Final Exam, part 2 | PSYCH 100 - General Psychology, Quizzes of Psychology

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Discrete Emotions

Theory

Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions TERM 2

Motivation-Structural Rules

DEFINITION 2 Deep-seated similarities in communication across most animal species. TERM 3

Display Rules

DEFINITION 3 Culture-bound guidelines for emotion expression. Cross- cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions. TERM 4

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

DEFINITION 4 Theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking. TERM 5

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

DEFINITION 5 Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to simuli.

Somatic Marker Theory

Theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act. TERM 7

Canon-Bard Theory

DEFINITION 7 Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions. TERM 8

Two-Factor Theory

DEFINITION 8 Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal. TERM 9

Mere Exposure Effect

DEFINITION 9 Repeated exposure to stimuli makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it. Zajonc (1968) TERM 10

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

DEFINITION 10 Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions. Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) Smiling more makes you more happy.

Positive Psychology

Discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths. TERM 12

Broaden and Build Theory

DEFINITION 12 Theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly. TERM 13

Positivity Effect

DEFINITION 13 Tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age. TERM 14

Affective Forecasting

DEFINITION 14 Ability to predict our own and others' happiness. TERM 15

Durability Bias

DEFINITION 15 Belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do.

Hedonic Treadmill

Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances. TERM 17

Positive Illusions

DEFINITION 17 Tendencies to perceive ourselves more positively that others do. TERM 18

Defensive Pessimism

DEFINITION 18 Strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating for this expectation by mentally overpreparing for negative outcomes. Probably serves a valuable function for anxious people. TERM 19

Motivation

DEFINITION 19 Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction. Goal-oriented behavior. TERM 20

Drive Reduction Theory

DEFINITION 20 Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states. Clark Hull We act to minimize aversive states (drives) and maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis

Equilibrium. Most drive reduction theories propose that we're motivated to maintain this given level of psychological equilibrium. TERM 22

Yerkes-Dodson Law

DEFINITION 22 Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other. TERM 23

Incentive Theories

DEFINITION 23 Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals. TERM 24

Hierarchy of Needs

DEFINITION 24 Model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs. These complex needs include desires for belongingness and love, self-esteem, and finally self-actualization (the drive to realize our full psychological potential). We have to satisfy basic needs first. TERM 25

Glucostatic Theory

DEFINITION 25 Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.

Leptin

Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and use more energy. TERM 27

Set Point

DEFINITION 27 Genetically defined weight we tend to maintain. Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain. TERM 28

Internal-External Theory

DEFINITION 28 Theory holding that obese people motivated to eat more by external cues (taste, smell, appearance) than internal cues. Less motivated by internal cues (stomach pangs, feeling full). TERM 29

Desire Phase

DEFINITION 29 Phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest. Triggered by a particular prompt. TERM 30

Excitement Phase

DEFINITION 30 Pleasure is experienced, physiological changes occur (foreplay). Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it.

Orgasm (Climax) Phase

Involuntary contractions in muscles of genitals in both men and women. Phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women. Women orgasm more than men. TERM 32

Resolution Phase

DEFINITION 32 People report relaxation and a sense of well-being. Phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being. TERM 33

Proximity

DEFINITION 33 Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction. TERM 34

Similarity

DEFINITION 34 Extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction. TERM 35

Social Identity Support

DEFINITION 35 Fact that our friends prop up our sense of self or the social roles we play.

Reciprocity

Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction. TERM 37

Passionate Love

DEFINITION 37 Love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner. TERM 38

Companionate Love

DEFINITION 38 Love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner. TERM 39

Nonverbal Leakage

DEFINITION 39 Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior. Often a powerful cue that we're trying to hide an emotion. TERM 40

Primary

Emotions

DEFINITION 40 Small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal. Biologically based emotions from which other emotions arise: Happiness, Sadness, Surprise, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Contempt and possibly Pride.

Duchenne (Genuine)

Smile

Marked by a turning upward of the corners of the mouth and changes in the eyelids and corners of the eye. "Real Smile" Involves not only the mouth, but the eyes as well. TERM 42

Emotions

DEFINITION 42 Positive or negative state of arousal in reaction to an event or object. TERM 43

Pan-Am

Smile

DEFINITION 43 "Fake Smile" Uses only the involuntary mouth muscle (zygomatic muscle) not the involuntary eye muscle (orbicularis oculi). TERM 44

Extrinsic Motivation

DEFINITION 44 Motivated by external factors (money). Motivated to do it, but forced to do so. TERM 45

Intrinsic Motivation

DEFINITION 45 Motivated by internal goals (work ethic). Do it for yourself.

Emblems

Culture-bound symbols. Gestures that convey conventional meanings that are recognized by members of a culture, such as the hand wave, the OK sign, and nodding of the head. TERM 47

Manipulators

DEFINITION 47 Stress-related Gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part. TERM 48

Illustrators

DEFINITION 48 Gestures that highlight or accentuate speech. Highlight speech TERM 49

Anorexia Nervosa

DEFINITION 49 Become extremely thin. Distorted body size perception. TERM 50

Purging

DEFINITION 50 Vomiting whatever you just took in. Associated with Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating (2/week for 3 months +) Minimize weight gain "Purging" TERM 52

Proxemics

DEFINITION 52 Study of personal space. Personal distance correlated with emotional distance. Hall (1976) 4 Levels: Public (12+ feet), Social (4-12ft), Personal (1.5-4ft), and Intimate (0-1.5 ft). TERM 53

Public Distance

DEFINITION 53 12 feet or more Typically used for public speaking, such as lecturing. TERM 54

Social Distance

DEFINITION 54 4 to 12 feet Typically used for conversations among strangers and casual acquaintances. TERM 55

Personal Distance

DEFINITION 55 1.5 to 4 feet Typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners.

Intimate Distance

0 to 1.5 feet Typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering "sweet nothings", and affectionate touching. TERM 57

Pinocchio Response

DEFINITION 57 Supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying. People's bodily reactions supposedly give them away whenever they lie. Used during polygraph test. Biased against innocent. TERM 58

Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)

DEFINITION 58 Alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. Has a low false-positive rate (it misidentifies few innocent people as guilty) versus the polygraph test which has a higer false-positive rate. TERM 59

Brain fingerprinting

DEFINITION 59 Improvements on the traditional GKT by measuring suspects' brain waves following each item. TERM 60

Approach-Oriented

DEFINITION 60 A predisposition toward certain stimuli, like food or objects of our sexual desire. They get you to seek out something.

Avoidance-Oriented

Disposition away from certain stimuli, like rude people or frightening animals. They get you to avoid something. TERM 62

Contrast Effect

DEFINITION 62 Once we receive reinforcement for performing a behavior, we anticipate that reinforcement again. If the reinforcement is suddenly withdrawn, we're less likely to perform the behavior. TERM 63

Exotic Becomes Erotic

DEFINITION 63 Bem's theory that nonconforming children feel different and estranged from their peers, and perceive their same-sex peers as unfamiliar and exotic. TERM 64

Cute Response

DEFINITION 64 Our positive emotional response to faces that display certain characteristics, especially large eyes; a small, round nose; big round ears; and a large head relative to the body. TERM 65

Triangular Theory of Love

DEFINITION 65 Robert Sternberg's proposition that there is an existence of three major elements of love: intimacy ("I feel really close to the person"), passion ("I'm crazy about this person"), and commitment (I really want to stay with this person").

Stomach Contraction Theory

When the stomach contracts you feel hungry. Washburn and Cannon. The problem with this is that people with no stomach still feel hungry.