Final Practical | BIO 222 - Microbiology Laboratory, Quizzes of Medical Microbiology

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Antimicrobials

Capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, especially pathogenic microorganismsexamples,:antibiotics, disinfectants and preservatives TERM 2

Penicillin

DEFINITION 2 Fleming discovered it in 1928performed clinical trials in 1940, Howard florey and ernst chain TERM 3

Sources of Antibiotics: Bacitracin

DEFINITION 3 Bacillus Subtilis TERM 4

Sources of Antibiotics:

Polymyxin

DEFINITION 4 Bacillus polymyxa TERM 5

Sources of Antibiotics: Amphotericin B

DEFINITION 5 Streptomyces nodosus

Sources of Antibiotics: Chloramphenicol

Streptomyces venezuelae TERM 7

Sources of Antibiotics: Tetracylcine

DEFINITION 7 Streptomyces aureofaceins TERM 8

Sources of Antibiotics: Erythromycin

DEFINITION 8 Streptomyces erythroeus TERM 9

Sources of Antibiotics: Neomycin

DEFINITION 9 Streptomyces fradiae TERM 10

Sources of Antibiotics:

Streptomycin

DEFINITION 10 Streptomycin griseus

Sources of Antibiotics:Gentamycin

Micromonospora purpurae TERM 12

Sources of Antibiotics: Cephalothin

DEFINITION 12 Cephalosporium spp. = Fungi TERM 13

Sources of Antibiotics: Griseofulvin

DEFINITION 13 Penicillum griseofulvum-Fungi TERM 14

Sources of Antibiotics: Penicillin

DEFINITION 14 Penicillum notatum- Fungi TERM 15

Broad spectrum antibiotics

DEFINITION 15 Affect broad range of gram positive and negative bacteria

narrow spectrum

Clinically better because it prevents antibiotic resistance TERM 17

Superinfection

DEFINITION 17 overgrowth of an opportunistic pathogen when normal flora is killed TERM 18

Bacteriocidal

DEFINITION 18 Kill microbes TERM 19

Bacteriostatic

DEFINITION 19 prevent microbes from growing TERM 20

Antibiotics that prevent cell wall

synthesis

DEFINITION 20 pENICILLINS, CEPHALOSPORINGS,BACITRACIN, VANCOMYCIN

Antibiotics that inhibit protein

synthesis

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin TERM 22

Anitbiotics that inhibit replication and

transcription

DEFINITION 22 Quinolones,rifampin TERM 23

Antibiotics that injure plasma

membrane

DEFINITION 23 polymyxin B TERM 24

Antibiotics that Inhibit synthesis of

metabolites

DEFINITION 24 Sulfanilamide, trimethoprim TERM 25

Penicillin

DEFINITION 25 Inhibits cell wall synthesisNatural penicillins are Against gram (+) bacteriaSemisynthetic penicillins are broad spectrum- ampicillin and amoxicillinresistance and allergic reactions

Tetracycline

Inhibit protein synthesisBroad spectrum including chlamydia and ricketttsiasUsed in animal feedsdiscolors teeth TERM 27

Cephalosporins

DEFINITION 27 Inhibit cell wall synthesissimilar to penicillin1st= injection(cephalothin, cefamandole, cefotaxime)3rd=oral (Cefpodoxine,cefixime) TERM 28

Aminoglycosides

DEFINITION 28 1st antibiotic with activity against gram negative bacteriabroad spectruminhibit protein synthesisStreptomycin--> mycobacteriaGentamycin--? pseudomonas spp cystic fibrosis patients (tobramycin)cause damage to auditory nerve and kidneys TERM 29

Chloramphenicol

DEFINITION 29 broad spectrumserious toxicityinhibits protein synthesiscauses fatal aplastic anemia TERM 30

Polypeptide Antibiotics--> Vancomycin

DEFINITION 30 against gram positivelast line of defense against MRSANow seeing VRSA and VRE(Enterococci)

Sulfonamides(Sulfa

Drug)

1st synthetic antimicrobialBroad spectrumbacteriostaticinhibitor of PABA which is needed to make folic acid(DNA, RNA, Proteins) TERM 32

How do you evaluate a disinfectant?

DEFINITION 32 Disk diffusion method on Kirby-Bauer Agar TERM 33

MIC

DEFINITION 33 Minimal inhibitory concentration TERM 34

MBC

DEFINITION 34 Minimal bactericidal concentration TERM 35

Zone of inhibition

DEFINITION 35 measured diameter to interpret resistanceMeuller Hinton agar is the choice agar

Disinfectants

Substances applied to non-living objects, to kill microorganisms that are living on the objects surfaceeliminates everything but bacterial spores TERM 37

What effects a disinfectant's efficiency

DEFINITION 37 Nature (e.g. spores) and # of microorganisms Amount of organic matter present (e.g. soil, feces, & blood) Temperature TERM 38

Sanitizing

DEFINITION 38 Reduces microorganisms on inanimate surfaces to levels considered Safe by public health code/regulations TERM 39

Antiseptics

DEFINITION 39 Antiseptics-Chemical agent applied to living tissue to kill microbes. Antiseptics arent too harsh so they dont kill the living tissue too TERM 40

Phenol (Carbolic

acid)

DEFINITION 40 Irritant/odor1% in throat sprays

Phenolics(Lysol)

Cresols/ O-PhenylphenolInjurs membranesproduced by mycobacteriumgood with organics and stable TERM 42

halogen

DEFINITION 42 Iodine/chlorineOxidizing agents combine with tyrosine Tincture aqueous alcohol solution Iodine impairs protein synthesis Iodophore iodine + organic molecule (do not stain and less irritating) Betadine povidone-iodine Water treatment Chlorine Bleach is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) Liquid form of compressed gas drinking water, swimming pools, sewage NaOCl Chlorox TERM 43

Alcohols

DEFINITION 43 Ethanol, Isopropanol Denature proteins, dissolve lipids 60% - 95% are effective Not effective against endospores or non- enveloped viruses TERM 44

heavy metals

DEFINITION 44 Ag, Hg, Cu, Zinc Oligodynamic action Denature proteins 1% Silver Nitrate eyes of newborns Silver-sulfadiazine silver + sulfa drug Burns + dressings Surfacine silver-iodide Mercuric chloride toxicity problem Copper sulfate algicide water and paints Zinc galvanized metal Mouthwashes and paint Copper and Zinc shingles TERM 45

Peroxygens

DEFINITION 45 Oxidizing agents O3 disinfection of water Peracetic acid one of the most effective liquid sporicides Food processing and medical equipment Benzoyl peroxide effective a/g anaerobic bacteria Wounds & acne medications H2O2 poor antiseptic but good disinfectant Plasma Gas Sterilization aseptic packaging

Green Products

Clean but do not disinfect TERM 47

Preservatives

DEFINITION 47 Naturally occurring or synthetic substances added to products (e.g. food, pharmaceuticals, paint, wood) to prevent microbial growth and decompositionWood - protect against fungi and insects with copper, etc.Cosmetics - protect against bacteria and fungiFood preservatives- Acids in vinegar, lemon or lime juiceSpices Tumeric, mustard, cloves, chili pepperSugar helps to lower the Aw Salt Inhibits bacterial growth TERM 48

Propionic Acid

DEFINITION 48 Inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. Occurs naturally in apples, strawberries, tea and violet leaves. An oily liquid with a slightly pungent, rancid odor. Commonly used as an inhibitor and preservative to prevent mold in baked goods and processed cheeses. Also used in butter, fruit flavorings for beverages, ice cream, ices, and candy. Used in animal feed and to prevent mold growth on stored grains, hay and drinking water for poultry and livestock. TERM 49

Sorbic Acid

DEFINITION 49 Antimicrobial agent often used as preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi. Found in many foods, such as cheeses, yogurt, breads, pastries, dried fruit, fish, meat, pickles, olives, soups, prepared salads, jelly, syrups, wine, beer, and soft drinks. Used as salts such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate and calcium sorbate Sorbates are generally used at concentrations of 0.025% to 0.10%. It is a natural compound that is also made synthetically. First isolated from berries in the 1800s, it became commercially available for use as a food preservative in the 1940s. TERM 50

Chili Pepper from Capsicum peppers

DEFINITION 50 Active ingredient capsaicin Used worldwide in foods for their antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Potential for the application of chili pepper extracts in the food in place of artificial preservatives especially as new antibiotic-resistant food-borne pathogens emerge

Cloves from Syzygium aromaticum

Active ingredient eugenol Used as dried product of immature flower buds in foods for flavor and antimicrobial properties Effective against a number of food-borne pathogens Also antioxidants TERM 52

Protozoa

DEFINITION 52 Eukaryotic 1st animal Most free living some pathogenic Parasitic forms may have multiple host Inhabit water & soil Some are part of the normal microbiota of animals 20, species Relatively few cause disease TERM 53

protozoa:Cell Wall?

DEFINITION 53 No cell wall, but may have pellicle TERM 54

protozoa: Locomotion

DEFINITION 54 organelles or by gliding motility TERM 55

protozoa: Food Consumption?

DEFINITION 55 heterotrophic--> absorptive or ingestion

protozoa: reproduction type?

mostly asexual with some sexual modes TERM 57

Protozoa: cysts

DEFINITION 57 formed for survival in adverse conditions TERM 58

Protozoa: Tophozoite

DEFINITION 58 the feeding and growing stage TERM 59

Taxonomy of Protozoa: Sarcodina(amebae)

DEFINITION 59 known for streaming of cytoplasm for locomotioninclude Amoeba--> free livingentamoeba histolytica--> pathogenic TERM 60

Taxonomy of Protozoa: Ciliophora(Ciliates)

DEFINITION 60 known for movement with cilia... obviouslyInclude Paramecium --> free-livingBalantidium coli--> pathogenic

Taxonomy of Protozoa:

Mastigophora(Diplomonads, Parabasalids

Euglenozoa)

Move with flagellaInclude Ceremonas, Heteronema, Euglena--

free livingGardia lamblia adn trypanosoma spp--> pathogenic TERM 62

Taxonomy of Protozoa: Sporozoa

(Apicomplexa)

DEFINITION 62 NO LOCOMOTIONALL PARASITICinclude plasmodium spp--> have a complex life cycleBebsia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora and Toxoplasma TERM 63

Ciliophora

DEFINITION 63 move by ciliaParamecium and vorticellafree living TERM 64

Sarcodina(amoebozoa)

DEFINITION 64 amoebamove by pseudopodia TERM 65

Mastigophora

DEFINITION 65 Euglenozoaflagellatephotoautotrophs--> Euglenoids (Euglena)

Entamoeba histolytica (know how it looks)

sarcodina(amoebazoa) TERM 67

Giardia lamblia (know how it looks)

DEFINITION 67 archaezoamastigophoramultiple flagellano mitochondriaparasitic TERM 68

Trypanosoma gambiense (know how it looks)

DEFINITION 68 Euglenozoa, mastigophorachemoheterotroph--> hemoflagellates(blood parasite)parasitic TERM 69

Balantidium coli (know how it

looks)

DEFINITION 69 Ciliophoraparasitic TERM 70

Plasmodium (know how it looks)

DEFINITION 70 no locomotionparasiticSporozoaApicomplexaAnopheles mesquito definite host (adult sexually reproducing form) Humans Intermediate host (larval asexual forms)

Entamoeba histolytica What disease does it

cause?

Severe dysentery--> blood and mucus in fecesabcesses common(in liver)feeds on RBCs and GI tract tissuesDiagnosed by observing trophozoites in fecestreated w/ metronidazole and iodoquinol TERM 72

Balantidium coli What does it

cause?

DEFINITION 72 THE ONLY human parasitesevere, rare form of dysentaryin large intestine and produce proteases to destroy host cells TERM 73

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense What does it

cause?

DEFINITION 73 African sleeping sicknesstransmitted by tsetse flyprevented by elimination of vectortreated with eflornithine which blocks enzyme for parasiteevades antibodies through antigenic variationflagellates TERM 74

Giardia lamblia What does it cause?

DEFINITION 74 transmitted through waterdiarrhea and flatulance smells of H2Sexamine stool for ova and trophozoitetreated with metronidazole TERM 75

Plasmodium What does it cause?

DEFINITION 75 malariafever and chillsrelease merozoites from RBC is periodic, multiple of 24hrsregulated by tempgametocytes mature at nighttreatment: atovaquone-proguanilChloroquine & Hydroxychloroquine, Doxycycline, Mefloquine

old taxonomy: motility

New taxonomy: DNA/RNA TERM 77

Old taxonomy: Mastigophora=flagella

DEFINITION 77 new taxonomyDiplomonads 2 nuclei, 8 flagella (Giardia) Parabasalids No encysting stage (Trichomonas) Euglenozoa disk-shaped mitochondria, absence of sexual reproduction, undulating membrane (Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Naegleria) TERM 78

Old taxonomy: Sporozoa=no locomotion

DEFINITION 78 Apicomplexa non-motile, obligate intracellular parasites, complex of organelles at the apex, more than one host (Plasmodium, Babesia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Toxoplasma) TERM 79

Old taxonomy- Ciliophora

DEFINITION 79 Cilia--> Ciliates TERM 80

old taxonomy: Sarcodina=streaming of

ectoplasm

DEFINITION 80 amebae

Algae

eukaryotic, unicellular, filamentouse colonial or multicellular(thallic)photoautotrophs TERM 82

Phaeophyta: Brown algae

DEFINITION 82 aka kelpcellulose and alginic acid cell wallsmulticellularchlorophyll a and c, xyanthophyllsstore carbs harvested for algin Laminaria--> vaginal dilation TERM 83

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

DEFINITION 83 Cellulose wallsmulticellularchlorophyl a and d, phycobiliproteinsstore glucoseharvested for agar and carrageenansome make toxin TERM 84

Chlorophyta: Green algae

DEFINITION 84 celluloseuni/multicellularchlorophyll a and b like kelpstore glucosegave rise to plants TERM 85

Bacillariophyta: Diatoms

DEFINITION 85 pectin and silica cell wallsunicellularchlorophyll a and c = carotene/xanthophyllsstore oilfossilized diatoms formed oilproduce domoic acid(neurotoxin)

Dinoflagellates

planktoncellulose in plasma membraneunicellularchlorophyll a and c (carotene and xanthins)store starchsymbiontsneurotocings(saxiotoxins) causes paralytic shellfish poisoningred tide Caguatera - when dinoflagellate passes up the foodchain and concentrated in large fish. TERM 87

Caguatera

DEFINITION 87 when dinoflagellate passes up the foodchain and concentrated in large fish. TERM 88

cyanobacteria(blue green algae)

DEFINITION 88 chlorophyll a, carotene, xanthophylls, c-phycocyanin, c- phycoerythrinno membrane/chloroplastsform heterocysts as sites of nitrogen fixationform akinetes- spores against desiccation,cold, and phosphate deprivation TERM 89

akinetes

DEFINITION 89 spores against desiccation,cold, and phosphate deprivationcyanobacteria TERM 90

heterocyst

DEFINITION 90 sites of nitrogen fixationcyanobacteria

volvox

colonial green algae, have gonidiums inside(circular) TERM 92

Anabaena

DEFINITION 92 cyanobacteriaheterocyst(white)akinete(big green)long strings of circles TERM 93

Chlamydoamonas

DEFINITION 93 circles with nucleus and two flagellas TERM 94

FUNGI

DEFINITION 94 includes yeasts and moldsEukaryotic Chemoheterotrophic Most multicellular (except yeast) Filamentous or fleshy Apsorptive food acquisition Most aerobic and prefer acidic pH (5-6) Sexual and asexual spores Some are dimorphic TERM 95

Fungi: nutritional

adaptation

DEFINITION 95 like acidic and low moisturemost aerobicresistant to osmotic pressure-grows in high salt or sugarneed less nitrogencan metabolize complex carbs

Fungi: Mold- what does it have?

hyphae- filaments TERM 97

What is a mass of hyphae called?

DEFINITION 97 mycelium TERM 98

What does vegetative hyphae

do?

DEFINITION 98 obtain nutrients TERM 99

What do aerial hyphae

do?

DEFINITION 99 deal with reproduction TERM 100

What are Yeasts

DEFINITION 100 unicellular fungi

How do fission yeasts divide?

symmetrically TERM 102

How do budding years divide?

DEFINITION 102 asymetricallyex. Pseudohypha-->chain of buds TERM 103

Dimorphic fungi

are...

DEFINITION 103 yeast-like at 37Cmold-like at 25C TERM 104

Zygomycota

DEFINITION 104 zygospores(conjugation fungi)sporangiospores are asexual TERM 105

Ascomycota

DEFINITION 105 ascospores(sac fungi)conidia and arthoconidia are asexual spores

basidiomycota

basidiospores(club fungi)conidia are asexual TERM 107

Anamorphs

DEFINITION 107 no sexual sporesformerly deuteromycetes and descended from ascomycota(sac) and lost sexual ability.asexual= conidia, arthoconidia, chlamydoconidia TERM 108

Conidiospores

DEFINITION 108 produces in chainsasexualaspergillus and penicilliumsort of looks liks a flower on top TERM 109

sporangiospores

DEFINITION 109 asexualforms sacRhizopus and Mucor TERM 110

Rhizopus: sexual reproduction

DEFINITION 110 conjugation / fused haploid cells produce one zygospore

Coprinus: sexual reproduction

mushroomformed externally on a pedestal(basidium)basidiospores TERM 112

Sordaria fimicola:sexual reproduction

DEFINITION 112 ascosporesforms in sav/ascus TERM 113

Penicillium

DEFINITION 113 an anamorph TERM 114

Saccharomyces

DEFINITION 114 baking, brewing, making juicetype of yeast TERM 115

Candida albicans

DEFINITION 115 causes UTI, type of yeast

Scotch tape prep has what dye?

lactophenol cotton blue