Impactful U.S. Supreme Court Cases and Constitutional Amendments, Exams of Law

Download Impactful U.S. Supreme Court Cases and Constitutional Amendments and more Exams Law in PDF only on Docsity! FCLE EXAM ACTUAL EXAM 2024 | FLORIDA CIVIC LITERACY EXAM | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | LATEST EXAM (JUST RELEASED) Which government officials are elected by the people? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------mayors Which phrase in the U.S. Constitution addresses the power to seize property? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------eminent domain What is the purpose of the Seventeenth Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------to promote democratic participation Which document represents the supreme law of the land? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------the U.S. Constitution Which is a core theme of the Federalist Papers? -----CORRECT ANSWER- ------------The proposed Constitution should be ratified. Which document was adopted by the newly independent United States to organize the national government after declaring independence? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------the Articles of Confederation Which is a core theme of the Anti-Federalist Papers? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Government should support enumerated individual rights. If both the U.S. President and the U.S. Vice President are unable to serve, who acts as president? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------the Speaker of the House Which right from the English Bill of Rights is reflected in the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------"to petition the king" Who is Commander in Chief of the military? -----CORRECT ANSWER------- ------the President What is one power of the U.S. Senate? -----CORRECT ANSWER------------- ratify international treaties What is popular sovereignty? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------rule by the people What did the Declaration of Independence do? -----CORRECT ANSWER--- ----------declared independence from Great Britain Which phrase from a letter written by Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams in 1776 is reflected in the Nineteenth Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------"I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them" Which phrase from a letter written by President Thomas Jefferson in 1802 reflects a freedom in the Bill of Rights? -----CORRECT ANSWER------------- "building a wall of separation between Church & State" Which of the following pairs of cases focused on the rights of public school students? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) and Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) Who is in charge of the executive branch? -----CORRECT ANSWER--------- ----the President What is due process? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------fair treatment in judicial proceedings Which of the following represents the principle of consent of the governed? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Individuals elect members of the House of Representatives. What is an example of a power reserved to the states? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------creating school systems Which statement from the English Bill of Rights is reflected in the U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER------------- "That excessive bail ought not to be required . . . nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;" According to the authors of the Declaration of Independence, who is responsible for protecting natural rights? -----CORRECT ANSWER------------ -the government Who signs proposed bills into federal laws? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------- -----the President of the United States How many amendments does the U.S. Constitution currently have? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------27 What is an example of a democratic process? -----CORRECT ANSWER---- ---------The people elect a Governor. Which phrase from the English Bill of Rights (1689) is reflected in the U.S. Constitution's Third Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------"That . . . keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace . . . is against law" Which scenario represents a violation of the Equal Protection Clause? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------A state law establishes a higher minimum wage for men than for women. Which action is an example of petitioning the government? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------lobbying officials What are the first two paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence called? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------the Preamble Which part of government was created to reflect the colonists' position that governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------the legislature Which United States Supreme Court decision focused on how states count popular votes for president and vice president? -----CORRECT ANSWER--- ----------Bush v. Gore (2000) Which two steps are required in order for someone to become Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------nomination by the President, confirmation by the Senate Which structure found in the U.S. Constitution was included as a response to a concern expressed in the Declaration of Independence? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------separation of powers Why did many colonists fight the British during the American Revolution? -- ---CORRECT ANSWER-------------because they opposed taxation without representation What is an example of judicial review? -----CORRECT ANSWER------------- the power of the Supreme Court to find laws unconstitutional Which point of view is reflected in Common Sense? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Representatives should be elected. Which of the following cases impacted interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Which phrase from a letter written by Sarah Grimké in 1837 is reflected in the Fourteenth Amendment? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------"I ask no favors for my sex. I surrender not our claim to equality." Which United States Supreme Court case focused on whether an enslaved person, having lived in free territory, should be free? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Which United States Supreme Court decision resulted in reduced power for state governments? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Roe v. Wade (1973) Which United States Supreme Court decision was based on the Free Exercise Clause? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------West Virginia v. Barnette (1943) What is the purpose of the Selective Service System? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------to draft for compulsory military service Which of the following is a right reserved for U.S. citizens only? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------running for federal office Which of the following represents the goal of the Supremacy Clause? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------States may not pass laws that conflict with federal laws. What is an example of federalism? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------the principle that the national and state governments share power What is the first phrase of the U.S. Constitution? -----CORRECT ANSWER- ------------"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union" What is one chamber of the U.S. Congress? -----CORRECT ANSWER------ -------Senate How did the holding in the United States Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona (1966) impact criminal defendants? -----CORRECT ANSWER------- ------It established that defendants were protected against self- incrimination. How did District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) impact states' rights? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------It reduced the ability of states to place restrictions on Second Amendment rights. Which of the following cases reinforced the power of the courts? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------Marbury v. Madison (1803) What are the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution called? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------the Bill of Rights Which of the following was established by a constitutional amendment? ---- -CORRECT ANSWER-------------The President may serve no more than two elected terms. How did the holding in the United States Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) impact criminal defendants? -----CORRECT ANSWER--- ----------It established that defendants had the right to counsel. What is the length of a U.S. Senator's elected term? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------six years Which United States Supreme Court case is correctly paired with the constitutional amendment on which it focused? -----CORRECT ANSWER--- Which Supreme Court ruling held that the authors of the U.S. Constitution did not intend for African Americans to be U.S. citizens? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) What stops one branch of government from becoming too powerful? ----- CORRECT ANSWER-------------checks and balances What is the highest federal court in the United States? -----CORRECT ANSWER-------------the Supreme Court 1 / 50 1. Which of the following ancient civilizations es- tablished a republican form of government? 2. During the 6th century B.C.E., the ancient Athe- nians divided the powers of their government between two assemblies and guaranteed certain political rights to all male citizens. How do these political reforms best illustrate how societies develop? 3. A certain country is characterized by the follow- ing traits: 1. power achieved through inheritance 2. same ruling family for over a century 3. finite freedoms and rights 4. hierarchical social status 5. single established state religion The establishment and maintenance of these traits is based on which of the following princi- ples? 4. Which modern democratic concept practiced in the United States is most like the democratic process of ancient Greece? 5. What is the principal function of a written consti- tution? 6. Which of the following objectives best describes the purpose of the system of checks and bal- ances, as defined in the U.S. Constitution? 7. Which modern process would be supported by the ancient Greeks? Roman by limiting government authority divine right of kings the referendum outlining the structure and powers of a govern- ment keeping any one of the three branches of gov- ernment from becoming too powerful electing governors 8. civil law 2 / 50 Laws against defamation, including libel and slander, property damage and breach of con- tract represent which legal concern underlying most Western nations? 9. Use the passage below, from an exchange be- tween former president Nixon and a television interviewer, to answer the question that follows. "Well, when the president does it, that means that it is not illegal"--Richard M. Nixon Which constitutional principle does the state- ment from President Nixon contradict? 10. Which form of government is based on popular sovereignty? 11. Use the provided Preamble to the United States Constitution to answer the question. "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Jus- tice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." Source: National Archives and Records Admin- istration Which of the following statements best de- scribes the Preamble of the U.S. Constitution? 12. The U.S. Congress fulfilled which of the follow- ing purposes of government when it declared war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor? 13. Which circumstance would require a search war- rant? rule of law republic Governments are ac- countable to the citizens over whom they rule. providing for the com- mon defense examining the contents of a hotel room 14. the right to demonstrate 5 / 50 the aims and strategies of the authors of the Declaration of Sentiments? 23. Which political philosopher's ideas are best rep- resented in the Declaration of Independence? 24. Why did colonists living under British rule protest British tax policies? 25. In the Mayflower Compact, Plymouth settlers pledged to unite into "a civil body politic" and agreed to make and abide by laws that "insured the general Good of the Colony." What founding document did this set a prece- dent for? 26. Which person is considered to be the principal author of the U.S. Constitution? 27. Government by the people and the separation of powers are the main principles of which found- ing document? 28. Use the excerpt below, from the Thirteenth Amendment, to answer the question that fol- lows. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, ex- cept as a punishment for crime whereof the par- ty shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Which of the following contains a clause that may have served as an inspiration for the above language? John Locke The colonists claimed that the tax policies violated their political rights. U.S. Constitution James Madison U.S. Constitution Northwest Ordinances 6 / 50 29. The Mayflower Compact includes a pledge to ensure that all citizens look out for the general good of the colony. Based on this, what impact has the Mayflower Compact had on modern un- derstanding of the purpose of government in the United States? 30. At the Constitutional Convention, there was a major debate between large states and small states about representation in the new Con- gress. This debate was resolved by the Great Compromise. What was the result of this compromise? 31. Which of the following reflects the most impor- tant consequence of the Watergate break-in? 32. Which legislation reflects federal efforts to reg- ulate transportation? 33. The U.S. Supreme Court enabled which govern- ment practices to continue in its ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson? 34. Which of the following statements regarding the Monroe Doctrine is accurate? 35. By what process were eighteen-year-olds fully granted the right to vote? 36. Use the passage below, taken from a presiden- tial nomination speech, to answer the question that follows. "What do the people of America want more The government should provide equal protec- tion under the law. Congress would have two houses, one in which state representa- tion was based on pop- ulation and one in which all states had equal rep- resentation. resignation of the pres- ident of the United States Interstate Commerce Act segregating public facil- ities The Monroe Doctrine prohibited future Euro- pean colonization in the Western Hemisphere. constitutional amend- ment New Deal 7 / 50 than anything else? To my mind, they want two things: work, . . . and with work, a reasonable measure of security . . ." Based on the passage, which government pro- gram would the speaker support? 37. In order to attract investment and business and reduce expenses, a state legislature proposes passing a law that removes the need for certain federal regulatory features relating to office and factory environments. Which legislative action would most likely cause the U.S. Supreme Court to decide that this vio- lated the Supremacy Clause? 38. Use the passage below, from a landmark Supreme Court case opinion, to answer the question that follows. "So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, dis- regarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case." Which Supreme Court case established the precedent described in the opinion? 39. Which of the following cases resulted in a deci- sion that undermined civil rights and liberties in prioritization of national security? 40. A person is charged with felony breaking and entering. During the court proceedings, the defendant requested an attor- Occupational Safety and Health Act Marbury v. Madison Korematsu v. United States Gideon v. Wainwright 10 / 50 50. Engel v. Vitale (1962) Prohibited state-spon- sored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's estab- lishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; War- ren Court's judicial ac- tivism. 51. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be pro- vided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one. 52. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Established Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before question- ing. Warren Court's judi- cial activism in criminal rights. 53. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Guaranteed a student's right to protest (wearing armbands). 54. New York Times v. United States (1971) "Pentagon Papers;" government must prove actual harm to national security if it seeks pri- or restraint to censor the press (Burger Court). 11 / 50 55. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) The Court ruled that Wisconsin could not re- quire Amish parents to send their children to public school beyond the eighth grade be- cause it would violate long-held religious be- liefs. 56. Roe v. Wade (1973) The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not re- strict it during the first three months of preg- nancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons. 57. United States v. Nixon (1974) The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of execu- tive priveledge was im- plicit in the Constitution but could not be ex- tended to protect docu- ments relevant to crimi- nal prosecutions. 58. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Regents of the Universi- (1978) ty of California v. Bakke is a 1978 Supreme Court case which held that a university's ad- missions criteria which used race as a defi- nite and exclusive basis 12 / 50 for an admission deci- sion violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 59. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) Supreme Court deci- sion which held that public school curric- ular student newspa- pers that have not been established as fo- rums for student ex- pression are subject to a lower level of First Amendment protection. The U.S Supreme Court held for the first time that public schools can limit what appears in school-sponsored stu- dent publications. 60. Texas v. Johnson (1989) Struck down Texas law that banned flag burn- ing, which is a pro- tected form of symbolic speech. 61. Shaw v. Reno (1993) Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race and ensure com- pliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 62. U.S. v. Lopez (1995) Supreme Court de- clared Gun Free School Zones Act 15 / 50 revolution of revolutions that changed West- ern Civilization in the 1400-1500s. 70. The Enlightenment was a period in Eu- ropean history that took place during the 18th century and stressed reason, skep- ticism, secularism, and individualism. 71. Bacon, Newton, Locke served as the founda- tion for the great writers and intellectuals of the Enlightenment 72. Montesquieu The writings of had a significant influence on American political philosophers in terms of governmental form 73. Reid, Witherspoon and Tennant had a significant im- pact on the Revolution- ary spirit and system of governance. 74. Hobbes and Locke The renowned English political theorists who wrote during the Eng- lish Revolutionary Cen- tury in the 1600s 75. Thomas Hobbes Who wrote "Leviathan"? 76. John Locke 16 / 50 Who wrote "Two Trea- tise on government"? 77. Montesquieu Who wrote "Spirit of the Laws"? 78. John Locke Who is considered to have been the most in- fluential Enlightenment philosopher on the De- claration of Indepen- dence? 79. Federalist Papers a collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton in 1788. The essays urged the ratification of the United States Constitu- tion, which had been debated and drafted at the Constitutional Con- vention in Philadelphia in 1787. 80. Seperation of Powers What aspect of the U.S. Constitution was influ- enced by Montesquieu? A. The Articles of Con- federation B. Seperation of Powers C. The Federalists Pa- pers 81. To support ratification of the Constitution and explain its commitment to limited government. For what purpose were the Federalist Papers written? A. To convince people to 17 / 50 reject the new constitu- tion B. To convince the colonies to declare in- dependence. C. To support ratification of the Constitution and explain its commitment to limited government. 82. Mayflower Compact The English immigrants who came to the New World on the Mayflower formed a set of guide- lines for self-gover- nance known as the 83. It is the first attempt by Europeans of self-gov- ernment in the colonies. What is the significance of the Mayflower Com- pact? A. It is our current gov- erning document. B. It is the first at- tempt by Europeans of self-government in the colonies. C. It was the first at- tempt at government after the colonies de- clared independence. 84. Stamp Act of 1765 Under King George III, the British parliament approved the Stamp Act of 1765. All papers and official documents were subject to a tax in the American colonies but not in England. 20 / 50 101. To encourage the colonists to demand indepen- dence from Great Britain For what purpose did Thomas Paine write Common Sense? A. To encourage the rati- fication of the Articles of Confederation B. To encourage the rat- ification of the Constitu- tion C. To encourage the colonists to demand in- dependence from Great Britain 102. no power to tax and no executive or judiciary Which of the follow- ing were thought to be weaknesses of the gov- ernment laid out by the Articles of Confedera- tion? A. too strong of an army B. no power to tax and no executive or judiciary C. too easy to amend the Articles of Confed- eration 103. government based on consent of the people. What is popular sover- eignty? 104. Citizens have a responsibility to participate in the political process by registering and voting in elections. What rights/responsibil- ities are exclusive to U.S. citizens? 105. Representative Democracy What are other words for indirect democracy? 106. Because it guaranteed liberty 21 / 50 Why did the Framers choose to create a re- public? 107. House of representatives Which chamber of con- gress was create to rep- resents the voters? 108. County supervisors of elections Who is responsible for registering voters in the state of Florida? 109. House of Representatives Which chamber repre- sented the states? 110. Democratic and Republican What are the two ma- jor political parties in the United States? 111. Personal and economic freedom What does liberty mean for Americans? 112. Democracy What party power ulti- mately comes from the people, an idea known as popular sovereignty and American govern- ment is structured as majority rule, minority rights? 113. Government refers to the formal insti- tutions and procedures through which a territo- ry and its people are ruled 114. politics is about the con- flicts and struggles over 22 / 50 the leadership, struc- ture, and policies of gov- ernment 115. Autocracy is ruled by a single indi- vidual 116. Oligarchy is rule be a small group of elites. 117. Democracy citizens play a signif- icant role in govern- ment, usually by select- ing leaders 118. "rule of law" refers to the fact that in the U.S., we are gov- erned by laws, no one is above the law, and the laws must be adminis- tered fairly 119. Indirect Democracy is also called a "rep- resentative democracy" or a "republic" 120. direct democracy citizens vote directly on policies and decision 121. pluralism The concept that differ- ent groups and ideas will compete for influ- ence in American gov- ernment 122. political parties are organizations that seek influence over gov- ernment 123. two 25 / 50 cles of Confederation in 1781? 140. 1787 Delegates from twelve of the thirteen states (Rhode Island did not send a representative) met at the Pennsylvania state house in Philadel- phia in the summer of? 141. Virginia Plan sharply reduced the power of smaller states by calculating represen- tation in both houses of Congress according to population. 142. The Great Compromise Smaller, less-populous states balked at the idea of proportional repre- sentation proposed in Madison's Virginia Plan, fearing that they would be controlled by the big- ger states with higher populations. 143. dual sovereignty The Constitution es- tablished a system of under which the states have surrendered many of their powers to the fed- eral government, but also retained some sov- ereignty. 144. Federalism 26 / 50 is a system of govern- ment in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of govern- ment. 145. Executive Branch carries out and en- forces laws. It includes the president, vice pres- ident, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, com- missions, and commit- tees 146. the judiciary evaluates laws, inter- prets the meaning of laws, applies laws to in- dividual cases, and de- cides if laws violate the Constitution 147. Anti-federalists opposed the ratification of the Constitution be- cause they were afraid that the new national government would be too powerful and thus threaten individual liber- ties 148. Federalists those who supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and argued that the separa- tion of powers among the three branches of 27 / 50 government protected the rights of the people. 149. James Madison Who introduced 12 amendments during the First Congress in 1789. 150. First Amendment guarantees fundamen- tal rights such as free- dom of religion, speech, and the press, and the rights to assemble peacefully and to peti- tion the government. 151. Second Amendment provides for the mainte- nance of state militias, and it guarantees the right of citizens to "bear arms." 152. Third Amendment protects personal priva- cy by preventing the quartering of soldiers in a private home without the owner's consent in peacetime, or accord- ing to the prescribed law in times of war. 153. Fourth Amendment "unreasonable search- es and seizures," and requires authorities to show probable cause to obtain warrants to search and seize dwellings and property. 154. Fifth Amendment. 30 / 50 166. A. a dual system of sovereignty where both na- tional and state governments have authority B. There is a code of law, but if you pay more taxes, it doesn't apply to you. C. No one is above the law, including govern- ment and elected offi- cials. Which of the following best describes federal- ism: A. a dual system of sov- ereignty where both na- tional and state govern- ments have authority. B. a system where the central government has all the power and states have no power. C. a system where the states have all the pow- er and the federal gov- ernment is very weak. 167. C. Limits the president to two terms What is the purpose of the 22nd amendment: A. Ended prohibition B. Protected the right to vote for women C. Limits the president to two terms 168. 15, 19, 24, 26 Which amendments ex- panded protections for voting rights 169. Federalism The Constitution es- tablished a system of 31 / 50 "dual sovereignty," un- der which the states have surrendered some of their powers to the federal government, but also retained some sov- ereignty. All other pow- ers were to be held by the states, local com- munities, or the people themselves in a concept known as: 170. The Great Compromise The Constitution used the Virginia Plan's two-house, or "bicam- eral," legislature, but it accorded proportion- al representation in the House of Representa- tives and equal repre- sentation in the Sen- ate. This feature of Con- gress is a result of: 171. Bill of Rights During the ratification of the Constitution, Feder- alists eventually agreed to support further rati- fication of ten amend- ments to the Consti- tution in order to ap- pease Anti-Federalists' fears of an overwhelm- ing national govern- ment that could impinge upon personal liberties. The first ten amend- ments to the Consti- 32 / 50 tution are collectively known as the: 172. The First Amendment Signing a petition in support or in opposi- tion to pending legisla- tion is an exercise of which Amendment? 173. The Fourth Amendment protects personal priva- cy by preventing the quartering of soldiers in a private home without the owner's consent in peacetime, or accord- ing to the prescribed law in times of war. 174. The Fifth Amendment Which Amendment pro- vides that "no per- sons shall be com- pelled in any criminal case to testify against themselves," that is, to submit to self-incrimina- tion? 175. English Declaration of Rights (1689) Which founding docu- ment directly influenced the American Bill of Rights (1791)? 176. B. the provisions that created a government without direct responsibility to the citizens Which feature of the Constitution did the Anti-Federalists fear would lead to the emer- gence of tyranny? A. the provisions that lent power to a majority 35 / 50 183. United States v. Nixon (1974) he President cannot shield himself from producing evidence in a criminal prosecution based on the doctrine of executive privilege, al- though it is valid in other situations. 184. Bush v. Gore (2000) legal case, decided on December 12, 2000, in which the Supreme Court of the United States reversed an or- der by the Florida Supreme Court for a se- lective manual recount of that state's U.S. pres- idential election ballots. 185. District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 26, 2008, held (5-4) that the Second Amend- ment guarantees an in- dividual right to pos- sess firearms indepen- dent of service in a state militia and to use firearms for traditionally lawful purposes, includ- ing self-defense within the home. 186. Schenck v. United States (1919) was a United States Supreme Court deci- sion that upheld the Es- pionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a 36 / 50 defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. 187. Near v. Minnesota (1931) landmark that violated the First Amendment and Fourteenth Amend- ment freedom of the press. 188. West Virginia v. Barnette (1943) Students may not be required to salute the American flag or re- cite the Pledge of Alle- giance at public schools if it is contrary to their religious beliefs. 189. Engel v. Vitale (1962) the Supreme Court ruled that school-spon- sored prayer in pub- lic schools violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment. 190. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) U.S. Supreme Court de- cision ruling that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution's free- dom of speech protec- tions limit the ability of American public offi- cials to sue for defama- tion. 191. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) The court found that the First Amendment ap- 37 / 50 plied to public schools, and school officials could not censor stu- dent speech unless it disrupted the educa- tional process. 192. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) the Supreme Court, with one vacancy, hand- ed down a 5-3 deci- sion in favor of the school. The Court re- versed the appellate court, and said that pub- lic schools do not have to allow student speech if it is inconsistent with the schools' educational mission. 193. Texas v. Johnson (1989) Johnson was arrest- ed and convicted un- der a Texas state law. In an appeal, John- son argued that burn- ing the American flag was symbolic speech and protected by the First Amendment. 194. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) The Court ultimately held in this case that the anti corruption in- terest is not sufficient to displace the speech in question from Citi- zens United and that "independent expendi- tures, including those 40 / 50 203. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) the Supreme Court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contracep- tives violated the right to marital privacy. 204. Roe v. Wade (1973) A person may choose to have an abortion until a fetus becomes viable, based on the right to privacy contained in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amend- ment. 205. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) he court decided that the Federal Govern- ment had the right and power to set up a Feder- al bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Gov- ernment. 206. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) forbade states from en- acting any legislation that would interfere with Congress's right to reg- ulate commerce among the separate states. 207. In Cooper v. Aaron (1958) the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Arkansas could not pass legislation under- mining the Court's rul- ing in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that 41 / 50 racial segregation in public schools is uncon- stitutional. 208. Marbury v. Madison 1803 Which of the follow- ing cases established the precedent that the Supreme Court has the power of judicial re- view? 209. McCullough v. Maryland 1819 Which of the following cases established the precedent that the U.S. Congress had the pow- er to establish a bank based on the necessary and proper clause? 210. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 and Griswold v. Con- necticut 1965 Which of the follow- ing cases limited power held by the states: 211. Roe v. Wade 1973 Which of the following cases rule that states could not put limits on abortion access in the first trimester of preg- nancy: 212. Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 Which of the follow- ing cases established a right to privacy in the marital bedroom: 213. Mapp v. Ohio 1961 Which of the following cases ruled evidence of crime collected outside of the parameters of the 42 / 50 search cannot be used in court: 214. Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 Which of the following cases required states to provide attorneys to criminal defendants who cannot afford their own: 215. Miranda v. Arizona 1966 Which of the follow- ing cases required state law enforcement to read suspects their constitu- tional rights before cus- todial interrogation: 216. Bush v. Gore 2000 Which of the following cases determined stan- dardless manual re- counts violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Constitution: 217. Engle v. Vitale 1962 Which of the following is a case that centered on the first amendment: 218. Citizen's United v. Federal Elections Commis- sion 2010 Which of the following cases centered on po- litical speech paid for by unions and corpora- tions? 219. New York Times Co. V. Sullivan 1964 A federal judge dis- missed a libel lawsuit by Sarah Palin because she could not prove ac- 45 / 50 the right to a speedy and public trial, trial by an impartial jury i 234. 7th the right to a jury trial 235. 8th excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 236. 9th states that listing specif- ic rights in the Constitu- tion does not mean that people do not have oth- er rights 237. 10th the Federal Govern- ment only has those powers delegated in the Constitution. 238. During the 6th century B.C.E the ancient Athe- nians divided the powers of their government between two assemblies and guaranteed certain political rights to all male citizens. How do these political reforms best illustrate how societies develop? 239. A certain country is characterized by the follow- ing traits: 1. Power achieved through inheritance 2. Same ruling family over a century 3. Finite freedoms and rights 4. Hierarchical social status 5. Single established state religion The establishment and maintenance of these traits is based on which of the following princi- ples? by limiting government authority divine right of kings 46 / 50 240. What is the principle function of a written consti- tution? 241. Which of the following objectives best describes the purpose of the system of checks and bal- ances as defined in the constitution? 242. Which modern process would be supported by the ancient greeks? 243. Laws against defamation, including libel and slander, property damage and breach of con- tract represent which legal concern underlying most Western nations? 244. "Well when the President does it that means that it is not illegal"-Richard M Nixon Which constitutional principle does the state- ment from President Nixon contradict? 245. "We the people of the United States. ... " Which of the following statements best de- scribes the Preamble of the U.S Constitution? 246. The U.S congress fulfilled which of the following purposes of government when it declared war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor? 247. A man is walking down a public street win- dow shopping. A robbery is reported in that same area. Police officers stop and search the man who is shopping. On what Constitutional grounds could this man contest this search as a violation of his rights? 248. In the United States, how are conflicts between state laws and federal laws generally resolved? outlining the structures and power of a govern- ment keeping any of the three branches of gov- ernment from becoming too powerful electing governors civil war rule of law governments are ac- countable to the citizens over whom they rule providing for the com- mon defense Fourth Amendment 47 / 50 249. Which article of the U.S Constitution grants the power to coin money, make treaties, and levy import duties? 250. "A suspect is accused of a crime in one state and flees to another state..." Which of the following represents a suitable pe- tition for the suspect in this situation, in regard to their constitutional rights? 251. Which phrase best describes the power of im- peachment? 252. "He has kept among us in times of peace, Stand- ing Armies without the consent of our legisla- tures." Which constitutional provision was inspired by the above complaint? 253. "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,..." Which philosophical movement best reflects the ideals in the passage? 254. "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pur- suit of Happiness." Which if the following documents influenced the aims and strategies of the authors of the Decla- ration of Sentiments? The conflict must be re- solved using the Su- premacy Clause Article 1 petition for a writ of habeas corpus the ability of the U.S House to charge federal officers with a crime or violation the third amendment limits the quartering of soldiers to specific cir- cumstances enlightenment Declaration if Indepen- dence