FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: USI NURSING 246, 2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS, Exams of Advanced Education

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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: USI NURSING

246, 2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE

ANSWERS

How do stressors affect the body? - CORRECT ANSWERS- it disrupts the sense of balance in the body Fight or flight response physiologically - CORRECT ANSWERS- increased heart rate, bp, rr, pupils dilate, decreased gastric motility, decreased blood flow to skin Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS- Alarm: stress disrupts homeostasis, fight or flight Resistance: The body attempts to regain balance while responding to a stressor, stabilized hormones Exhaustion: when stress is not relieved and the body's resources are inadequate to meet demands Coping and factors that affect coping - CORRECT ANSWERS- Coping is how a person deals with the stressors in their life. Coping is influenced as new information or data is introduced

Defense mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWERS- compensation, denial, displacement, intellectualization, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression Assessment strategies for coping and stress - CORRECT ANSWERS- build a trusting relationship, open-ended questions, be culturally sensitive, identify the use of coping measure, and realize stress can present itself physically or psychologically circadian rhythm - CORRECT ANSWERS- the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle Stages of the sleep cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS- Stage 1: light transitional sleep, lasts about 5 minutes, Stage 2: more stable sleep, chemicals block senses, Stage 3: deep sleep, growth hormone is released, hard to arouse, REM: dreams occur, revitalizes, occurs about 90 minutes after going to sleep. Sleep time related to age - CORRECT ANSWERS- newborn: 2-4 hours between feedings Infant: 12-15 hours a night and naps Toddler: 11-14 hours a night and naps School-age: 9-11 hours

faith: the act of being devout to a higher cause Explain how acute illness, chronic illness, and terminal illness can affect spirituality - CORRECT ANSWERS- acute illness: one can feel closer or farther from their spirituality because of the problem chronic illness: one can blame their god for this and distance themselves or find themselves closer to getting hope. Terminal: one typically becomes more religious because their life is coming to an end Identify different types of loss - CORRECT ANSWERS- maturational loss situational loss actual loss perceived loss Types of grief - CORRECT ANSWERS- anticipatory grief normal grief disenfranchised grief complicated grief Define ethics, morality, values and beliefs - CORRECT ANSWERS- ethics: study of morality from a variety of perspectives

morality: personal values, character, or conducts of individuals or groups values: personal beliefs about the worth of a given idea beliefs: what people see as correct, true or real Role of ethics in nursing - CORRECT ANSWERS- -Autonomy of nurses -Advocates, protectors, and confidantes of patients. -Often help patients and their families make difficult choices. essential nursing values - CORRECT ANSWERS- altruism: doing good for no reason autonomy: right to make decisions beneficence: doing good fidelity: keeping promises integrity: doing the things you promise justice: fairness nonmaleficence: doing no harm responsibility: Reliability social justice: fair treatment of others veracity: truthfulness moral distress: deciding right and wrong

Hct: 40- BUN: 10- Creatinine: F: .5-1.1 M: .6-1. SPEAK UP acronym - CORRECT ANSWERS- S: speak up P: pay attention to care E: educate yourself A: ask family and friends to advocate K: know your meds U: use a good facility P: participate Health literacy definition - CORRECT ANSWERS- a person's capacity to learn about and understand basic health information and services, and to use these resources to promote one's health and wellness 3 domains of learning - CORRECT ANSWERS- cognitive: learning verbally, videos, books etc. affective: using emotion and roleplaying psychomotor: hands on learning

Cognitive domains of learning - CORRECT ANSWERS- remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating Psychomotor domains of learning - CORRECT ANSWERS- imitation, manipulation, precision, articulation, naturalization characteristics of a critical thinker - CORRECT ANSWERS- *Open- mindedness *Healthy skepticism *Intellectual humility *Free-thinking *High motivation challenges to thinking like a nurse - CORRECT ANSWERS- complexity, ambiguity, instability medical diagnosis vs nursing diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWERS- medical diagnosis: identification of a disease condition nursing diagnosis: identification of a patient's response to a disease 3 types of nursing diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWERS- actual: chronic pain potential: risk for infection

Standards of Care in nursing - CORRECT ANSWERS- - developed by the ANA

• legal requirements for nursing practice that describe the minimum acceptable nursing care Intentional tort vs. unintentional tort - CORRECT ANSWERS- intentional
• assault , battery , false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, defamation unintentional - negligence, malpractice common forms of nursing malpractice - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1. Failure to note a change in patient condition

2. Misuse of medical device
3. Failure to get informed patient consent
4. Documentation error
5. Failure to promptly carry out doctor's order
6. Failure to assess and document patient's condition or complaint
7. Failure to notify doctor of a patient's condition
8. Failure to evaluate and respond to a patient's needs
9. Medication error Nursing student legal boundaries - CORRECT ANSWERS- cannot witness any legal document

cannot administer blood CAN be held liable for actions work inside your role HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) - CORRECT ANSWERS- §Federal statutory act to protect privacy, confidentiality, and security of medical information. Privacy and confidentiality National Patient Safety Goals - CORRECT ANSWERS- Identify patients correctly Improve staff communication Use medicines safely Use alarms safely Prevent infection Identify patient safety risks Prevent mistakes in surgery Culture of Safety - CORRECT ANSWERS- commitment by all employees to follow policy and procedure Just culture without punishment Commitment to work collaboratively

Horizontal violence - CORRECT ANSWERS- violence that occurs peer to peer Florence Nightingale - CORRECT ANSWERS- Founder of modern nursing Lady with the Lamp Crimean War Nurse Pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light. Additional warmth, quiet, and diet Clara Barton - CORRECT ANSWERS- Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross Dorthea Dix - CORRECT ANSWERS- Helped the mentally ill receive quality healthcare Helped the Native Americans Harriet Tubman - CORRECT ANSWERS- Cared for sick and wounded black soldiers. One of the first black nurses

Mary Mahoney - CORRECT ANSWERS- First professionally trained African American nurse Isabella Hampton Robb - CORRECT ANSWERS- Founder of the ANA and first nurse author of a nursing textbook First nursing theorist. Virginia Henderson - CORRECT ANSWERS- the patient is an individual who requires help to reach independence Different levels of nursing education - CORRECT ANSWERS- LPN: Licensed Practical Nurse- 1 year of schooling RN: Registered Nurse- 2 years of schooling RN, BSN: Registered Nurse with bachelor- 4 years of schooling APRN: Advanced Practice Registered Nurse: 6+ years of schooling MSN prepared APRN roles - CORRECT ANSWERS- Nurse midwife: Works under an OBGYN, delivers healthy pregnancies, and provides female care Nurse Practitioner: Worked under MD or DO, provides family care to healthy children and adults. Nurse Anesthetist: works under an anesthesiologist and provides anesthesia to patients

Main initiatives instigated by Future of Nursing Report - CORRECT ANSWERS- practice to full extent of education Higher levels of education Full partners with physicians and other professionals Policy and data collection of workforce IOM 2011 How can student nurses impact National Patient Safety Goals - CORRECT ANSWERS- ID patients, improve communication, Medication safety, use alarms safely, prevent infections, ID patient safety risks, prevent surgical mistakes. What is the purpose of nursing theories - CORRECT ANSWERS- They are specific concrete concepts and propositions that purport to account for some phenomenon. Nursing Metaparadigm - CORRECT ANSWERS- Includes the person, health, environment, and nursing. It is a large concept that envelops the nursing theories as a whole Nursing Theorist: Watson - CORRECT ANSWERS- Philosophy of Transpersonal Caring-Science of Caring.

Through caring behaviors, nurses assist patients in attaining unity and harmony within mind-body, and soul Nursing Theorist: Orem - CORRECT ANSWERS- Self-care deficit theory: nurses support their patients so that patients can maintain self-care. Supports the importance of independence in patients Nursing Theorist: Roy - CORRECT ANSWERS- Roy Adaptation Model: Nurses help the patient adapt to changes in physiological needs, self- concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness. Nursing Theorist: Neuman - CORRECT ANSWERS- Systems Theory: nurses promote stability in the system by preventing stressors or promoting integrity in the lines of defense. Physiological, Psychological, Sociocultural, Developmental, and Spiritual Nursing Theorist: Lininger - CORRECT ANSWERS- Lininger Cultural Care Theory: Nurses provide culturally congruent care Nursing Theorist: Peplau - CORRECT ANSWERS- Peplau Theory of interpersonal Relations: Nurse-client relationship is an interpersonal and therapeutic process

Nursing Theorist: Mishel - CORRECT ANSWERS- Uncertainty in Illness model: Nurses assist patients by helping them achieve clarity and employ coping strategies that lead to adaptation. Nursing Theorist: Maslows Theory of Basic Human Needs - CORRECT ANSWERS- Bottom to top Physiological (food, air, water, etc.) Safety and Security Love and belonging Self-esteem Self-actualization (creativity, authenticity, etc.) Elements of nursing caring - CORRECT ANSWERS- presence, touch, listening, and compassion Caring Nursing Theories - CORRECT ANSWERS- Leininger: Cultural Care Theory Watson: Transpersonal Caring Swanson: Theory of caring Boykin and Schoenhofer: Nursing as caring

Define complementary, alternative and integrative health - CORRECT ANSWERS- Complementary: used with medical therapies Alternative: used in place of medical treatment Integrative: pulls conventional, complementary and alternative together Examples of complementary and integrative health - CORRECT ANSWERS- biological therapies- herbal medicines, dietary supplements, probiotics, aromatherapy, cannabis. mind-body therapies- art therapy, guided imagery, meditation, prayer, etc. manual therapies- acupuncture, chiropractics, massage therapy. bioenergetic therapies- healing touch, magnet therapy, reiki, pilates. alternative systems of care-homeopathy, naturopathy, functional medicine (derived from indigenous knowledge) Western medicine vs Eastern medicine - CORRECT ANSWERS- Western medicine: mainstream, disease-focused, technology, standardized approaches, evidence-based, and goal-oriented. Eastern medicine: focuses on the whole person and uses alternative forms of medicine to heal the person from the mind down.