Final Exam Study Guide - Introduction Psychology | PSYC 100, Study notes of Psychology

Download Final Exam Study Guide - Introduction Psychology | PSYC 100 and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Psych 100: Final Exam Study Guide Aya Shigeto’s section: D1 Exam schedule 1. Exam Day: Monday, December 14, 2009 2. Exam Time: 7-10 pm 3. Exam Location: Natural History Building 228 **Plan to arrive at the exam location at about 6:45 am. If you arrive close to 8 am, please enter quietly, find a seat, and get the materials from a proctor. What to bring to the exam 1. Your photo ID (e.g., UIUC ID card, diver’s license, passport): You will not be permitted to turn in your exam without your ID! 2. TWO sharpened #2 pencils & an eraser 3. NO baseball caps, cell phones, I-Pods, etc. Format for the Exam 1. 110 multiple choice questions. All of them are application questions. 2. There are no diagrams on the exam. 3. Exam is worth 110 points Content for the Exam 1. The chapters covered on the exam are listed below. 2. You can expect 11 questions from each chapter on the exam. 3. The questions on the exam will cover ALL OF THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES stated in your Study Guide (the purple book), even those that were not covered in lecture. 4, Please use the TEXTBOOK as your primary source of studying. 5. If | were going to prioritize the most important Learning Objectives, I might suggest focusing on the ones below. (Disclaimer! Of the Learning Objectives listed below, not all will be on the exam, and there will be some Learning Objectives on the exam that are not listed below!) ~~ Ne NN Ch10: Cognitive Abilities 4 1Q tests (LO 10.3, 6, 7) ¢ Alfred Binet, 1Q test scoring today, aptitude test & achievement test Measuring the quality of 1Q tests (LO 10.9, 10) ¢ Reliability: test-retest, alternate form, split half * Validity: content, criterion/predictive, construct validity Factors that can affect IQ scores (LO 8.13, 14) e Test anxiety, stereotype threat ¢ The role of heredity and the environment  ak Theories of intelligence (LO 8.18~21) © The psychometric approach: g, s, fluid vs. crystallized intelligence e The information-processing approach e The triarchic theory: analytic, creative, & practical intelligence e The theory of multiple intelligences Changes in cognitive abilities with aging (LO 8.22, 23) Xe e Cross-sectional, longitudinal, & cross-sequential study e Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence ® “Creativity: divergent vs. convergent thinking (LO 8.24) -Giftedness, mental retardation, learning disability (LO 8.25, 26) ew ew le ew Ch4: Sensation QI. What is sensation? Sensation (LO 4.1~5) e Accessory structure, sensory receptors (adaptation, transduction) e 2 types of codes: Temporal & spatial codes e Doctrine of specific nerve energies Q2. Hearing: How do we hear things? Characteristics of sound (LO 4.7 & 8) NA e Physical: Amplitude, wavelength, frequency : e Psychological: Loudness (or intensity), pitch, timbre Structure of the ear (LO 4.9) , © Outer ear: Pinna, ear canal e Middle ear: Tympanic membrane, a chain of 3 tiny bones (malleus, incus, stapes) e Inner ear: Oval window, cochlea Auditory transduction (LO 4.10 & 12) e¢ @Cochlea: Basilar membrane, Organ of Corti, hair cells fe Conduction deafness vs. nerve deafness Coding of frequency of sound: Place (or traveling wave) theory (accounts for mid-range to high-range frequencies) vs. frequency-matching (or volley) theory (accounts for low- range frequencies) “E * Q3. Vision: How do we see things? Structure of the eye (LO 4.15 & 16) . ¢ Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina ‘ e¢ Accommodation Visual transduction (LO 4.17~19, 22) Pe e @ Retina: Photoreceptors (rods & cones), photopigments, dark adaptation, fovea = Lateral inhibition, feature detectors Color vision (LO 4.24~26) e Trichromatic theory & opponent-process theory e Colorblindness e Synesthesia  03. What is emotion, and where does it come from? Biology of emotion (LO 11.20) e Limbic system (esp. amygdala) ¢ Facial expressions: pyramidal motor system (fake smile) vs. extrapyramidal motor systems (genuine smile) ¢ Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic system (fight-or-flight syndrome) vs. parasympathetic system Theories of emotion (LO 11.21~25) e James’s peripheral theory (& facial-feedback hypothesis), cannon’s central theory, Schachter-Singer’s cognitive theory (excitation trasfer), Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory # Emotion culture & social referencing (LO 11.28) Ch14: Personality QI. How can we explain our personality? Psychodynamic approach (LO 14.2~5) 4 ¢ 3 components of personality: Id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), superego x e Defense mechanisms ¢ Psychosexual stages: Oral, anal, phallic (Oedipus & Electra complex), latency, genital Trait approach (LO 14.9~12) e Allport’s trait theory: Central vs. secondary traits i, ° Big-Five model: OCEAN so e Eysenck’s biological trait theory: Introversion-extraversion & emotionality-stability f * Gray’s approach-inhibition theory: Eysenck’s 2 dimensions & 2 biological systems eC behavioral approach system & behavioral inhibition system) ~4-Social-cognitive approach (LO 14.15 & 16) «yz © Rotter’s expectancy theory: Internal vs. external locus of control y e Bandura’s reciprocal determinism: Self-efficacy ¢ Mischel’s cognitive/affective theory Humanistic approach (LO 14.19 & 20) © Rogers’ self theory: Positive regard, self-concept, conditions of worth ¢ Maslow’s growth theory: Deficiency-vs. growth orientation Q2. How do we assess personality? =*4 methods to assess personality « 1) Life outcomes, 2) situational ratings, 3) observer ratings, 4) Self-reports Aa * Projective tests (type of self-reports): TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), Rorschach ink d blots TN NN ON ON Ch15: Psychological disorders Ql. What is abnormal? Criteria for defining “abnormal” (LO 15.2) ¢ Clinical definition: Infrequency, norm violation, personal suffering e Practical approach: Impaired functioning (content, context, consequences) ae Q2. What expalins psychological disorders? Explanations for psychopathology (LO 15.3 & 4) Neurobiological, psychological, sociocultural factors Biopsychosocial: Diathesis-stress model 03. How do we classify psychological disorders? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (LO 15.5) Anxicty disorders (LO 15.7~9) Phobia: Specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder: Panic attacks Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Obsessions vs. compulsions Somatoform disorders (LO 15.12) Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis Somatization disorder Pain disorder Dissociative disorders (LO 15.14) Dissociative fugue Dissociative amnesia Dissociative identity disorder Mood disorders (LO15.16~18) Depressive disorder: Major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder o Association between depression and suicide Bipolar disorder: Bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, Cyclothymic disorder Schizophrenia (LO15.20~22) Positive symptoms © Language problems: Neologism, loose associations, clang associations, word salad o Delusions: Ideas of reference, delusions of grandeur, thought broadcasting, thought blocking, thought insertion o Hallucinations Negative symptoms o Lack of speech, flat affect, social withdrawal, absence of pleasure or motivation Subtypes of schizophrenia o Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual Personality disorders (LO 15.24 & 25) Cluster A (odd-eccentric), Cluster B (dramatic-erratic), Cluster C (anxious-fearful) Antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline personality disorders Psychological disorders in childhood (LO 15.26) Externalizing vs. Internalizing problems Conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, autistic spectrum disorders  1 Mental illness and the law (LO 15,30) ¢ Protection from persecution: Mentally incompetent to stand trial * Protection from punishment: Not guilty by reason of insanity e Guilty but mentally ill ~ em em ew em dle ew em tm ew ee Ch16: Treatment of psychological disorders QI. What kinds of biological treatment are available for psychological disorders Psychosurgery (LO 16.18) e Prefrontal lomotomy e Almost extinct today Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (LO 16.19) e Used for severe cases of depression or schizophrenia when nothing else works Psychoactive drugs (LO 16.20) e Neuroleptics (or antipsychotics), Antidepressants, Lithium and anticonvulsants, Anxiolytics Q2. What kinds of psychotherapy are available for psychological disorders? Psychodynamic psychotherapy (classical psychoanalysis) (LO 16.3 & 4) ¢ Free associations, dream interpretation (manifest vs. latent content), Freudian slips, transference vs. countertransference * Contemporary psychodynamic therapy: Object-relations Humanistic psychotherapy (LO 16.6~8) e Client-centered therapy: Unconditional positive regards, active listening, empathetic reflection, congruence (or genuineness) © Gestalt’s therapy: Directly confront incongruency between nonverbal and verbal, use of role-play & imaginary dialogue (empty-chair technique) Behavioral therapy (LO 16.9 & 11) e Systematic desensitization Flooding Modeling (social skills & assertiveness training) Positive reinforcement (a token economy) Extinction Punishment Aversive conditioning Cognitive-behavioral therapy (LO 16,12) ¢ Ellis’ rational-emotive behavior therapy: Cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation ve \ training ; ¢ Beck’s cognitive therapy: Cognitive distortions eeeeee TN ee