Final Exam - NR507 / NR 507 (Latest 2023 / 2024) : Advanced Pathophysiology - Chamberlain, Exams of Nursing

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Final Exam - NR507 / NR 507 (Latest 2023 /

2024) : Advanced Pathophysiology -

Chamberlain

orepinephrin Platelets COMPLETE EXAM Quiz# 1 Whichhormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?Correct! 3339 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine Only the release of norepinephrine promotes arousal, increased vigilance, increased anxiety, and other protective emotional responses. Quiz# 2 2 / 2 pts Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune process involving antibodies attackingwhich type of cells? Platelets ITP is a disorder of platelet consumption. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies which type of cell is attacked by ITP. Quiz# 3 When renin is released, it is capable of which action?

Formation o Formation of angiotensin I Formation of angiotensin I

Platelets 60 to 80; 12 When renin is released, it cleaves an α-globulin (angiotensinogen produced by liver hepatocytes) in the plasma to form angiotensin I. Quiz# 4 Whichof the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting? Platelets Platelets Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments that are essentialfor blood coagulation and control of bleeding. This description is not accurate for any of the other options. . Quiz# 5 In a full-term infant, the normal erythrocyte life span is days, whereas the adult erythrocyte life span is days. 60 to 80; 120 In full-term infants, normal erythrocyte life span is 60 to 80 days; in premature infants it may be as shortas 20 to 30 days; and in children and adolescents, it is 120 days, the same as that in adults. Quiz# 6 2 / 2 pts

Autoantibod Fatigue Bone marro Graves disease is a result of: Autoantibodies binding to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor sites In the hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates receptors for TSH (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). The other options do not accurately describe the cause of Graves disease. Quiz# 7 What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment? Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment. Although patientsreport the other options, they are not as frequently experienced as fatigue. Quiz# 8 In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells? Bone marrow

Hypocalcem 20% to 25% Bone marrow B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells. Quiz# 9 Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate whichelectrolyte imbalance? Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia Two clinical signs of hypocalcemia are the Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign. These clinical signs are not indicative of any of the other options. Quiz# 10 On average, what percent of cardiac output do the kidneys receive? 20% to 25% 20% to 25% The kidneys are highly vascular organs and usually receive 1000 to 1200 ml of blood per minute, or approximately 20% to 25% of the cardiac output. Quiz# 11

Erythropoiet Alloimmunit Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure? Erythropoietin Erythropoietin One of the most significant advances in the study of hematopoietic growth factors has been the development of erythropoietin for individuals with chronic renal failure. The other options are not associated with the treatment of chronic anemia. Quiz# 12 Whenthe maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what reaction occurs? Alloimmunity Alloimmunity Alloimmunity occurs when an individual’s immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species. Sensitization against fetal antigens is not the cause of any other available option. . Quiz# 13 Which statement is true regarding pain and cancer?

Pain is gene B lymphocy Painis generally associatedwith late-stagecancer. Painis generally associatedwith late-stagecancer. Pain is generally associated with the late stages of cancer. Pressure, obstruction, invasion of a structure sensitive to pain, stretching, tissue destruction, and inflammation can cause pain. Pain is not the initial symptom of cancer nor does it indication that the cancer has metastasized. Quiz# 14 2 / 2 pts During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender? Correct! 43363 Blymphocytesproliferate. Blymphocytesproliferate. The B lymphocyte proliferation in response to significant antigen (e.g., during infection) may result in lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node). This description is not accurate for the other options. Quiz# 15 Whichstatement best describes cystic fibrosis? Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens

Pulmonary Epithelial ce d Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens Cystic fibrosis is best described as a pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein- producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens. This selection is the only option that accurately describes cystic fibrosis. . Quiz# 16 Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin? Epithelial cells Epithelial cells Only cancers arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas. . Quiz# 17 What localcomplicationof a gonococcal infection is diagnosed in approximately 10% of affected women? Acute salpingitis

Acute salpin Lipoma, lipo Acute salpingitis Acute salpingitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), is the most common local complication in women. Approximately 10% of women with untreated cervical gonorrhea develop PID. . Quiz# 18 Whichterms represent the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively? Lipoma, liposarcoma Lipoma, liposarcoma In general, cancers are named according to the cell type from which they originate (e.g., lip for cancers that originate in adipose or fat tissue), whereas benign tumors use the suffix -oma. Cancers arising from connective tissue usually have the suffix sarcoma. . Quiz# 19 What provides the best estimate of the functioning of renal tissue? Correct! 37916 Glomerular filtration rate

Glomerular Essential am Human papi Glomerular filtration rate The glomerular filtration rate provides the best estimate of the level of functioning of renal tissue. Theother options are not used to assess renal tissue function. . Quiz# 20 Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to synthesize: Correct! 97971 Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine PKU is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the inability of the body to convert the essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine. PKU does not affect synthesis of the other options. Quiz# 21 Whichof the following causes condylomata acuminata or genital warts? Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Autosomal Cortex Human papillomavirus (HPV) Genital warts are quite contagious and are a result of only HPV. Quiz# 22 Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process? Correct! 57529 Autosomal recessive inheritance Autosomal recessive inheritance Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that is associated with defective epithelial ion transport. None of the other options cause cystic fibrosis. Quiz# 23 The area of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli and portions of the tubules is called the: Cortex Cortex The cortex contains all the glomeruli and portions of the tubules of the kidneys. Although the other options are also located in the kidney, they do not contain the glomeruli.

Posterior pit Infectivity

.

Quiz# 24 The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted by which gland? Posterior pituitary Posterior pituitary ADH, which is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland, controls the concentration of the final urine.ADH is not secreted by any of the other options. Quiz# 25 The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host is referred to as: Infectivity Infectivity Infectivity is the ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host. The other options do not accurately denote the pathogen’s ability to invade and multiply in the host. . Quiz# 26

Physiologic Insulin In 95% of children of delayed puberty, the problem is caused by: Physiologic hormonal delays Physiologic hormonal delays In 95% of children with delayed puberty, the delay is physiologic; that is, hormonal levels are normal and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is intact, but maturation is slowly happening. This option is the only answer that accurately describes the most common cause of delayed puberty. Quiz# 27 Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone? Insulin Insulin Peptideor protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. All the remaining options are fat-soluble hormones. . Quiz# 28 Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle develops into a(n):

Corpus lute Health histo Corpus luteum u Corpus luteum Having ejected a mature ovum, the only resulting structure is the corpus luteum. Quiz# 29 The most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause is: Health history Health history Although the history may be supplemented with the remaining options, it remains the pivotal tool for establishing the cause of a seizure disorder. Quiz# 30 The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are: Obesity and positive family history

Obesity and Causes mu Joint capsul Obesity and positive family history The two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are positive family history and obesity. The other options are not believed to be important risk factors for this form of diabetes. Quiz# 31 It is true that myasthenia gravis: Causes muscle weakness. Causes muscle weakness. Exertional fatigue and weakness that worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity characterizes myasthenia gravis. None of the other options are true ofmyasthenia gravis. Quiz# 32 What term is used to identify an interlacing bundle of dense, white fibrous tissue that is richly suppliedwith nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels? Jointcapsule Jointcapsule

IgA Dysfunction The joint capsule is made up of parallel, interlacing bundles of dense, white fibrous tissue. It is richly supplied with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. None of the other options are associated with this structure. Quiz# 33 The mucosal secretions of the cervix secrete which immunoglobulin? Correct! 2610 IgA IgA Mucosal secretions from the cervix contain enzymes and antibodies—predominantly IgA. Quiz# 34 Clinical manifestations that include irregular or heavy bleeding, the passage of large clots, and thedepletion of iron stores support which diagnosis? Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Unpredictable and variable bleeding, in terms of amount and duration, characterize dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Especially during perimenopause, dysfunctional bleeding also may involve flooding and the passage of large clots, which often indicate excessive blood loss. Excessive bleeding can lead to iron- deficiency anemia. This option is the only answer that demonstrates the clinical manifestations described.

Periorbital e Toxoplasmo Quiz# 35 What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children? Periorbital edema Periorbital edema Onset of nephritic syndrome is insidious, with periorbital edema as the first sign of the disorder. None ofthe other options represent the first indication of nephritic syndrome in children. Quiz# 36 What is the most common opportunistic infection associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is the most common opportunistic infection and occurs in approximately one third of individuals with AIDS. Cytomegalovirus encephalitis is common in those with AIDS but is often not diagnosed while the person is alive. Other neoplasms associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) include systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma and metastatic Kaposi sarcoma. Quiz# 37

Limbic syst Sudden incr What part of the brain provides the emotional response to pain?Correct! 72654 Limbicsystem e Limbicsystem The limbic and reticular tracts are involved in alerting the body to danger, initiating arousal of the organism, and emotionally processing the perceived afferent signals, not just as stimuli, but also as pain.The remaining options do not fulfill this objective. Quiz# 38 What directly causes ovulation during themenstrual cycle? Sudden increase of LH Sudden increase of LH Menstrual cyclicity and regular ovulation are dependent on (1) the activity of the gonadostat (GnRH pulse generator); (2) the pituitary secretion of gonadotropins; and (3) estrogen (estradiol)–positive feedback for the preovulatory LH and FSH surges, oocyte maturation, and corpus luteum formation. Quiz# 39 Transcription is best defined as a process by which:

RNA is synt SSRIs RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. The correct option is theonly one that accurately defines the term transcription. Quiz# 40 Consideringthe mediating factors of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which medication may be usedeither continually or only during the menstrual period as a treatment for the condition? SSRIs SSRIs A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (an antidepressant) relieves symptoms in approximately 60% to 90% of women and may be continually administered or only prescribed during the premenstrual period. Oralcontraceptive pills that contain estrogen and progesterone also can be continuously used forup to 3 months to decrease the frequency of menstrual periods, PMS, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) would not be continually administered. Quiz# 41 Pinkeye is characterized by inflammation of which structure?

Conjunctiva Embolic Conjunctiva Conjunctiva Acute bacterial conjunctivitis (pinkeye) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (mucous membrane covering the front part of the eyeball). The other structures are not affected by this inflammation. Quiz# 42 Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for which type of stroke? Embolic Embolic High-risk sources for the onset of embolic stroke are atrial fibrillation (15% to 25% of strokes), left ventricular aneurysm or thrombus, left atrial thrombus, recentmyocardial infarction, rheumatic valvular disease, mechanical prosthetic valve, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, patent foramen ovale, and primary intracardiac tumors. These are not risk factors for the other options provided. Quiz# 43 Clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease are caused by a deficit in whichof the brain’s neurotransmitters?

Dopamine Leptin Vaginal pH Dopamine Dopamine Parkinson disease is a commonly occurring degenerative disorder involving deficits of dopamine, notof any of the other options. Quiz# 44 Which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty? Leptin Leptin Sensitivity to leptin, which regulates appetite and energy metabolism, increases during puberty; in theory, the adolescent consumes more calories to meet the caloric needs of the pubertal growth spurt. The percent of body fat and leptin levels in girls continue to increase, whereas muscle mass increases in boys. No apparent link exists between increased appetite during puberty and any of the other options. Quiz# 45 Whichchange is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?Vaginal pH becomes more acidic. b Vaginal pH becomesmore acidic.

Parathyroid Pancreatic At puberty, the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5) and the squamous epithelial lining thickens. These changes are maintained until menopause (cessation of menstruation), at which time the pH rises againto more alkaline levels and the epithelium thins out. Therefore protection from infection is greatest during the years when a woman is most likely to be sexually active. Estrogen does not play a role in infection protection. Quiz# 46 Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels? Correct! 8830 Parathyroid hormone(PTH) Parathyroid hormone(PTH) The parathyroid glands produce PTH, a regulator of serum calcium; therefore the other options are incorrect. Quiz# 47 Whichmedication compensates for the deficiency that occurs as a result of cystic fibrosis? Pancreatic enzymes e Pancreatic enzymes

Is preceded Intussuscep Pancreatic replacement enzymes are administered before or with meals, and high-calorie, high- protein diets with frequent snacks and vitamin supplements are used to treat the deficiency. These statements are not true of the other options. Quiz# 48 It is true that Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS): Is preceded by a viral illness. Is preceded by a viral illness. GBS is considered to be an autoimmune disease triggered by a preceding bacterial or viral infection.None of the other options are true of GBS. Quiz# 49 An infant suddenly develops abdominal pain, becomes irritable (colicky), and draws up the knees. Vomiting occurs soon afterward. Themother reports that the infant passed a normal stool, followed by one that looked like currant jelly. Based on these data, which disorder does the nurse suspect? Intussusception Intussusception Based on these data, the nurse should suspect intussusception. A single normal stool may be passed, evacuating the colon distal to the apex of the intussusception. After passing a normal stool, 60% of

Failure to ov Anterior pitu infants will pass “currant jelly” stools, which appear dark and gelatinous because of their blood and mucus content. Intussusception is the only option that describes the symptoms listed. Quiz# 50 Whichcondition is considered a clinical cause of amenorrhea? Failure to ovulate Failure to ovulate Depressed ovarian hormone levels, which are associated with a variety of clinical disorders, also cause amenorrhea by preventing ovulation. This option is the only answer that accurately identifies a clinical cause of cycle irregularities. Quiz# 51 Which anatomic structure secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)? Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary is the gland that secretes FSH and LH. Quiz# 52