FINAL EXAM REVIEW: A & P 2 2024-2025. QUESTIONS & CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS. GRADED A, Exams of Biology

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FINAL EXAM REVIEW: A & P 2 2024-2025. QUESTIONS &

CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS. GRADED A

_______________________ are finger-like projections that contain the placental vessels of the allantois. - ANSplacental (chorionic) villi 14 days of that cycle will always be what part? - ANSpost ovulatory phase 23 chromosomes = __________ autosomes and __________ sex chromosomes. - ANS22; 1 46 chromosomes = __________ autosomes and __________ sex chromosomes - ANS44; 2 A high pH is? - ANSbasic/alkaline A low pH is? - ANSacidic A pair of homologous chromosomes is called a _________ - ANSsynapsis A solid ball of cells is called a - ANSmorula A suppression of urine flow due to creatinine not being removed from the blood maybe a sign of what? - ANSrenal failure

After the process in #154, what is produced? - ANSgenetically different chromatids During obligatory water reabsorption, the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes what? - ANSrennin (enzyme) Estrogen is used for what? - ANSsexual characteristics, prepare endometrium for pregnancy Frequent urination may be a sign of what? - ANSurinary tract infection (UTI) FSH stimulates _______________________ which controls _______________________ and also stimulates _______________________ which makes _______________________ that inhibits FSH. - ANSseminiferous tubules; spermatogenesis; sustenticular cells; inhibin FSH stimulates a) what 3 parts of ova production which produce b) what hormone? a. b. - ANSa. 1o follicle, 2o follicles, Graafian follicle ; b.estrogen Genetic material is exchanged between _________________________ chromosomes? - ANShomologous Glucose found in urine maybe and indication of what? - ANSstress, diabetes

Having a full set of chromosomes is called? - ANSdiploid (2n) Having half the original number of chromosomes is called what? - ANShaploid (n) HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2CO3 is an example of what? - ANSacid neutralization High levels of CO2 and hypoventilation lead to? - ANSrespiratory acidosis High levels of HCO3-, vomiting, excessive intake of antacids & constipation lead to? - ANSmetabolic alkalosis How are electrolytes measured? - ANSmilliequivalents/liter(mEq/L) (electrolyte concentration) How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis? - ANS How many days are in the average menstrual cycle? - ANS How many days for the above to happen? - ANS How many liters of filtrate is produced a day? - ANSapproximately 180 L How much is reabsorbed? - ANSapproximately 99 %

ICSH stimulates _______________________ to produce _______________________ which inhibits _______________________ to decrease _______________________. - ANSinterstitial cells; testosterone; GnRF; ICSH If proteins and osmotic pressure decrease in the glomerulus, what happens in the bowman's capsule? - ANSincrease filtration (water) & proteins In mitosis, how many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells have? - ANS In spermatogenesis, how many sperm are produced from one stem cell? - ANS In the female reproductive hormone system, what is the controlling structure? - ANShypothalamus In the male reproductive hormone system, what is the controlling structure? - ANShypothalamus Increasing the permeability of the DCT and collecting ducts to water is called? - ANSfacultative water reabsorption Large volumes of very dilute urine maybe a sign of what? - ANSdiabetes insipidus LH stimulates a) what 3 parts of the ova life cycle which produce b) what hormones? a.

b. - ANSa.Graafian follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum; b.estrogen, progesterone, inhibin List 2 examples of what the inner germ layer becomes. - ANSepithelial linings of respiratory, digestive, & urinary tracts; major portion of thyroid, parathyroid, liver, pancreas & thymus gland List 2 naturally occurring diuretics - ANScaffeine (tea, coffee, pop) and alcohol (beer, wine, mixed drinks) List 3 examples of what the middle germ layer becomes - ANSskeletal & muscle systems, CT, cardiovascular & lymphatic systems, dermis List 3 examples of what the outer germ layer becomes - ANSCNS, PNS, epidermis & derivatives List 3 functions of semen - ANStransport sperm, nutrition for sperm, antimicrobial activity, enzymes for sperm activity List 3 organic compounds normally found in the urine that are nitrogen compounds - ANSurea (from protein metabolism) uric acid (from nucleic acid breakdown) creatinine (from creatine) List 3 other organic compounds normally found in urine. - ANSketone bodies hippuric acid (from fruits & veggies) urobilinogen (from Hb breakdown)

List 4 examples of abnormal components that maybe found in urine. - ANSWBC, RBC, casts, bilirubin, high ketones, glucose, plasma proteins List 4 functions of electrolytes - ANScontrol osmosis, pH balance, carry electric current (action potential), cofactors for enzyme activities List 4 inorganic compounds normally found in the urine - ANSNa+, Ca2+, NH4+, HCO3-, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, H2PO4- List the 3 buffer systems. - ANSprotein, phosphate (in urine & cells), bicarbonate (in blood) List the 3 most common (important) extracellular ions. - ANSNa+, Cl-, low proteins anions List the 3 most common (important) intracellular ions. - ANSK+, HPO42-, high protein anions Low levels of CO2 and hyperventilation lead to? - ANSrespiratory alkalosis Low levels of HCO3-, severe diarrhea, too much alcohol & ketosis lead to? - ANSmetabolic acidosis Low pH due to ammonia is restored to normal by the renal tubular cells. What is released into the urine and what happens to the pH of the blood and urine? - ANSNH4+ release in urine, low pH in urine, high pH in blood

Low pH due to carbonic acid is restored to normal by the renal tubular cells. What is released into the urine and what happens to the pH of the blood and urine? - ANSH+ release in urine, low pH in urine, high pH in blood Meiosis only occurs in primary what? - ANSspermatocytes and oocytes Mitosis happens in what kind of cells? - ANSsomatic cells Movement of water across a membrane is called? - ANSosmosis Name 2 examples of passive transport. - ANSdiffusion and osmosis Name four functions of the urinary system: - ANSmaintain proper [ ] of individual ions body volume remove end products contribute to metabolism Name one factor that tubular secretion controls - ANSpH balance by eliminating H+ NaOH + H2CO3 H2O + NaHCO3 is an example of what? - ANSbase neutralization NH3 and creatinine contribute to the regulation of what? - ANSnitrogen balance and pH

Process of moving filtrate back into the blood vessels is called? - ANStubular reabsorption Progesterone is used for what? - ANSprepare & maintain endometrium, milk secretion Question # 22 refers to what? - ANSblood colloid osmotic pressure RBC's and protein found in urine maybe a sign of what? - ANSglomerulonephritis RBC's found in urine maybe an indication of what? - ANSinflammation Sperm require __________ days to mature in the ____________________. - ANS20; epididymis Strong acid/base = ______________________ dissociation ( ______________ change in pH). - ANScomplete; large T or F A blood pH of < 7.35 is a sign of alkalosis. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (acidosis) T or F A blood pH of > 7.45 is a sign of acidosis. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (alkalosis)

T or F A blood pH of 7.8 is fatal but a pH of 7 is not. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (both are fatal) T or F A pH of 7.4 is the ideal blood pH. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Angiotensin II causes increase in renal blood pressure and the adrenal cortex then secretes aldosterone. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Birth control pills trick the body into thinking it is pregnant causing the above statement. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Blood colloid osmotic pressure is due to proteins in the filtrate. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse proteins in blood T or F Constriction of the afferent arteriole = decreased glomerular pressure and decreased filtrate. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Crenation disrupts cell functions causing circulatory shock.

If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Daughter cells in meiosis are identical. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (each have different genes) T or F Dilation of the afferent arteriole = decreased glomerular pressure and increased filtrate. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse increase pressure and increase filtration T or F During gastrulation, 3 germ layers are formed which then form different organ systems. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F During implantation and pregnancy, no follicles mature and no ovulation occurs. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Fertilization happens in the fallopian tubes and implantation in the uterus. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Fluids are absorbed on the venous side of capillaries and filtered out on arterial side of capillaries. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue

T or F Glucose requires a carrier molecule to leave the tubular membrane of the PCT and enter the blood. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F High carbon dioxide in the blood = low blood pH. If false, explain your answer: - ANSTrue T or F High osmotic pressure of plasma = low water content of blood. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue decrease water = increase solute T or F In meiosis, the daughter cells can divide again. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (do not divide again) T or F In mitosis, the daughter cells can divide again. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F In the absence of testosterone, all embryos would develop into females regardless of genetic make-up. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Increased proteins in the filtrate causes decreased proteins in the blood. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue

T or F Mitosis happens in egg and sperm. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (meiosis) T or F Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F One cause of edema is due to an increase in blood hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in blood vessel permeability causing proteins to leave the blood and enter the interstitial fluid. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse (increase in blood vessel permeability) T or F Substances will pass through the glomerular membrane into the Bowman's capsule if blood hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is greater than glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F The afferent arteriole returns blood from the glomerulus back into the bloodstream. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse efferent arteriole T or F The composition of the glomerular filtrate is similar to interstitial fluid.

If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F The urinary system contributes to metabolism by secreting erythrocytes and performing glycolysis. If false, explain your answer - ANSFalse secretes erythropoietin & performs gluconeogenesis T or F Water reabsorption can happen by facultative or obligatory water reabsorption. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue T or F Water will follow protein from the glomerular capsule into the glomerulus. If false, explain your answer - ANSTrue Term for cell shrinking - ANScrenate Term for cell swelling and rupture - ANSlysis Term for net pressure forcing filtrate out of the glomerulus? - ANSeffective filtration pressure (Peff) (net filtration pressure) Term for the first cell divisions after fertilization - ANScleavage Term for the moving of materials from the capillaries into the renal tubules - ANStubular secretion

Testosterone is used by the body for what? - ANSgrowth, protein anabolism, sex characteristics The _______________________ forms the placental blood vessels (umbilical cord). - ANSallantois The _______________________ is the maternal portion of the placenta, and is heavily vascularized. - ANSdecidua basalis The _______________________ lines the amniotic cavity and is filled with _______________________. - ANSamnion, amnionic fluid The _______________________ transports nutrients and wastes by 2 umbilical

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to the placenta and 1 _______________________ to the fetus. - ANSumbilicus; arteries; vein The 1st embryonic membrane is the _______________________ which provides

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for the embryo and is the site for _______________________. - ANSyolk sac, nourishment, blood formation The above interferes with what? - ANSsodium reabsorption

The body strives to maintain constant concentrations of fluids and electrolytes where? - ANSintracellular and extracellular fluids The fluid filled gap between the fetal and maternal blood supplies is called the _______________________. - ANSintervillus space The hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterus wall is called a - ANSblastocyst The hormone/factor in # 109 acts on what gland and that gland produces what 2 hormones: - ANSanterior pituitary; ICSH & FSH The hormone/factor in # 117 acts on what gland and that gland produces what 3 hormones: Gland = _______________________________ Hormones = _________________________, _________________________, _________________________ - ANSanterior pituitary; FSH, LH, prolactin (milk) The hypothalamus produces what hormone/factor? - ANSGnRF The hypothalamus produces what hormone/factor? - ANSgonadotropins releasing factor (GnRF) The inner germ layer is called the - ANSendoderm The maturation of sperm is called? - ANSspermiogenesis

The middle germ layer is called the - ANSmesoderm The outer embryonic membrane is called the _______________________, which becomes the major portion of _______________________. - ANSchorion, embryonic placenta The outer germ layer is called the - ANSectoderm WBC's found in urine maybe an indication of what? - ANSinfection Weak acid/base = ______________________ dissociation ( ______________ change in pH). - ANSpartial; small What aids in controlling pressure in the glomerulus? - ANSafferent arteriole / efferent arteriole arrangement What are drugs called that increase urine flow? - ANSdiuretic What are the 2 very important components of the bicarbonate buffer system? - ANSNaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate), H2CO3 (carbonic acid) What can help when the pH is altered by metabolic causes? - ANSrespiratory mechanisms

What can help when the pH is altered by respiratory causes? - ANSmetabolic mechanisms What causes high blood pressure the glomerulus? - ANSlarge afferent in and small efferent out What does the aldosterone do? - ANSNa reabsorption by PCT and then water follows salt = water reabsorption What else is reabsorbed there? - ANSglucose in PCT What happens in days 6-13? - ANSincrease FSH & increase LH - trigger ovulation; estrogen & progesterone - prepare endometrium for pregnancy What happens in the 1st 5 days? - ANSmenstrual phase: FSH high - develop 1o follicle, endometrium shed What happens in the final 14 days? (no pregnancy) - ANSdecrease in LH turn corpus luteum into corpus albicans; decrease in estrogen & progesterone cause degeneration of endometrium What happens on day 14? - ANSovulation What happens to electrolytes in water? - ANSdissociate (separate, ionize) into anions & cations

What happens to the carrier? - ANSit's recycled (doesn't leave the tubule membrane) What is abnormally found in filtrate? - ANSformed elements or proteins What is angiotensin II? - ANSpotent vasoconstrictor What is another name for the above answer? - ANSBowman's capsule What is filtrate? - ANSmainly fluid & dissolved substances What is gathered in the glomerular capsule? - ANSfiltrate What is gluconeogenesis? - ANSmaking glucose from lipids & proteins What is hydrostatic pressure? - ANSforce a fluid gives against its container What is known as the extracellular fluid buffer system? - ANSbicarbonate buffer system What is one cause of a decreased in filtrate? - ANShypotension What is one cause of an increase in filtrate? - ANShypertension

What is removed from the blood by tubular secretion? - ANSK+, H+, NH4+, creatinine, some drugs & unwanted materials What is required for active transport? - ANSATP What is the # 1 metabolic mechanism? - ANSurinary system What is the deciding factor of whether facultative water is reabsorbed? - ANSosmotic pressure of blood (ADH control) What is the end result of meiosis in oogenesis? - ANS3 discarded cells (n) and 1 ovum (n) →only viable cell What makes cells more permeable to water? - ANSADH What part of the nephron contains a network of fenestrated capillaries? - ANSglomerulus What part of the nephron controls blood flow to the glomerulus? - ANSafferent arteriole What prevents marked changes in pH of a solution when an acid or base is added?

• ANSbuffer system What releases the above answer? - ANSposterior pituitary

What substance is reabsorbed through the DCT into the blood? - ANSNa+ What substances are reabsorbed through the PCT into the blood? - ANSglucose, obligatory water, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- What substances are secreted into the DCT from the blood? - ANSH+, NH3, creatinine, drugs, K+ What vitamin does the urinary system help produce? - ANSD When chromosomes break and re-bond, this is called _______ - ANScrossing over When does the above occur? - ANS36-72 hours after fertilization When ovum and sperm join, what 2 things are created? - ANSzygote and secondary polar body (does not survive, its garbage) When ovum and sperm join, what is the new cell called? - ANSzygote (2n) Where do the waste materials go once pushed out of the fenestrated capillaries? - ANSglomerular capsule Where does most reabsorption occur? - ANSPCT Where is angiotensin produced? - ANSliver

Where is facultative water reabsorbed? - ANScollecting duct and end of DCT Which divides from the efferent arterioles and surrounds renal tubules? - ANSperitubular capillary network (and vasa recta) Write the chemical reaction producing carbonic acid - ANSCO2 + H2O = H2CO3