Final Exam, part 1 | PSY 150 - General Psychology-HON, Quizzes of Psychology

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Social Psychologist

Psychologists who focus on how individuals think about, relate to, and influence one another. TERM 2

Attribution Theory

DEFINITION 2 Attribution theory is a social psychology theory developed by Fritz Heider, Harold Kelley, Edward E. Ross, and Lee Jones that states that people usually attribute others' behavior either to their internal dispositions or their external dispositions. TERM 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

DEFINITION 3 In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect) describes the tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors. TERM 4

Attitudes

DEFINITION 4 Feelings, based on beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events. TERM 5

Foot-in-the-Door Tactic

DEFINITION 5 The Foot-in-the-door tactic is a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously. To relieve this "dissonance" we "bring our attitudes in-line with our actions." The theory was first proposed by Leon Festinger. Meyers Psychology (8th ed.) TERM 7

Conformity

DEFINITION 7 adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard The Asch conformity experiments were a series of studies published in the 1950s that demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. TERM 8

Normative Social Influence

DEFINITION 8 Normative social influence is a form of conformity in which we adjust our behaviors to the expected ones in order to avoid what may be severe punishment. TERM 9

Informational Social Influence

DEFINITION 9 informational social influence is a type of conformity in which we accept others' opinions about reality. TERM 10

Stanley Milgram

DEFINITION 10 Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 - December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist most notable for his controversial study known as the Milgram Experiment (teacher-learner).

Social Facilitation

Social facilitation is the tendency for people to be aroused into better performance on simple tasks (or tasks at which they are expert or that have become autonomous) when under the eye of others, rather than while they are alone (audience effect), or when they are working along side other people (coactor effect). TERM 12

Social Loafing

DEFINITION 12 social loafing is the phenomenon of people making less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. TERM 13

Deindividuation

DEFINITION 13 Deindividuation, as described by Leon Festinger and colleagues in 1952, is the situation where anti-normative behavior is released in groups in which individuals are not seen or paid attention to as individuals. TERM 14

Group

Polarization

DEFINITION 14 Group polarization is the tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group, as opposed to a decision made alone or independently. TERM 15

Groupthink

DEFINITION 15 Groupthink is a type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas.

Ingroup Bias

A favoring of one's own group ("us" over "them"). TERM 17

Scapegoat Theory

DEFINITION 17 People who experience failure or insecurities will restore their self-esteem by disparaging others. TERM 18

Just-World Phenomenon

DEFINITION 18 The just-world phenomenon, also called the just-world theory, just- world fallacy, just-world effect, or just-world hypothesis, refers to the tendency for people to want to believe that the world is just so strongly that when they witness an otherwise inexplicable injustice they will rationalize it by searching for things that the victim might have done to deserve it. TERM 19

Aggression

DEFINITION 19 Aggression refers to behavior between members of the same group that is intended to cause pain or harm. TERM 20

Frustration-Aggression

Principle

DEFINITION 20 Frustration creates anger, which may in some people generate aggression, especially in the presence of an aggressive cue, such as a gun.

Conflict

A seeming incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. TERM 22

Social Trap

DEFINITION 22 A situation in which a group of people act to obtain short- term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole. TERM 23

Mere Exposure Effect

DEFINITION 23 The exposure effect (also known as the mere exposure effect) is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. TERM 24

Companionate Love

DEFINITION 24 A deep, affectionate attachment that becomes steadier as love matures. TERM 25

Passionate Love

DEFINITION 25 Love in which the key ingredient is arousal.

Equity

Both partners receive in proportion to what they give. TERM 27

Self-Disclosure

DEFINITION 27 Self-disclosure is both the conscious and unconscious act of revealing intimate details about ourselves to others. TERM 28

Altruism

DEFINITION 28 Altruism is unselfish concern for the welfare of others. TERM 29

Bystander Effect

DEFINITION 29 The bystander effect is where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. TERM 30

Social Exchange

Theory

DEFINITION 30 Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. -in relationships (e.g.: weighing the costs vs. the benefits)

Reciprocity Norm

Reciprocity refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action, and responding to a negative action with another negative one. TERM 32

Social-Responsibility Norm

DEFINITION 32 We should help those that need our help. TERM 33

Subordinate Goals

DEFINITION 33 Shared goals that overrode differences that could only be achieved only through cooperation. TERM 34

GRIT

DEFINITION 34 Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (Charles Osgood).