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Habituation
responding less strongly to something over time
TERM 2
Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)
DEFINITION 2
initially neutral stimulus
TERM 3
Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS)
DEFINITION 3
Stimulus that elicits an automatic response (elicit --> to call
forth or bring out)
TERM 4
Unconditioned Response
(UCR)
DEFINITION 4
Auto response to non-neutral stimulus
TERM 5
Conditioned Response (CR)
DEFINITION 5
Response associated with non-neutral stimulus that is
elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning
conditioning
strengthening or weakening of an association between a
stimulus and a response
TERM 7
Aversive Conditioning
DEFINITION 7
Classic conditioning to an unconditioned response
TERM 8
Acquisition
DEFINITION 8
Learning phase when a conditioned response is established
TERM 9
Stimulus Generalization
DEFINITION 9
Process where conditioned stimuli are similar (not identical)
to original conditioned stimulus
TERM 10
Generalization Gradient
DEFINITION 10
The more similar to the original CS the new CS is, the
stronger the CR will be
Fetishism
Sexual attraction, or erotic interest and satisfaction to
something
TERM 12
Pseudoconditioning
DEFINITION 12
an apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to
be unconditioned to a conditioned stimulus
TERM 13
Law of Effect
DEFINITION 13
principle asserting if stimulus followed by behavior results in
reward... the stimulus is more likely to show the behavior in
the future
TERM 14
Insight
DEFINITION 14
grasping the nature of a problem
TERM 15
Reinforcement
DEFINITION 15
Outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens
probability of the behavior
Positive Reinforcement
positive outcome/consequence of a behavior ex: give
something pleasant
TERM 17
Negative Reinforcement
DEFINITION 17
Removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior
ex: take away something unpleasant
TERM 18
Punishment
DEFINITION 18
outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the
probability of the behavior
TERM 19
Extinction
DEFINITION 19
Gradual reduction/eventual elimination of conditioned
response after it is presented repeatedly without the
unconditioned stimulus
TERM 20
Partial Reinforcement
DEFINITION 20
Only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in
slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced
continually
Schedule of Reinforcement
Patter of reinforcing a behavior
TERM 22
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule
DEFINITION 22
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a
regular number of responses
TERM 23
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule
DEFINITION 23
Patter where we provide reinforcement for producing the
response following an average time interval, with the interval
varying randomly
TERM 24
Premack Principle -- "Grandma's
Rule"
DEFINITION 24
a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in
frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior
TERM 25
Secondary Reinforcers
DEFINITION 25
neutral objects that people can trade in for primary
reinforcers themselves ex: Money --> buy a primary
Primary Reinforcers
Items or outcomes that are naturally pleasurable ex: food,
sex
TERM 27
Stimulus-Organism-Response
DEFINITION 27
Organism interprets the stimulus before making a response
(depends on learning histories, how we've been trained to
respond to situations)
TERM 28
Cognitive Conditioning
DEFINITION 28
our interpretation of the situation affects conditioning
(conditioning is more than an automatic, mindless process)
TERM 29
Latent Learning
DEFINITION 29
learning that's not directly observable or difference between
competence (what we know) and performance (showing what
we know)
TERM 30
Cognitive Maps
DEFINITION 30
Mental representations of how a physical space is organized
Observational Learning
learning by watching others
TERM 32
External Validity
DEFINITION 32
general applicability to the real world (in scientific
experiment)
TERM 33
Internal Validity
DEFINITION 33
Extent to which they permit cause-and-effect inferences (in
scientific experiment)
TERM 34
Mirror Neurons
DEFINITION 34
Cells in the prefrontal cortex that is activated by specific
motions when an animal performs AND observes that action
TERM 35
Insight Learning
DEFINITION 35
Just getting the answer to the problem
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance
reactions to the taste of food
TERM 37
Panic Disorder
DEFINITION 37
anxiety disorder characterized by recurring severe panic
attacks
TERM 38
Agoraphobia
DEFINITION 38
fear of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult
or embarrasing
TERM 39
Bipolar Disorder
DEFINITION 39
periods of excitability or mania alternating with periods of
depression
TERM 40
Conduct Disorder
DEFINITION 40
disorder of childhood that involved chronic behavior
problems ex: drug use, criminal activity
Phobia
intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is way out of
proportion to its actual threat
TERM 42
Demonic Model
DEFINITION 42
odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was
attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
TERM 43
Chlorpromazine
DEFINITION 43
medication from France, modestly effective treatment for
symptoms of schizophrenia & other disorders marked by a
loss of contact with reality
TERM 44
Codependency
DEFINITION 44
tendency to behave in ways that negatively impact one's
relationships and quality of life (alcoholism & other
substance abuse)
TERM 45
Koro
DEFINITION 45
Malaysia, Asians, China, India; men believe penis & testicles
are disappearing; women believe breasts are disappearing
Amok
Malaysia, Philippines, some African countries; intense
sadness, uncontrolled behavior & unprovoked attacks on
people/animals
TERM 47
Psychopathic Personality
DEFINITION 47
condition marked by dishonesty, manipulativeness, and
absence of guilt and empathy
TERM 48
Kunlangeta
DEFINITION 48
person who lies, cheats, steals, unfaithful to women, doesn't
listen to elders
TERM 49
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM)
DEFINITION 49
diagnostic system criteria for mental disorders
TERM 50
Asperger's Syndrome
DEFINITION 50
high functioning form of Autism
Sleep paralysis
when you're unable to move either just after falling asleep or
right before waking up
TERM 52
Biological
Clock
DEFINITION 52
Nucleus in the hypothalamus that's responsible for
controlling our levels of alertness
TERM 53
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
DEFINITION 53
in hypothalamus, make us feel drowsy at different times of
the day/night
TERM 54
Melatonin
DEFINITION 54
hormone that triggers sleepiness; levels increase after dark
TERM 55
Rapid eye movements
(REM)
DEFINITION 55
darting of eyes underneath the closed eyelids during sleep
Hypnagogic imagery
sudden muscle contractions or jerks of limbs that occur in
stage 1, light sleep; felt like you were startled or falling
TERM 57
Sleep spindles
DEFINITION 57
stage 2 sleep, brain waves slow down even more; bursts of
electrical activity; 12-14 cycles a second
TERM 58
Delta waves
DEFINITION 58
20%-50% chance to happen in stage 3 of sleep, 50% chance
or more in stage 4 of sleep; as slow as 1-2 cycles/sec
TERM 59
non-REM (NREM)
sleep
DEFINITION 59
stages 1-4 of sleep cycle, during which eye movements don't
occur & dreaming is less frequent and vivid
TERM 60
REM sleep
DEFINITION 60
stage of sleep where brain is most active, body is inactive,
and during which vivid dreaming most often occur
REM rebound
amount & intensity of REM sleep increases
TERM 62
REM behavior disorder
DEFINITION 62
if we aren't paralyzed by REM, we'd act out our dreams
TERM 63
Lucid dreaming
DEFINITION 63
experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
TERM 64
Insomnia
DEFINITION 64
difficulty falling and staying asleep
TERM 65
Narcolepsy
DEFINITION 65
disorder characterized by rapid and (often) unexpected onset
of sleep; due to having fewer brain cells that produce orexin
Sleep apnea
disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep,
resulting in daytime fatigue
TERM 67
Orexin
DEFINITION 67
triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness
TERM 68
Night terrors
DEFINITION 68
sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming,
perspiring, & confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep
TERM 69
Manifest content
DEFINITION 69
details of the dream itself
TERM 70
Latent content
DEFINITION 70
true, hiden meaning of the dream
Activation-synthesis theory
theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation,
which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
TERM 72
Out-of-body experience (OBE)
DEFINITION 72
consciousness leaving our body; changes in perceptions of
the self
TERM 73
astral projection
DEFINITION 73
phenomenon in which some claim to be able to create OBE's
at will & mentally visit other places
TERM 74
Deja Vu
DEFINITION 74
feeling of reliving an experience that's NEW
TERM 75
Dual processing theory
DEFINITION 75
deja vu arises when we input from separate neural pathways
that process sensory information is slightly out of sync
Mystical experience
feelings of unity or oneness with the world
TERM 77
meditation
DEFINITION 77
practices that train attention and awareness
TERM 78
concentrative meditation
DEFINITION 78
focus attention on a single thing
TERM 79
awareness meditation
DEFINITION 79
attention flows freely and examines whatever comes to mind
TERM 80
hypnosis
DEFINITION 80
techniques that provides people with suggestions for
alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors
past life regression therapy
therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and age-regresses
patients back to a previous life to identify the source of a
present day problem
TERM 82
Socio-cognitive theory
DEFINITION 82
hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and
expectations
TERM 83
Dissociation theory
DEFINITION 83
approach to explaining hypnosis based on a seperation
between personality functions that are normally well
integrated
TERM 84
dissociation
DEFINITION 84
division of consciousness in which attention, effort, and
planning are done without awareness
TERM 85
psychoactive drugs
DEFINITION 85
chemicals (similar to those found naturally in our brains) that
alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in
neurons
sedative
drug that exerts calming effect
TERM 87
hypnotic
DEFINITION 87
drug that exerts sleep-inducing effect
TERM 88
tolerance
DEFINITION 88
reduction in the effect of a drug as result of repeated use,
requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the
same effect (similar to habituation)
TERM 89
withdrawal
DEFINITION 89
unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a
drug
TERM 90
adjustive value
DEFINITION 90
a drug's ability to enhance positive emotional reactions &
minimize negative emotional reactions
delirium
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations and memory
problems
TERM 92
stimulants
DEFINITION 92
increase activity in the central nervous system
TERM 93
narcotics
DEFINITION 93
drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep
TERM 94
hallucinogenic
DEFINITION 94
causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and
thought
TERM 95
Somatoform disorders
DEFINITION 95
physical symptoms suggest medical illness, but are actually
psychological
panic attacks
brief episodes of extreme fear ex: sweating, dizziness, light-
headedness, feelings of death/going crazy
TERM 97
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
DEFINITION 97
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, tension, and irritability
across many areas of life functioning
TERM 98
Specific Phobias
DEFINITION 98
intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly
out of proportion to actual threat
TERM 99
Social Phobia
DEFINITION 99
fear of public appearances
TERM 100
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)
DEFINITION 100
emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a
severely stressful event
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
repeated & lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or
both
TERM 102
Obsession
DEFINITION 102
ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted/(maybe even
inappropriate)
TERM 103
Compulsions
DEFINITION 103
behaviors or mental acts to reduce or prevent stress
TERM 104
Catastrophically
DEFINITION 104
feature of anxious thinking that's done when a person
predicts terrible events
TERM 105
Major Depressive Episode
DEFINITION 105
lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in
pleasurable activities symptoms that include weight loss and
sleep difficulties
Manic Episode
inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, more
talkative, increased activity level or agitation, excessive
involvement
TERM 107
Dysthymic Disorder
DEFINITION 107
Low-level depression of at least two years duration; mild
chronic depression
TERM 108
Cyclothymia
DEFINITION 108
Cycles of up and down moods; increases risk of developing
bipolar disorder
TERM 109
Postpartum Depression
DEFINITION 109
depressive episode that occurs within a month after
childbirth as many as 15% of women develop
TERM 110
Seasonal Affective Disorder
DEFINITION 110
seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter
and improving in spring. must be 2 consecutive years
Cognitive Model of Depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and
expectations
TERM 112
Cognitive Triad
DEFINITION 112
three components of depressed thinking: negative views of
oneself, one's experiences, and future
TERM 113
Negative Schema's
DEFINITION 113
habitual thought patterns that originate in early experiences
of loss, failure and rejection
TERM 114
Cognitive Distortions
DEFINITION 114
skewed ways of thinking
TERM 115
Selective
Abstraction
DEFINITION 115
negative conclusion based on only an isolated aspect of a
situation
Depressive Realism
mildly depressed people actually have a more accurate view
of circumstances
TERM 117
Illusory Control
DEFINITION 117
non-depressed people are more likely to believe they
controlled a light bulb when it came on; depressed were
more realistic
TERM 118
Kindling
DEFINITION 118
people become sensitized to stressful events, then it takes
only small amount of stress to bring on the blues
TERM 119
Bipolar Disorder
DEFINITION 119
condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
TERM 120
Hypomanic Episode
DEFINITION 120
less intense/disruptive version of a manic episode feelings of
inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased
pleasure & productivity, & hopelessness
Bipolar Disorder I
presence of at least one manic episode
TERM 122
Bipolar Disorder
II
DEFINITION 122
patients must experience at least one episode of major
depression & one hypomanic episode
TERM 123
Schizophrenia
DEFINITION 123
severe disorder of thought & emotion associated with loss of
contact with reality; split mind or split personality; one
personality that's shattered
TERM 124
Delusions
DEFINITION 124
strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
TERM 125
Psychotic Symptoms
DEFINITION 125
psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in
reality; "delusions"
