final exam A&P Study Guide questions with correct answers 2024, Exams of Nursing

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1. PTH: parathyroid hormone

2. How does PTH help regulate calcium levels?: PTH increases blood calcium

levels by stimulating osteoclasts, which breakdown bone to release calcium in to blood stream

3. How does calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels?: a hormone produces by

thyroid, acts in opposition to PTH by inhibiting osteoclasts, stimulating osteoblasts, and increasing excretion of calcium in to urine by the kidneys

4. Carpals: wrist bones

5. Metacarpals: hand bones

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6. proximal phalanges: What are the green bones?

7. intermediate phalanges: What is this bone?

8. distal phalanges: the phalanges furthest from the wrist

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9. hamate: Name the bone.

10. Triquetral: name this bone

11. Pisiform: name this bone

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12. lunate: Name the bone.

13. scaphoid: name this bone

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14. Capitate: Name the bone.

15. trapezium: bone of the wrist

16. trapezoid: name this bone

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17. Skeletal muscle contraction; 1. Ach is released: at the neuromuscular junc-

tion and binds to ach receptors on the sarcolemma

18. Skeletal muscle contraction; 2. Action potential: reaches t-tubules

19. Skeletal muscle contraction; 3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum: releases Ca2+

20. Skeletal muscle contraction; 4. Calcium ions bind: to troponin exposing the

active sites on the filaments. Cross-bridges form when myosin heads bind to those active sites.

21. Skeletal muscle contraction;5. Contraction cycle begins: as repeated cycles of

cross bridge binding, pivoting and detachment occur all powered by ATP

22. Glial cells: Nurse cells, support the neurons

23. cell body (perikaryon): ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi

appa- ratus

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24. mitochondria: provides energy for the cell (powerhouse of cell)

25. Dendrites: conduct impulses toward the cell body (arms of the cell)

26. Axon: conduct nerve impulses away from the cell (highway for nerve

impulses)

27. Myelin sheath gaps: Nodes of Ranvier

28. Function of reflexes: To maintain homeostasis by controlling many

involuntary processes such as heart rate, breathing rate, etc.

29. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

30. Difussion: movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of

lower concentration

31. Is osmosis passive or active?: osmosis is passive

32. is difussion passive or active?: Difussion is passive

33. Passive transport: no energy required (diffusion, carrier mediated transport)

34. Active transport: requires energy (vesicular transport)

35. Epithelial tissue: A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside

and out

36. Connective tissue: A body tissue that provides support for the body and

con- nects all of its parts

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37. muscle tissue: A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body

parts move.

38. nervous tissue: A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and

forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

39. types of epithelial tissue: simple squamous- thin/ flat

simple cuboidal- square shaped simple columnar- tall slender Pseudostratified columnar, transitional, keratinized stratified squamous, no kera- tinized stratified squamous

40. epithelial tissue functions: to provide protection and keratin protein added

for water resistance and strength.

41. Two classifications epithelial:: Simple single layer, and stratified- several lay-

ers

42. Stratified Squamous-: protects against attacks, Keratin protein adds

strength water resistance- found surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina

43. Simple squamous epithelia-: absorption/ diffusion0kidney tubules, inner

lining of cornea alveoli of lungs- two types! Mesothelium- lining of body cavities& Endothelium- lines heart and blood vessels

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44. Connective Fibrous: Loose- packing materials:

Areolar (holds blood vessels and capillary beds) SQ Adipose- contains fat cells (White and brown fat)

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Reticular- (Supports immune organs) Dense- Regular, Irregular

45. Cartilage (3 types): Hyaline - stiff flexible support ribs, sternum

trachea, Elastic- supportive bends easily, found in ear epiglottis Fibrocartilage- limits movement and bone to bone contact knee, pubic bones inter- vertebral discs

46. blood connective tissue: eosinophil, platelets, lymphocyte, erythrocytes,

neu- trophil

47. Muscle: Skeletal, Smooth- can regenerate found- blood vessels in

digestive respiratory, urinary and reproductive. Cardiac- pacemaker cells

48. Neural tissue:: brain and spinal, assists with conduction electrical impulses.

49. Epidermis:: 4 layers (most of body) - water loss, synthesizes d detect pain

and pressure

50. Thick skin-: palms and soles of feet- 5 layers of keratinocytes- basal,

melanin is produced, spin, granum, lace, corne Abbreviations ****

51. Dermis-: papillary: nourishes support for epidermis, Reticular: sensory,

touch pain, thermoregulation.

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52. Hypodermis-: loose connective tissue below dermis, hypodermic injections

Sub Q

53. Inner dermis- connective-: connects to cardiovascular and blood vessels

54. Accessory organs to the integumentary system w/ function: Hair- protec- tion,

warmth and sensory reception Nails- protect tips of fingers and toes Sweat and sebaceous glands- eccrine/ apocrine- regulation of body temperature

55. Long bone: cynical, located mostly in the appendicular skeleton. Fibula,

radius, ulna.

56. Short bone (boxlike): carpals and tarsals

57. Flat bone: sternum

58. Sesamoid bone: patella (seed like)

59. Osteoclasts: Bone-destroying cells

60. Osteoblasts: bone forming cells

61. Ribosomes: Makes proteins for cell called neurotrasmitters to send

signals to neurons.

62. Spinal reflexes: rapid autonomic nerve responses triggered by stimuli-

Con- trolled by spinal cord alone not brain.

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63. Cauda equine-: nerve roots extending below conus

64. Ramus- dorsal ramus: supplies somatic and sensory innervates muscle

and skin on posterior surface of head, neck, and trunk

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65. Ventral ramus-: autonomic motor fibers split ventral and head toward

ganglion of sympathetic chain

66. how many layers of meninges?: 3 layers

67. Spinal meninges-: specialized membranes isolate spinal cord from

surround- ings

68. Function of spinal meninges: protect spinal cord, carry blood supply,

continu- ous with cranial meninges

69. Dura mater: outer layer. Tough and fibrous- cranially-fuses with

periosteum- wrapping paper of occipital bone, continuous with cranial dura.

70. Epidural space:: between spinal dura and walls of vertebral canal

(contains loose connective and adipose tissue) (anesthetic Injection site)

71. Arachnoid mater-: middle layer. Simple squamous epithelia, covers

subarach- noid space were CFS is located

72. Pia mater: inner layer, mesh collagen and elastic fiber

73. What is CSF: cerebrospinal fluid

74. CSF contents: plasma, renewed 4 times every 24 hours.

Protein absent. Formed separated from blood in choroid plexus.

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75. afferent: sensory neurons that carry impulses from sensory stimuli towards

the CNS and brain

76. Efferent: motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the CSN

and towards the muscles to cause movement

77. Propioceptors: Report the positions of skeletal muscles and joints, found

in muscles, tendons and skin

78. chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals, monitor pH, carbon dioxide,

oxygen, found in carotid bodies and aortic bodies

79. Mechanoreceptor: respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch,

found in joints capsular tissues, ligaments, tendons, muscles and skin,

80. nociceptors: pain receptors, found in the superficial portion of skin, joint

cap- sules, periostea of bones, around walls of blood vessels

81. Baroreceptors: monitor blood pressure, located in blood vessels, carotid

aorta and carotid sinus

82. sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight response, release norepinephrine

and epinephrine to create the response. Airway and skeletal muscle gets more blood supply by blood vessels dilation. Body functions, heart rate, temperature, blood pressure

83. parasymphatic nervous system: in the rest and digest, blood pressure

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lowers, heart decreases, releases acetylcholine (ACh)

84. What part of the brain receives olfactory information?: Penetrate cribriform

plate of ethmoid, to olfactory bulbs for synapse, travel along tract to

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olfactory cortex, hypothalamus and limbic system arriving information reaches cen- ters without synapsing in thalamus- Dangerous smells, chemicals ouch!

85. Four types of taste: sweet, sour, salty, bitter

86. Where is the cribiform plate located?: ethmoid bone

87. Olfactory receptors are: chemoreceptors

88. Hypothalamus and limbic system: memory and smell

89. Gustation: sense of taste

90. Perfect Drink for 4 tastes: margarita

91. Cones: provides or interprets colors- clustered in fovea at center of macula

92. Rods: Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and

gray Highly sensitive to light

93. Cataracts: condition in which lens has lost its transparency

94. Visual acuity: Clarity of vision

"Normal" rating is 20/

95. Myopia: nearsightedness, distant objects appear blurry and out of focus

96. Hyperopia: farsightedness, nearby objects appear blurry

97. External ear-: auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

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98. Auricle: surrounds entrance to external acoustic meatus, protects

opening canal, and provides direction sensitivity.

99. external acoustic meatus: ear canal

100. tympanic membrane: eardrum

101. Choroid: delivers oxygen and nutrients to retina

102. Iris: contains papillary muscles, change diameter of pupil

103. Three layers of the eye: Outer fibrous

layer Intermediate vascular layer Deep inner layer

104. lysozyme function: kills bacteria

105. Conjuctiva: Wrapping paper of the eye

106. Eyelids are: somatic and autonomic

107. filiform papillae: Provides texture for

food does not have taste buds

108. fungiform papillae: Mushroom-

like five taste buds

109. vallate papillae: contains about 100 taste buds each

110. foliate papillae: sides of tongue

111. Hypothalamus connects: nervous system and endocrine system

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112. Hypothalamus helps with: digestion

113. Sense of smell does not stop at: thalamus, going straight to

hypothalamus

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114. retina: functional unit of the eye

115. Vitamin A is good for: Healthy eyes and skin, and immune system

116. melatonin helps regulate: circadian rythm

117. melatonin is released by: pineal gland

118. Occipital lobe important for: vision

119. meatus means: passageway (hole)

120. smallest bone: stapes, incus

121. vibration of tympanic membrane: Converts arriving sound waves into

me- chanical movements Auditory ossicles conduct vibrations to inner ear

122. Endolymph: fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

123. Cochlea: is for hearing, sounds

124. semicircular canals: helps regulate the rotation of the head

125. Saccule and utricle: gravity and acceleration

126. function of cerebellum: Balance and coordination

127. Frequency of sound: determined by which part of cochlear duct is

stimulated

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128. Intensity (volume): determined by number of hair cells stimulated

129. how many ossicles in the middle ear?: three

130. otitis externa: inflammation of the

outer ear caused by water in the ear

131. otitis media: inflammation of the

middle ear pathogens

132. homeostasis: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant

internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

133. Carotene: yellow-orange pigment

134. keratin: hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

135. irregular bone: bone of complex shape; protects internal organs

from com- pressive forces, vertebrae

136. sympathetic nervous system also called: thoracolumbar division

137. parasympathetic nervous system also called: craniosacral division

138. general senses: temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration,

proprioception

139. Special senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

140. Gustation senses sends signals to: thalamus

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141. Pancreas forms part of: endocrine and digestive systems

142. Name this bone: Ulna

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143. plasma membrane is: selectively permeable (gate keeper)

144. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: transport and storage of proteins

145. Cytosol (Cytoplasm): Liquid matter found in cells where the

organelles float in it. (cell gel - holds everything together)

146. actin and myosin: main proteins in muscle contraction

147. Knee reflex: assesses the nervous tissue between and including the

L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord.

148. Ankle Reflex (Achilles): tests the function of the gastrocnemius

muscle and the nerve that supplies it

149. Plantar reflex: causes a downward response of the hallux (flexion)

150. corneal reflex: an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by

stimulation of the cornea

151. Astrocytes: blood brain barrier (CNS)

152. types of glial cells: astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, schwann

cells

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153. microglia: Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria,

act as the brains immune system

154. Oligodendrocytes: The cells that make the myelin sheath in the CNS

155. schwann cells: PNS myelin sheath, roles in supporting nerve

regeneration

156. components of grey matter: Surrounds central canal, contains neural

bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons- has gray horns "protection"

157. sensory nuclei: Dorsal

(posterior) Connect to peripheral receptors

158. motor nuclei: Ventral

(anterior) Connect to peripheral effectors

159. somatic division-: peripheral, voluntary movement and reflexes-

arise from motor neurons in ventral horns within grey matter

160. Autonomic division-: sympathetic fight and flight and

parasympathetic- rest and digest (efferent-motor) exit CNS through spinal nerves in lumbar/thoracic region

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161. Understand refractory period: a period immediately following

stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation

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162. Understand depolarization-: undergoes a change in membrane

potential process of shift in electric charge that results in less negative charge inside a cell

163. Resting: cell plasma membrane difference in voltage - 70v

164. Repolarization-: cell returning to a negative value after depolarization

phase of an acton potential which has change the membrane potential to a positive value

165. sodium-potassium pump: a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively

transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

166. Pathology: study of disease

167. Histology: study of tissues

168. Cytology: study of cells

169. Embryology: study of embryos and their development