Final Exam, part 4 | PSYCH 100 - General Psychology, Quizzes of Psychology

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Traits

Relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations. TERM 2

Nomothetic Approach

DEFINITION 2 Approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals. TERM 3

Idiographic Approach

DEFINITION 3 Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences with a person. TERM 4

Molecular Genetic Studies

DEFINITION 4 Investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits. TERM 5

Somatogenic

DEFINITION 5 Physiologically caused mental disorders.

Catharsis

Feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion. TERM 7

Psychogenic

DEFINITION 7 Psychologically caused mental disorders. TERM 8

Psychic Determinism

DEFINITION 8 The assumption that all psychological events have a cause. TERM 9

Id

DEFINITION 9 Reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression. Basic Instinct Pleasure Principle TERM 10

Pleasure

Principle

DEFINITION 10 Tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification.

Ego

Psyche's executive and principal decision maker. Realistic responses Reality Principle TERM 12

Reality

Principle

DEFINITION 12 Tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet. Delay gratification until you can fulfill urges realistically. TERM 13

Superego

DEFINITION 13 Our sense of morality. Irrational norms Idealistic principle TERM 14

Defense Mechanisms

DEFINITION 14 Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety. TERM 15

Reaction-Formation

DEFINITION 15 Transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite. Expressing the opposite of what you feel. Ex. Woman attracted to a co-worker experiences hatred and revulsion toward him.

Projection

Unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others. Ex. Man with strong sexual impulses (unconscious thoughts) toward females complains women are "always after him". TERM 17

Displacement

DEFINITION 17 Directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target. Ex. A baseball outfielder throws his glove on the ground in anger after dropping a routine pop-fly. TERM 18

Rationalization

DEFINITION 18 Providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures. Explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures. Ex. A political candidate who loses an election convinces himself that he didn't really want the position after all. TERM 19

Intellectualization

DEFINITION 19 Avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts. Ex. A woman whose husband cheats on her reassures herself that men are naturally promiscuous "according to evolutionary psycologists", so there's nothing to worry about. TERM 20

Identification with the Aggressor

DEFINITION 20 Process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening. Ex. A college basketball player who initially fears his tyrannical coach comes to like him and adopts his dictatorial qualities.

Sublimation

Transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal. Ex. A boy who enjoys beating up on other kids grows up to become a professional boxer. TERM 22

Erogenous Zone

DEFINITION 22 Sexually arousing zone of the body. TERM 23

Oral Stage

DEFINITION 23 Psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth. Birth to 18 months old. Infants obtain pleasure by sucking or drinking. TERM 24

Anal Stage

DEFINITION 24 Psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training. Pleasure through defecation. 18 months to 3 years old. Anal Fixation TERM 25

Phallic Stage

DEFINITION 25 Psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals. 3 to 6 years old Pleasure from the genitals Oedipus and Electra Complexes

Oedipus

Complex

Conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals. Castration Anxiety TERM 27

Electra

Complex

DEFINITION 27 Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals. Penis Envy TERM 28

Penis Envy

DEFINITION 28 Supposed desire of girls to possess a penis. Girls feel inferior because they don't have a penis like their dads. TERM 29

Latency Stage

DEFINITION 29 Psychosexual stage in which sexual impulse are submerged into the unconscious. 6 to 12 years old Sexual urges suppressed Opposite sex is completely unappealing TERM 30

Genital Stage

DEFINITION 30 Psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others. 12 years old and older Mature relationships

Neo-Freudian Theories

Theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth. TERM 32

Style of Life

DEFINITION 32 According to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority. TERM 33

Inferiority

Complex

DEFINITION 33 Feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings. TERM 34

Collective Unconscious

DEFINITION 34 According to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations. TERM 35

Archetypes

DEFINITION 35 Cross-culturally universal emotional symbols.

Object Relations

Theorists

Followers of Freud who emphasized children's mental representations of others. TERM 37

Social Learning

Theorists

DEFINITION 37 Theorists who emphasized thinking as a cause of personality. TERM 38

Locus of Control

DEFINITION 38 Extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control. TERM 39

Self-Actualization

DEFINITION 39 Drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent. TERM 40

Conditions of Worth

DEFINITION 40 According to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior.

Incongruence

Inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions. TERM 42

Peak Experiences

DEFINITION 42 Transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world. TERM 43

Factor Analysis

DEFINITION 43 Statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures. TERM 44

Big Five

DEFINITION 44 Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures. TERM 45

Lexical Approach

DEFINITION 45 Approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded into our language.

Structured Personality Tests

Paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways. TERM 47

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

(MMPI)

DEFINITION 47 Widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders. TERM 48

Empirical (Data-Based) Method of Test

Construction

DEFINITION 48 Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them. TERM 49

Face Validity

DEFINITION 49 Extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring. TERM 50

Rational/Theoretical Method of Test

Construction

DEFINITION 50 Approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to asses that conceptualization.

Projective Tests

Tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of. TERM 52

Projective Hypothesis

DEFINITION 52 Hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus. TERM 53

Rorschach Inkblot Test

DEFINITION 53 Projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots. TERM 54

Incremental Validity

DEFINITION 54 Extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures. TERM 55

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

DEFINITION 55 Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures.

Graphology

Psychological interpretation of handwriting. TERM 57

P.T. Barnum Effect

DEFINITION 57 Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate. TERM 58

Oral Fixation

DEFINITION 58 React to stress by becoming intensely dependent on others for reassurance. "Neediness" TERM 59

Fixation

DEFINITION 59 If you get too much or too little gratification in a particular stage, you are stuck in that stage. Regress to fixated stage under stress. TERM 60

Regression

DEFINITION 60 Returning psychologically to an earlier stage. Ex. College student starts sucking thumb after difficult exam.

Denial

When the mind screens out negative events. Ex. A mother who loses a child in an accident insists her child is alive. TERM 62

Repression

DEFINITION 62 Motivated forgetting of anxiety-causing memories or impulses. Ex. Witness traumatic event and find yourself unable to remember it. TERM 63

Idealistic

Principle

DEFINITION 63 Act in accordance with ego without regard to id. TERM 64

Unconscious

DEFINITION 64 Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness. We are unaware of it All psychic energy originates in the unconscious. TERM 65

Preconscious

DEFINITION 65 Just-under awareness.

Conscious

What we're aware of. Contact with outside world. TERM 67

Unconscious Motivation

DEFINITION 67 We rarely understand why we do what we do, although we quite readily cook up explanations for our actions after the fact. TERM 68

Symbolic Meaning

DEFINITION 68 No action, no matter how seemingly trivial, is meaningless. TERM 69

Freudian Slip

DEFINITION 69 Slip of the tongue caused by deep psychological conflict. TERM 70

Idiographic

DEFINITION 70 Identifies unique characteristics and life experiences within an individual.

Nomothetic

Identifies general laws that govern behavior of ALL. TERM 72

Personality

DEFINITION 72 Organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her thoughts, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. TERM 73

Castration Anxiety

DEFINITION 73 Boys are afraid father will castrate them because they love their mother. TERM 74

Anal Fixation

DEFINITION 74 "Anal Personalities" Prone to excessive neatness, stinginess, and stubbornness in adulthood.