clients as he coached them through the process of differentiation of self. He used the metaphor coach to exemplify the he is responsible for getting the process started, but the actual work must be done by the client. relationship experiments (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS Technique designed to clarify emotional processes involved in altering key triangles. The technique is used in order to help family members become aware of systems processes and recognize their own roles in them - it was first developed for use with emotional pursuers and distancers. Person-to-person relationships (Bowen Intervention technique) ANS Differentiated individuals talk rationally to each other without blaming the other Teach clients to talk person to person and not talk about the 3rd person together Therapy Structure of Bowen Family Systems/Multigenerational Family Therapy ANS 1) The Assessment Phase: togetherness/individuation of family of origin, presence of triangles, levels of differentiation

2. The Genogram Phase: co-construct a family diagram with client
3. The Differentiation Phase: reducing anxiety and increasing levels of differentiation projected resentment (gestalt) means... ANS guilt negative feedback (systems theory) ANS feedback from within the system that results in the maintenance of homeostasis positive feedback (systems theory) ANS feedback from within the system that results in the restoration of the system's homeostasis Kohut ANS is a leading figure in the self-psychology field and is best known for his work on narcissism. Kohut proposed that narcissism develops when normal development of the self is interrupted by the consistently unempathic responses of the mother (self-object). Consequently, he believed that empathy is a major therapeutic tool for narcissistic clients.

According to Margaret Mahler, "individuation" involves: ANS recognizing the individual existence of self and others. According to Mahler (1975), a child undergoing the process of moving from being a member of a mother-child unit to becoming a family member goes through "separation" and "individuation." Separation refers to the child's disengagement and differentiation from the mother, while individuation involves the development of an inner representation of the mother, a time sense, a capacity for testing reality, and an awareness of the existence of others discrete from his/her own existence. Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model) ANS 1) pre-contemplation, 2) contemplation, 3) preparation, 4) action, 5) maintenance situational crisis ANS change that results when a person faces an event or situation that causes a disruption in one's life maturational crisis ANS A normal state in growth and development in which a specific maturational task must be learned but old coping mechanisms are no longer adequate or acceptable. Golan's Crisis Theory ANS 1) hazardous event

2. a vulnerable state
3. a precipitating factor
4. a state of active crisis/disequilibrium Jay Haley ANS Strategic family therapy --Rather than focusing on the individual as the sole source of dysfunction, Haley examined the role the entire family UNIT played in the well-being of each of its members as well as the family system itself. --Problem focused behavioral change; focus on the role of symptoms as a feature of family organization (as a unit).

Is fetal abuse mandated reporting? ANS No loosening of associations ANS continual shifting from topic to topic without any apparent logical or meaningful connection between thoughts Circumstantiality ANS Speech that is delayed in reaching the point and contains excessive or irrelevant details Confabulation ANS the act of filling in memory gaps flight of ideas ANS a confused state in which thoughts and speech go in all directions with no unifying concept "flight into health" ANS When a previously depressed or suicidal patient suddenly stops stating suicidal intention and/or appears calm and happy in a very quick time period. This may be a warning sign that the patient has decided to complete suicide. Defense against lessening/lifting repression. Client states they are "all better." Best predictor of future behavior ANS past behavior Highest risk of suicide ANS White men 85 years and older who use firearms as mode of choice suicide risk factors ANS - Depression

• Expressed plan
• Male gender
• Recent loss
• Family disruption
• Substance abuse problems
• Relationship problems outside family

• Result of series of difficulties over time Paradoxical intervention ANS A therapeutic technique that appears to contradict the therapeutic needs. It decreases the client's resistance to change. Satir's 5 communication styles ANS 1) Blamer

2. Placater
3. Distractor
4. Leveler
5. Computer Blamer (Satir) ANS From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communication styles. The blamer judges and complains, often for the purpose of bullying others into accepting his/her preferences. Mindreading ANS the cognitive process by which we attribute desires and beliefs to other individuals in order to explain and predict their behavior Placater (Satir) ANS From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communication styles. The placater attempts to pacify and smooth over conflict by being "nice," defending and covering up for others. Distracter (Satir) ANS From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communication styles. Distractor has unpredictable behavior, is confusing, never acts in line with the conversation. Leveler (Satir) ANS From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communication styles.

Solve the problem in mutual understanding using assertiveness through body language, tone, and pitch. Computers (Satir) ANS From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communication styles. Computers separate themselves from their feelings, develop a fear of expressing their feelings, less spoken, calculated, and logical. Use words such as analyze, calculate, think logical, that it's not feasible. A child is using the same toy in play therapy. What might this suggest? ANS The play therapy is working. A Multigenerational Family Therapist working with a couple and domestic violence ANS assess for DV and reduce emotional reactivity Jay Haley's Strategic Techniques/Terms ANS - circular model

• vicious cycles
• break family's behavior patterns
• direct and paradoxical interventions Strategic Family Therapy (definition) ANS Jay Haley Emphasizes change techniques over theory. Influenced by Milton Erickson Therapist is very directive, especially useful with change-resistant families Techniques: Take charge role, directives, paradoxical directives, ordeals, out-positioning, reframing Narrative Therapy ANS A postmodern approach to therapy that is based on the therapist's personal characteristics that allow for creating a climate that encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives. Grounded in a philosophical framework, narrative practices assist clients in finding new meanings and new possibilities in their lives.

structural family therapy ANS treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions Characteristics of chronic domestic violence ANS mutual dependence and coercive behavior Masters and Johnson ANS psychologists; studied human sexual behavior, described four stages of sexual response four stages of sexual response cycle ANS 1. Excitement

2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) onset ANS a psychological disorder marked by the appearance before age 12 and symptoms present in at least 2 settings. Best reason for speaking with a client's medical doctor is... ANS to develop interventions that are consistent with the client's medical status. Extended Family Therapist (Bowen) would do what first in tx of a family? ANS Develop rapport with parents. What would be the best psychological testing tool for understanding feelings/attitudes about a client's severe emotional problems? ANS Mental Status Exam. circular questioning (Milan) ANS Technique to help family members recognize differences in their perceptions, yields information about the dynamics and relationships in a family. Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal ANS Agitation, Fever, Seizures, Tremors, Confusion, Delusions, Hallucinations, Insomnia

What is the best psychological testing for an intellectual disability? ANS Vineland-II: Measures daily living skills, communication, socialization,, etc. Delirium ANS mental disorder marked by confusion, disturbance in attention and awareness, plus disturbance in cognition. Projected Resentment (Frederick Perls) ANS Guilt (Kaplan) A sexual disorder that is NOT considered a disturbance in the genital-vascongestive phase is... ANS premature ejaculation Kaplan's Sexual Response Cycle ANS described sexual response as consisting of desire, excitement, and orgasm negative feedback ANS maintains homeostasis positive feedback ANS deviates a family away from a steady state. According to Glasser, the founder of reality therapy, most mental disorders are the result of irresponsibility, which leads to the development of: ANS "failure identity" Glasser's Reality Theory ANS treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences Reality Therapy ANS William Glasser IFS includes what theories? ANS 1) Structural

2. Strategic
3. Narrative
4. Bowenian

Contextual Family Therapy ANS A theory and therapeutic model developed by Boszormenyi- Nagy based on the ethical dimension of family relationships. The family maintains invisible, intergenerational loyalties, which members hold in their personal ledgers. Problems in relationships are thought to result either from an attempt to maintain or change the balance sheet of what members owe to one another. When do problems occur in Contextual Family Therapy? (Nagy) ANS Problems occur when there is a lack of caring/trust. Fusion (Bowen) ANS The blurring of psychological boundaries between self and others Enmeshment (Minuchin) ANS the over involvement of all family members in the affairs of any one member Extended Family Therapist (Bowen) working with a couple with depression would most likely do what? ANS Teach a couple about triangles Create a theme-related genogram Explore depression in their families of origin Solution-Focused Therapy (goals) ANS aimed at brining client's successful behaviors into their awareness, and helps them repeat successful things they do when the problem is not there or less severe. This focuses on the client's own abilities and solutions, and helps client move toward their preferred future. How would a CBT therapist know a family is making progress? ANS A good indication of progress is when the family is more independent and self-reliant in their decision-making. What would a therapist's BEST response be to a client with a history of social losses who wants to meet outside the office after termination? ANS The therapist would help the client understand and work through issues that emerge during the termination phase of therapy.

Strategic Family Therapy (Termination) ANS Termination criteria includes resolution of the presenting problem What would a structural family therapist do with an over-involved mother and daughter? ANS Assign a problem. Spatially separate the mother and daughter. Assign homework to practice new ways of relating. Hypnotherapy can be practiced by an MFT if... ANS The MFT is properly trained and educated on hypnosis. Minuchin's Structural approach ANS - Manipulative

• Unyielding
• Crisis-provoking

• uses techniques to restructure a family's transactional patterns by

• making boundaries
• escalating stress
• utilizing symptoms
• manipulating mood Experiential Family Therapy (middle therapy treatment goals) ANS Working to change communication patterns in a family. The family will practice communicating differently. enactment ANS A learning process in which individuals physically carry out tasks. secondary orgasmic disorder ANS Woman was regular with orgasms and then stopped having orgasms. Master's and Johnson would treat using sensate focus. What is LEAST characteristic of men who abuse their wives? ANS Low intelligence

Sculpting technique ANS helps family recognize one person's view of the family relationships. Assimilation ANS the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another. One has given up their own culture and identifies with the dominant culture. Biculturalism ANS partial identification with two cultures Asian culture role of the father ANS Authority figure Why does a child run away? ANS Often due to a serious conflict within the home, neglect, or abuse of some type. Intermittent Explosive Disorder ANS An impulse-control disorder involving an inability to hold back urges to express strong angry feelings and associated violent behaviors. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) ANS a depressive disorder in children characterized by persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior Assimilation ANS the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another Conduct Disorder (CD) ANS - repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

• under 18 years old (3 subtypes)
• limited prosocial emotions Bipolar I vs Bipolar II ANS Bipolar I: Person experiences one manic/mixed episode Bipolar II: Person experiences less extreme manic phases somatic symptom disorder ANS psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

acute stress disorder ANS An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month adjustment disorder ANS a disorder in which a person's response to a common stressor is maladaptive and occurs within 3 months of the stressor Schizophrenia ANS a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression Reality Therapy Techniques ANS - verbally active

• intellectual
• confrontive
• reflects medical model/concept of mental illness
• focuses on current beliefs and behaviors
• transference is detrimental
• stresses conscious rather than unconscious Transactional Analysis ANS Eric Berne believes that people operate in three ego states and that awareness is an important first step in changing our ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Three basic needs are 1) stimulus, 2) recognition, and 3) structure. complementary relationship ANS A relationship in which one partner willingly and continuously cedes power to the other. symmetrical relationship ANS a relationship between parties of equal power IFS Parts - "Firefighter" ANS - distract the mind when exiles break free from suppression.
• protect the consciousness from feeling the pain of the exiles,

• prompt a person to act on impulse and engage in behaviors that are indulgent, addictive, and abusive (sex, work, food, alcohol, or drugs) IFS Parts - "Exiles" ANS - in a state of pain/trauma, which may result from childhood experiences.
• Managers and firefighters exile these parts and prevent them from reaching the conscious level so that proper functioning and preservation are maintained. IFS Parts - "Managers" ANS - responsible for maintaining a functioning level of consciousness in daily life
• ward off any unwanted/counterproductive interactions, emotions, or experiences resulting from external stimuli. Equifinality - General Systems Theory (Ludwig von Bertalanffy) ANS - principle that in open systems, a given end state can be reached by many potential means.
• different causes can produce the same results
• a therapist focuses on patterns and processes when working with a family, rather than individual topics Bandler and Grinder's inquiry was based on neurolinguistic programming (NLP) ANS Studied linguistic patterns of Perls, Satir, Erickson NLP hypothesizes that all behavior results from neurological processes ("neuro"); that these processes are ordered, sequenced, and represented into strategies and models through language ("linguistic"); and that the process of organizing a system's components determines specific outcomes ("programming"). Tracking ANS a technique in which a therapist follows the content of a family's communication, using minimal encouragers and restating what the family has said. Enactment ANS a simulation of the transactions that make up a family's structure (e.g., asking a family to act out a recent conflict), followed by efforts to change them.

Family Life Cycle (Carter and McGoldrick's model) ANS 1) The unattached young adult;

2. joining of families through marriage;
3. the family with young children;
4. the family with adolescents;
5. launching children and moving on; and
6. the family in later life. empty chair technique (gestalt) ANS technique in therapy is to help an individual get in touch with and "own" parts of the self that have not previously been integrated into the whole self. conjoint family therapy (Jackson) ANS - therapists try to help members recognize and change harmful patterns of communication

• looked at the entire family as the therapeutic unit for treatment and suggested that the family all meet together.
• Today it refers to therapy involving the treatment of 2 or more people in a session together. humanistic therapy ANS - view therapy as involving an authentic, collaborative, and egalitarian relationship between the therapist and client.
• therapist does not usually interpret or go beyond the client's immediate (here-and-now) experience.
• he/she emphasizes accepting and responding to the client's feelings in the moment in order to help the client learn to trust his own inner resources. Unit of tx for blended family ANS The literature emphasizes that the relationship of the married couple is primary. The literature also suggests that the biological parent should continue to take basic responsibility for parenting rather than shifting it to the stepparent. Note: this would not be true if the biological parent was deceased or was not in the child's life. General Systems Theory believes... ANS all the parts of a system are related in such a way that change in one part will inevitably cause change in another part

Guided discovery (cognitive-behavioral therapist) ANS Technique used to guide client towards finding a rationale for change that comes from their own insight represents Externalizing the problem (narrative) ANS Personifying or objectifying the problem as an alien entity that resides outside the client, in a social context. finding exceptions (narrative) ANS a narrative technique of discovering when the problem is not a problem, an intervention designed to locate client resources against the problem reauthoring (narrative) ANS the narrative process of helping clients view and understand the story of their lives in other possible contexts and with other emphases and perspectives mapping the problem (narrative) ANS a narrative assessment technique, in which the therapist asks the client about how the problem effects the client's life first order change ANS the family changes some behaviors, but those behaviors are still governed by the same rules. second order change ANS meaningful change in the structure and functioning of a system systematic bias (CBT) ANS an error in processing which disregards information representing a more balanced view. automatic thoughts (CBT) ANS spontaneous thoughts that are situation-bound and most readily addressed in the early stage of therapy Underlying assumptions (CBT) ANS "if-then" beliefs that occur at a deeper level of cognition than automatic thoughts Schemas (Piaget) ANS are fundamental beliefs about the world, self and others that develop in early childhood

Motivational Interviewing (MI) ANS developed by Miller and Rollnick to help substance abusers become self-motivated to work a program of sobriety. 5 steps to motivational interviewing ANS 1. Expressing empathy for the client;

2. Developing discrepancy between where the client is at in his/her life and where they would like to be in their lives-and how substances interfere with them moving forward.
3. Avoiding argument about the addict's possible lack of readiness for change.
4. Rolling with the resistance, which is accepting and understanding the client's fear to change.
5. Supporting self-efficacy by trying to instill hope that the client can make positive changes in his/her life. Splitting in Object Relations Theory ANS identifying someone as all good and the other all bad, making the world into black and white to make it simpler to deal with. schizophreniform disorder ANS duration of symptoms 1-6 months Schizophrenia ANS a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression Schizophrenia vs Schizophreniform ANS duration of symptoms for schizophrenia is more than 6 months and schizophreniform is between 1 and 6 months. schizotypal personality disorder vs. schizoid ANS schizotypal- avoid social interaction because of a deep-seated fear of people. schizoid- feel no desire to form relationships, because they see no point in sharing their time with others WAIS (psych test) ANS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC (psych test) ANS Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Carl Whitaker (family therapist) ANS He often used very confrontational techniques including argument, teasing, yelling, and approaches designed to produce tension and stress, which he believed where necessary for change. His approach included a co-therapist. ABSURD Therapist!

1. Started the idea of mutual observation
2. Believed stress was necessary for change
3. Experiential form of therapy Robert's crisis intervention ANS 1 assessment 2 gain family's confidence and establish a relationship 3 find out what sent family "over the edge" 4 understanding each family member's feelings and emotions 5 active listening 6 develop a plan 7 long term plan for follow up and continued tx Feminist Family Therapy ANS A form of collaborative, egalitarian, nonsexist intervention, applicable to both men and women, addressing family gender roles, patriarchal attitudes, and social and economic inequalities in male-female relationships. Contextual Family Therapy (Nagy) ANS family ethics stable system= supporting each other, being honest, and building trust dysfunction= actions destroy trust by lack of concern, acting unfairly, or not be assuming responsibility Nagy saw therapist as guide back to trust/fairness Helped families develop strategies for fair negotiation and compromise first order change ANS a minor change to a family system in which the system itself does not change

second order change ANS altering the way in which a family system operates or is arranged family rules ANS a descriptive term for redundant behavioral patterns individuals are often unaware of these unwritten/unspoken rules family homeostasis ANS Tendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady state. parent management training ANS parents are taught more effective ways to deal with their children and parents and children meet together in behavior-oriented family therapy (reinforcement/punishment strategies) process research ANS involves exploring different approaches to therapy and examining which therapeutic techniques and interventions produce which results. Randomized trials ANS are an aspect of research that compares how well different treatments or techniques work using a group of patients who are selected at random. meta-analysis ANS looks at the big-picture of a particular approach to therapy by examining many different studies identified patient ANS The family member whose symptoms or behaviors are stated by the family as the reason for coming to therapy. undifferentiated family ego mass ANS a poorly differentiated system characterized by a low tolerance for individuality in which members appear to be "emotionally stuck together" second-order cybernetics ANS theory that anyone who observes or tries to change a family system, such as a therapist, cannot remain neutral and will become a part of the system. metacommunication ANS messages (usually relational) that refer to other messages; communication about communication

Complimentary relationship ANS Relationship in which the members complete one another by possessing different characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses that make up for what the others are missing. emotional reactivity ANS The characteristic of responding spontaneously and without serious thought, often based solely on emotions or feelings rather than logic. coalition ANS when 2 or more members of a family work together against another member or members. symmetrical relationship ANS relationship in which both partners behave toward power in the same way, either both wanting power or both avoiding it process/content ANS The difference that therapists observe between how family members interact (process) and the topic or subject of discussion or interaction (content). Positivism ANS theory that people's observations and insights are a real indication of the world as it exists. Positivists believe in one real truth which means there can only be one real interpretation of a client's problem. Realism ANS theory that the world can only be viewed in one true way. This means there is no room for personal perspectives or interpretations. Constructivism ANS A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences Essentialism ANS The theory that everything in the world has one true nature that can be figured out. This theory does not support the belief that things in the world can be interpreted differently based on personal, cultural, or social perspective. Empiricism ANS theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.