FINAL KLETC STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025, Exams of Law

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FINAL KLETC STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 2.01: Constitutional Law LO4 - Identify the specific constitutional amendments that are applicable to criminal justice, particularly the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth. 1st: Freedom of speech, religion, press, petition and assembly 4th: Search and Seizure (The right of people to be secured in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 5th: Self incrimination, double jeopardy, due process (No person held for a capital crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, can't be a witness against himself) 6th: Rights of the Accused (Speedy+public trial by impartial jury) 8th: Cruel and Unusual Punishments and excessive Bail/Fine 14th: Due Process (Prevents state governments from taking action that would deprive people of certain fundamental rights) 2.02 Kansas Criminal Law and Code LO10 - DEFINE THE ORGANIZATION AND COMPONENTS OF THE KS CRIMINAL CODE ● Purpose is to set forth the crimes that can be charged under KS law and enumerate their various elements ● Setting the proper procedure to set forth in the code will be dealt with under principles of federal law. ● They also limit police power and authority. LO12 - VOLUNTARY ACT VS. INVOLUNTARY ACT ● Voluntary Act: Direct, voluntary, affirmative act = NOT ACCIDENTAL. ● Involuntary Act: By reflex, while unconscious/asleep (no criminal liability). ● Omission: Failure to act when required (not a crime unless described in a statute). GUILTY ACT + GUILTY MIND = CRIME Voluntary Intoxication: Only a defense for a specific intent crime (ex. Criminal threat requires a statement made with the intent to terrorize). Intoxication is only a defense if the person was drugged. 2.02.1 Kansas Criminal Law and Code Identify Sections of the KS Code which define crimes that are most important to performance of an LEO's Job. ASSAULT ● Knowingly placing another in reasonable apprehension of immediate bodily harm. ● Suspect must have apparent ability to harm ● Person threatened must be aware of the threat/scared. ● May be threatening act/language. ● No contact (once contact is made = battery). AGGRAVATED ASSAULT Assault+deadly weapon OR disguise OR intent commit felony. BATTERY ● Knowingly/recklessly does the act which causes injury. ● If rude, insulting or angry manner then only knowingly causing physical contact is needed (injury not required). ● Getting spit on = battery because of the contact made. AGGRAVATED BATTERY ● Knowingly/recklessly causing great bodily harm OR with a weapon. ● If rude, insulting or angry manner then only knowingly causing physical contact with a weapon is needed (injury not required). ● Committing DUI when great bodily harm to another person/disfigurement of another person OR ● Committing a DUI when bodily harm to another person results/great bodily harm/disfigurement/death can result from such act. DOMESTIC BATTERY ● Unconscious or physically powerless. OR ● Under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs when the offender knows of this condition OR ● The victim is UNDER 14 years old (Jessica's Law). ● Victim must be alive to be raped. ● Males can be raped in Kansas. TWO THEORIES ● Non-consensual intercourse ● Sexual intercourse with a child under 14 years old. INDECENT LIBERTIES WITH A CHILD Lewd fondling/touching with a child 14 or 15 years old WITH CONSENT. AGGRAVATED INDECENT LIBERTIES WITH A CHILD ● Sexual intercourse with child between 14-15 years old WITH CONSENT. ● Lewd fondling/touching of a child victim who is 14 and 15 years old WITHOUT CONSENT. ● If child is under 14 years old consent is not even an issue if lewd fondling and touching. ● Sexual intercourse with a child under 14 years old = RAPE. UNLAWFUL SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH AN INMATE ● Victim is 16+ years old. ● Offender + Victim are not married. ● Offender is LEO, parole officer, juvenile justice employee, corrections/jailer, SRS employee, teacher at victim's school, authority in foster home. ● Offender has control/authority over them. EXPOSING ANOTHER TO A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ● Suspect must have known they had a life threatening communicable disease. ● Must have engaged in sexual intercourse, sodomy, blood donation, sharing needle. ● Must have intent to expose victim to the disease. ● Penetration must have been made by the male sex organ. STALKING ● Recklessly/Knowingly engaging in a course of conduct which would cause a reasonable person to fear for their safety/family's safety. ● Does not require physical contact. ● MANDATORY ARREST MISTREATMENT OF DEPENDENT/ELDER ADULT ● DOES NOT always require physical injury. ● Must show intent; the adult is unable to protect own interests/the dependent adult is at least 18 years old. ● Offender must know they are a dependent adult. LEWD AND LASCIVIOUS BEHAVIOR Exposure of sex organ in a public place must accompany evidence of intent to arouse self/others/both for charge. Mere exposure of sex organ itself is insufficient for the charge. 3.04 Fair and Impartial Policing Define how fair and impartial policing is fundamental to the legitimacy of LEOs in society, and their specific jurisdiction When community members believe they are being treated fairly and with respect, they are more likely to cooperate and comply with the police and police decisions Explain how to implement a controlled and unbiased response in law enforcement duties. ● Educate themselves about people. ● The contact theory: the more positive contacts officers have with groups of people that are unfamiliar to them, the more positive feelings they will have about members of that group 02.02.2 Kansas Criminal Law and Code Identify the elements of those crimes that are most important to performance of a law enforcement officer's job. THEFT ● Obtaining/exerting control over property/services of another with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of its use or benefit. ● Requires ownership of property by another ● Separate charge each time a theft is committed ● Value of property determines level of crime ○ Less than $1500 = Misd ○ More than $1500 = Felony CRIMINAL DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY ● Obtaining unauthorized control over property with intent to temporarily deprive the owner of its use without owner's consent ● Joyriding statute WORTHLESS CHECK Making, drawing, issuing or delivering or causing or directing the making, drawing, or delivering of any check on any financial institution for the payment of money or its equivalent with intent to defraud and knowing at the time of making, drawing, issuing or delivering of such check that the maker or drawer has no deposit in or credits with the financial institution or has not sufficient funds in, or credits with the financial institution for the payment of such check in full upon its presentation. FORGERY With intent to defraud, making, altering or endorsing, issuing or distributing, processing, with intent to issue or distribute. BURGLARY ● Without authority entering into or remaining within a dwelling, building, vehicle with the intent (when you enter); a felony, theft or sexually motivated crime. ● NEED INTENT AGGRAVATED BURGLARY ● Burglary + HUMAN BEING PRESENT ● If person withdraws consent for suspect to be there and they remain = agg burglary CRIMINAL DAMAGE TO PROPERTY ● By means other than fire or explosives ● Knowingly damaging/destroying/defacing ● The use of any property in which another has interest ● Without consent ● Aggravated = $5000+ damage CRIMINAL TRESPASS ● Entering/remaining upon any land, structure, vehicle, aircraft; by a person who knows he/she is not authorized to do so, AND ○ Enters in defiance or an order not to enter or to leave ○ No trespassing sign posted ○ Enters in defiance of a restraining order ● Voluntary intoxication is not a defense. ● Only a court can modify an order NOT to come onto the property INTERFERENCE WITH L.E. ● Falsely reporting a crime ● Tampering with evidence to interfere with a criminal investigation ● Knowingly obstructing, resisting, or opposing a LEO in the discharge of his/her official duty. ● Person substantially hinders LEO's job 2.03 Criminal Procedures and Laws of Arrest Define the criteria required to use police power to detain a person for investigative purposes If the arrest or search is unlawful, anything found in the search will be inadmissible. (FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE) 2.04.1: Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule Identify circumstances that require a search warrant prior to searching. Defendant must have had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place or thing seized Define Exclusionary Rule and identify the rule's effect on the law enforcement function in Kansas. Evidence obtained improperly will be suppressed. The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter unlawful police action. Identify which circumstances do not constitute a search covered by the Fourth Amendment, e.g., abandoned property, things in plain view, aerial surveillance. ● Plain view ● Plain touch/feel ● Protective sweeps ● Consent ● Incident to arrest ● Pretextual ● Inventory ● Exigent circumstances ○ PC there is a threat of imminent loss, destruction, removal, concealment of evidence or risk of serious harm/death to another. ○ Hot pursuit. 2.04.2 Warrants Define probable cause to search. Belief that a crime has been committed and that the contraband is presently located in a particular location. Identify legal procedures for executing a search warrant, i.e., daytime and nighttime. Anytime night or day, within 96 hours of issuance, any LEO, any/all reasonable force to gain entry. Define what activities are and are not permissible within the scope of a warrant. Search of all persons present at the search location, detaining individuals, Keeping individuals out of the residence. Define the necessary requirements to search a person, the justifications for said searches and various restrictions on such searches. People run when police enter, where drugs or contraband are in plain view, the person appears to be armed, the person appears to be involved in illegal activity. 2.05 Admissions and Confessions Identify the importance of the Fourth Amendment for statement admissibility. If there are violations of the Fourth Amendment, this can result in the confession, admission or statement being inadmissible. Identify the importance of the Fifth Amendment for statement admissibility. A suspect can't be forced to say anything to incriminate themselves. Police are required to advise suspects of their right to remain silent, right to counsel and other critical rights, before engaging in custodial interrogation Identify the importance of the Sixth Amendment for statement admissibility. Police may not interrogate a suspect after she asserts her counsel right unless she initiates a subsequent interview or her counsel is present. Identify the importance of the Fourteenth Amendment for statement admissibility. Voluntariness of the statement and whether the tactics used in the interrogation were fair. Define "voluntary" as related to admissions and confessions Free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception, and was made in full awareness of the nature of the right being waived and the consequences . Identify the circumstances where persons must be advised of constitutional rights, i.e. Miranda. Before "custodial interrogation" (CUSTODY + INTERROGATION = MIRANDA) Identify criminal and civil liability for violating the individual's right against self-incrimination and the right to counsel. Inadmissible if involuntary; Evidence could be suppressed. 2.07 Kansas Civil and Criminal Liability of Law Enforcement Identify how an officer can be charged with a crime and sued in a civil action for an injury suffered in connection with a single incident ● Officers could face civil liability ● Officers could face criminal charges ● Evidence could be thrown out under the Exclusionary Rule ● Loss of employment Identify the civil legal consequences of the use of excessive force ● Simple Negligence ● Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress ● Endangerment of third parties ● Assault ● Battery ● False Imprisonment 3.01 Interpersonal Communications and Human Behavior Define the purpose of 'Tactical Communication' as generating voluntary compliance to police authority To generate voluntary compliance without the need to use coercive physical force Identify characteristic trait of persons under stress Irrational, non-compliant, may fight if ego is crushed. Identify and define the four components of the deflection format. Don't match your voice to the subject's voice (reflect professionalism and good natured unflappability), Acknowledge the subject's words (don't ignore the subjects words), Ignore the resistance in the words, refocus on your request Identify and define the five components of the tactical compliance format. (ASPCA) Verbal Judo 5-Step Hard-Style Tactical Compliance Format 1. Ask (ethical appeal) a. Most people will comply, difficult people won't comply. 2. Set context (reasonable appeal) a. Explain why we've asked them to do something; back it up with the law b. Most will comply; 7/10 difficult people will comply c. Powerful in establishing your position d. Weakest appeal (people under stress are irrational) e. Ask again 3. Present options (personal appeal; 2nd most effective) a. 8/10 difficult people will comply b. Not a threat c. Present best option first d. Do they have something to lose? If yes, use that (home, job, money) 4. Confirm (practical appeal) a. Confirming they understand what the options are. b. "Is there anything I can say to gain your compliance?" 5. Act (arrest, control, transport) a. Security, assault, flight, excessive repetition of 5-step, revised priority (ALWAYS ACT WHEN S.A.F.E.R.) Describe the concept power phraseology and correctly identify examples of power phrases. Victim identity is also redacted from front page of KSOR (remaining front-page information remains a public record) 5.05 Vehicle Stops LO3) Identify the ethical and legal dimensions of racial profiling and discriminatory enforcement as related to standard police practice, e.g., vehicle stops, frisks, etc. ● Is the targeting of people for law enforcement action based on their race or ethnic background? ● It is ineffective and counterproductive ● It is morally and ethically wrong ● Evenly enforce the law with no regard for race, ethnicity, etc ● Stop for the violation - not the person. 05.06 Roadblocks and Barricades 2 Identify the authority to perform roadblocks/barricades and the legal liability for improperly placed roadblocks/barricades Authority to perform All Kansas LEOs have the authority to conduct roadblocks and barricades, but they must follow all relevant state statutes and Supreme Court Cases. Liability Terrain/highway configuration, ample visibility, day/night, urban/rural, sufficient space for vehicles, weather conditions, type of vehicle, time lapse of offense. *Follow department policy/procedure! 5.12 Officer Survival Identify the importance of wearing the ballistic vest. Officers are 14 times safer on duty if they are wearing a ballistic vest Identify causal factors of fatal assaults when responding to DISTURBANCE CALLS and identify tactics to be used to counter these threats -Most cases shot as soon as the suspect sees officer -Most killed walking towards the door; Some from cover as they approach -Most shots fired from windows and doors -Most killed within first minute -Use cover when approaching -Assume the suspect knows you are coming -Have appropriate level of force ready -Have backup -Use contact and cover rolls -Park out of site and walk up using cover Identify causal factors of fatal assaults on officers INVESTIGATING SUSPICIOUS PERSONS and identify tactics used to counter these threats Causal Factors of Fatal Assaults -Officer should have has indication of trouble -Officer used insufficient caution -Officer was interrupting a crime and was not ready -Did not have appropriate force level ready Countering Threats -Get backup -Move away from subject when doing records check -Maintain reactionary gap -Watch the subjects hands always -Always be ready for anything Identify causal factors of fatal assaults on officers INVESTIGATING SUSPICIOUS PERSONS and identify tactics used to counter these threats Causal Factors of Fatal Assaults -Officer should have has indication of trouble -Officer used insufficient caution -Officer was interrupting a crime and was not ready -Did not have appropriate force level ready Countering Threats -Get backup -Move away from subject when doing records check -Maintain reactionary gap -Watch the subjects hands always -Always be ready for anything Identify THREE factors important to officer survival that the officer controls 1.) Physical Condition 2.) Mental Preparation 3.) Emotional Control Identify elements of the STRESS RESPONSE, how officers respond and how the body reacts to stress -Fear, Excitement, Pressure -Lack of Experience in that Situation -Lack of confidence in skills -Previous bad experience -Too many choices -Major muscles receive more blood -Deterioration of fine motor skills -Visual acuity lessens (get tunnel vision) -Less cognitive thought more instinctive reaction -Officers become goal directed instead of process oriented Identify proper methods for the TACTICAL USE OF COVER. -Stay into the threat as much as possible -Don't lean against or extend your arms cover or beyond cover. 6.08.1 Theft: Identify the state statutes pertaining to theft investigations. K.S.A 21-5801: Theft ● Permanently depriving owner of property ● Obtaining unauthorized control over property/services by deception, threat, knowing it is stolen ● Knowing dispensing motor fuel into a storage container or the fuel tank of a motor vehicle at an establishment in which fuel is offered for retail sale; leaving the premises without paying for it. K.S.A 21-5802: theft of lost or mislaid property ● Obtaining control of property belonging to another person who knows the ID of the owner and fails to take reasonable measures to return it and intends to keep it. ● < $1500 = Misdemeanor | > $1500 = Felony K.S.A. 21-5803: Criminal deprivation of property ● TEMPORARILY deprive owner of property without their consent. ● Motor Vehicle = MISDEMEANOR EXCEPT if 3rd Conviction which = FELONY. ● Firearm = FELONY ● Property (other than MV/Firearm) = MISDEMEANOR (no matter the # of past convictions) K.S.A. 21-5804: Prima facie evidence of intent to permanently deprive ● Alterations/unauthorized use of electricity, water, cable, etc (caused by tampering) (Theft of Services) ● Giving false ID/Fictitious name/address/employment ● Failure of person who leases/rents personal property to return it within 10 days. ● Destroying/breaking lock/chain/key switch used to secure property. ● Destroying/damaging property to make unusable/unrecognizable in order to gain control over the property K.S.A. 21-5420(a) Robbery Knowingly taking property from one's person/presence by force/threat of bodily harm (must be during the taking of property) K.S.A. 21-5420(b) Aggravated Robbery Robbery + Dangerous weapon OR Inflicts bodily harm *Note theft/shoplifting may have force after property is taken. 06.11 Sex Offenses 4 Identify the primary laws related to the investigation of sex crimes Definitions K.S.A. 21-5501 Sexual Intercourse: Any penetration of the female sex organ by a finger, male sex organ, or object. Any penetration, however slight, is sufficient to constitute sexual intercourse. Sodomy: Anal, Oral, Animal -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rape K.S.A. 21-5503 ● Knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse with a victim who does not give consent, is overcome by fear, unconscious, or physically powerless. ● Knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse with a victim when they are incapable of giving consent due to mental deficiency, disease, or because of the effect of alcohol/narcotics/drugs/other substance AND the offender knows about condition. ● Sexual intercourse with a child who is under 14 years old. ● Sexual intercourse with a victim when their consent was obtained by the offender claiming intercourse (misrepresentation) was a medically/therapeutically necessary procedure OR legally required. Aggravated Sodomy K.S.A. 21-3506 ● Sodomy with a child under 14 years old. ● Causing a child under 14 years old to engage in sodomy with any person/animal OR ● Sodomy with a victim who does not consent (with any person/animal) under any of the following circumstances: ○ Victim is overcome by force/fear ○ Unconscious/physically powerless OR ○ Victim incapable of giving consent due to mental deficiency, disease, or because of the effect of alcohol/narcotics/drugs/other substance AND the offender knows about condition. 06.12 Child Abuse and Neglect 2 Identify the criminal offences applicable to child abuse K.S.A 21-5602 Abuse of a Child ● Knowingly tortuturing/cruelly beating a child under 18. ● Shaking any child under 18 that results in great bodily harm. ● Inflicting cruel/inhuman corporal punishment to child under 18. K.S.A 21-5506 Indecent Liberties With A Child ● Engaging/Soliciting child in lewd fondling/touching of 14+15 year old K.S.A 21-5506b Aggravated Indecent Liberties With A Child ● Sexual intercourse with 14+15 year old ● Lewd fondling or touching WITHOUT CONSENT of 14+15 year old. ● If child is UNDER 14: Engaging/soliciting lewd fondling/touching K.S.A 21-5510 Sexual Exploitation of a Child ● Employing, using, persuading, inducing, enticing, coercing child under 18 years of age to engage in sexually explicit conduct. ● Possessing visual depiction of child under 18 shown/heard engaging in sexually explicit conduct. ● Being a parent/guardian/custody of child under 18 years old and knowingly permit child to engage in sexually explicit conduct. *Sex with child under 14 = RAPE. 9 Identify protective custody and emergency removal The police are authorized to take a child into custody without a court order if: ● There is reasonable grounds to believe that the surrounding circumstances/child's condition are such that leaving the child in the place found or under the care and custody of the person then having custody will be harmful to the child → Is it safe to leave the child in their present environment? ● When officer has probable cause to believe child is missing person/verified missing person through NCIC. ● Reasonably believes child is a victim of human trafficking/sexual exploitation of a child. 07.01 Introduction to Kansas Vehicle Code 2 Recognize the source of law to regulate traffic ● Chapter 8 of K.S.A ● Uniform Act Regulating Traffic ● Standard Traffic Ordinances (STO) 7.06 Rules of the Road Identify those traffic offenses that have jurisdiction on public or private property Reckless driving, DUI, flee or attempting to elude, 8 Identify the significant provisions in Article 15 of Chapter 8, K.S.A. Article 15 Operation of bicycles, motorized bicycles, low power cycles and play vehicles Section 130 K.S.A. 8-1589 Clinging to vehicles No person riding upon any bicycle, coaster, roller skates, sled or toy vehicle shall attach the same, himself or herself to any vehicle upon a roadway Section 133 K.S.A. 8-1592 Lamps and other equipment on bicycles Every bicycle when in use at nighttime shall be equipped with a lamp on the front which shall emit a white light visible from a distance of at least 500 feet to the front and a red reflector on the rear of a typed approved by the division which shall be visible from all distances from 100 feet to 600 feet to the rear. A red lamp emitting a red light visible from a distance of 500 feet may be used Section 136 No person upon roller skates, or riding in or by means of any coaster, toy vehicle, or similar device, shall go upon any roadway except while crossing a street at a crosswalk and except upon streets set aside as play streets 7.07 Serious Offenses and Fatalities Identify the elements of vehicular homicide Killing of a human being committed by the operation of an automobile, airplane, motor boat or other motor vehicle in a manner which creates unreasonable risk of injury to person, property of another 9.04 Juvenile Law and Justice Identify the circumstances under which an officer may take a juvenile offender into custody. ● The officer has a warrant ● PC exists to believe that a warrant has been issued ● If an offense has been or is being committed in the officer's view ● PC exists juvenile has committed a felony ● PC exists juvenile has committed a misdemeanor and Juvenile won't be apprehended or evidence will be lost, or juvenile may cause injury to self or others or may be injured or may cause damage to property ● PC exists that the juvenile has violated an electronic monitoring order ● Upon receipt of a warrant prepared by case supervisor that violated conditions of release Identify circumstances which warrant placing a Child in Need of Care ● Is without parental care, control or subsistence and the condition is not due solely to the lack of financial mean of the child's parents or other custodian ● Without the care or control necessary for the child's physical, mental, emotional health (unattended, inadequate supervision, insufficient materials for needs) ● Physical, mental, or emotional abuse, neglected or sexually abused LO13 - Define the rules regarding use of deadly force to effect an arrest or prevent an escape. Refer to Tennessee v. Garner - VIOLENT, FLEEING FELON Deadly force may be when an officer reasonability believes that: ● Such force is necessary to prevent the arrest from being defeated by resistance or escape AND ● The suspect is believed to have committed a felony involving great bodily harm, OR ● The suspect is attempting to escape with a deadly weapon, OR ● The suspect has indicated he will endanger human life or inflict great bodily harm unless arrested without delay LO17 - Define the general rule regarding when deadly force can be used in self defense by a LEO acting in the line of duty. In order to justify the use of deadly force there must be an immediate and otherwise unavoidable threat of death or grave bodily harm to the officer. The assailant must also have the ABILITY to inflict the harm, the OPPORTUNITY to use the ability, and the assailant must be behaving in such a manner that a reasonable person would conclude that he is placing the officer in JEOPARDY. There must be immediate/unavoidable threat of death/grave bodily harm to the officer/other innocents LO18 - Define the general rule regarding the use of force in defense of others by a LEO acting in the line of duty. ALL 3 NEED TO BE PRESENT In order to justify the use of deadly force there must be an immediate and otherwise unavoidable threat of death or great bodily harm to another person. The assailant must also have the ABILITY to inflict the harm on the person, the OPPORTUNITY to use that ability and the assailant must be behaving in such a manner that a reasonable person in the officer's shoes would conclude that the suspect is placing someone in JEOPARDY. There must be immediate/unavoidable threat of death/great bodily harm to the officer/other innocents. 10.02 USE OF FORCE CONTINUUM LO2 - List the four reasons that police officers can use force. ● To effect arrest ● To prevent escape ● Defend self ● Defend others LO6 - Identify the one plus one theory as it applies to the appropriate use of force. The officer has the right to escalate one level of force above the level of resistance encountered. LO9 - Describe appropriate escalation, in order, as it would apply to a force situation with the officer's approach to the situation. ● Enter at the appropriate level of force ● Establish verbal control ● Display weapon ● Identify weapon ● Verbalize consequences of non-compliance ● Use force ● Follow-up control *As you move up the continuum risk of injury increases! LO8 - Identify and list in order, the levels of control available to an officer beginning with the least intrusive ● Officer presence ● Verbal direction ● Soft empty hand control (pressure points) ● Aerosol Projector/Conducted energy weapons (OC/Taser) ● Soft Intermediate weapons (batons to apply leverage or locks) ● Hard Empty Hand Control (strikes) ● Intermediate/Impact weapons (baton strikes) ● Deadly force 16.01 Legal Aspects of Emergency Vehicle Operation Identify the circumstances when a driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may exercise the privileges granted in K.S.A. 8-1506 When responding to an emergency call, when in pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law, when responding to but not upon returning from a fire alarm. Identify the exemptions allowed by K.S.A. 8-1506 ● Park or stand ● Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation ● Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as such driver does not endanger life or property ● Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions ● Proceed through toll booths on roads or bridges without stopping for payment of toll, but only after slowing down. Identify when the exemptions granted to an authorized emergency vehicle shall apply. ● When such vehicle is making use of an audible signal and visual signals ● Identify the driving error factors that may lead to a negligence suit ● Did the officer's vehicle have proper emergency equipment installed and was the officer utilizing the proper emergency equipment at the time of the incident? ● Was the event an emergency response? ● What was the speed of the vehicles? ● What was the traffic density? ● What was the pedestrian traffic? ● What were the weather conditions? ● What were the lighting conditions? ● What were the road surface and the design of the road? ● Were there numerous intersections or was it a limited access roadway? ● What was the condition of the officer's vehicle and was the officer aware of the condition ● What training did the officer have and was the officer following their training? ● Were there alternative means of apprehension ● Was there a danger to the public? ● Was there a department policy and did the officer adhere to the policy. Identify the driving error factors that may lead to a negligence suit? ● Proper emergency equipment? ● Emergency run? ● Speed of the vehicle? ● Traffic density? ● Weather conditions? ● Road surface / Road design? ● Numerous intersections or limited access roadway?