First-Grade Curriculum in California Public Schools and the Common Core State Standards, Summaries of English

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First Grade

in California Public Schools

and the

Common Core State Standards

A Look at…

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS AND INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES DIVISION INSTRUCTION AND LEARNING SUPPORT BRANCH CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Contents

• First-Grade Curriculum 1. Page
• English Language Arts 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know........................................................................................................ 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade................................................................................................................. 1.
    • Reading 1.
    • Writing 1.
    • Speaking and Listening 1.
    • Language 1.
  • Extra Support for Struggling Readers 1.
  • Support for English Learners 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................... 1.
• Mathematics 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
    • Operations and Algebraic Thinking 1.
    • Number and Operations in Base Ten 1.
    • Measurement and Data 1.
    • Geometry.................................................................................................................................................... 1.
  • Support for English Learners 1.
  • Transition to the Common Core State Standards........................................................................................... 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
    • CCSS Domains 1.
• History–Social Science 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
    • The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship 1.
    • Geography of the Community 1.
    • Symbols, Icons, and Traditions of the United States 1.
    • Life Today and Long Ago.......................................................................................................................... 1.
    • Cultural Literacy: One Nation, Many People 1.
    • Economics: Goods and Services 1.
  • The Education and the Environment Initiative 1.
  • Support for English Learners 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
• Science 1.
• Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
    • Physical Sciences 1.
    • Life Sciences 1.
    • Earth Sciences 1.
    • Investigation and Experimentation 1.
  • The Education and the Environment Initiative 1.
  • Science Across the Content Areas 1.
  • Support for English Learners 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
• Visual and Performing Arts 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
    • Dance 1.
    • Music.......................................................................................................................................................... 1.
    • Theatre 1.
    • Visual Arts 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
    • Key Content Standards 1.
• Health 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
    • Growth and Development 1.
    • Injury Prevention and Safety 1.
    • Personal and Community Health 1.
  • Support for English Learners 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
• Physical Education 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
    • perform a variety of physical activities. 1. Overarching Standard 1: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to
    • strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. 1. Overarching Standard 2: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and
    • and performance......................................................................................................................................... 1. Overarching Standard 3: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health
    • and strategies to improve health and performance..................................................................................... 1. Overarching Standard 4: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles,
    • concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. 1. Overarching Standard 5: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological
  • Support for English Learners 1.
  • Support for Students with Special Needs....................................................................................................... 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
• World Languages 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
  • Organization of the Standards 1.
    • Content 1.
    • Communication 1.
    • Cultures 1.
    • Structures 1.
    • Settings 1.
  • Stages of Proficiency 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.
• School Libraries 1.
  • Overview 1.
  • What First-Grade Students Should Know...................................................................................................... 1.
  • What Students Learn in First Grade............................................................................................................... 1.
  • The Standards................................................................................................................................................. 1.

First-Grade Curriculum

What will my child learn in first grade?

I’ve been teaching fifth grade, and this year I’ve been reassigned to first grade. What does the first-grade curriculum look like?

I’m the principal of a small, private elementary school, and I want to be sure my students are meeting the state’s standards. How can I find out what students are expected to learn at each grade?

In August 2010, the state adopted the Common Core State Standards for English language arts and mathematics. How will the new standards enhance first-grade curriculum?

This chapter is organized by sections for each subject, describing what students should know and be able to do by the end of first grade. Each section includes a brief overview of what the student should have learned before entering first grade, followed by a description of the first-grade standards. Each subject concludes with a list of the first-grade standards for that content area. The English language arts and mathematics sections include the new Common Core State Standards (CCSS), with California additions. For a more in-depth discussion of each subject, please review the state-adopted curriculum frameworks for kindergarten through grade twelve. The frameworks are posted on the CDE Curriculum and Instruction Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/allfwks.asp.

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English Language Arts

For students to become lifelong readers and writers, it is essential that they learn early reading and language skills through a strong, integrated instructional process. Becoming a fluent and skillful reader requires extensive engagement with the English language, including understanding the sounds and symbols that make up language, hearing and talking about stories and events, and connecting words with ideas to express in writing and speaking. Standards-based instruction is critical to developing students’ literacy and proficiency in English language arts. The standards describe what students are expected to know and be able to do by the end of this school year. In 2010, California adopted new standards in English language arts: the CCSS, with California additions. The CCSS integrate the strands of English language arts: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language. The new standards will be implemented gradually over the next several years as curriculum frameworks, instructional materials, and assessments based on the CCSS are adopted. There are many similarities between the CCSS and the 1997 California English For example, the CCSS language arts standards, but there are some notable differences. For instance, in the focus on more CCSS, the standards in kindergarten through grade six are divided into the informational text, following strands: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language. The participating in shared 1997 California English language arts standards are organized around domains: research writing Reading, Writing, Written and Oral English Language Conventions, and Listening projects, vocabulary and Speaking. The CCSS often extend or enhance the content of the 1997 acquisition and use, and California English language arts standards. For example, the CCSS focus on more text-analysis skills for informational text, participating in shared research writing projects, vocabulary reading comprehension. acquisition and use, and text-analysis skills for reading comprehension. This section provides an overview of the new CCSS for first-grade English language arts. It includes a review of the important English language arts skills and concepts from kindergarten (prerequisite skills) and guidance to ensure success for English learners. A complete list of the first-grade CCSS for English language arts, with California additions, can be found at the end of this section. A complete list of the first-grade 1997 California English language arts standards is located on the CDE Content Standards Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/elacontentstnds.pdf.

A primary focus of language arts instruction in kindergarten was making sense of the alphabet and its role in reading. Students produced the most frequent sounds for each consonant and isolated and pronounced the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds in consonant-vowel-consonant words. They blended two or three phonemes into recognizable words, read high-frequency words by sight, and read emergent-reader texts with purpose and understanding. Students used a variety of reading comprehension strategies, including the use of pictures and context to make predictions, retelling stories, answer and ask questions, and describe connections between events, ideas, and pieces of information in a text. They compared and contrasted similar stories and texts, identified key details in both narrative and informational texts, and engaged in group reading activities.

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Students printed letters and words, phonetically spelled the beginning of words, and used frequently occurring verbs and nouns, including regular plural nouns. They composed opinion pieces, informative/explanatory texts, and narratives by using a combination of drawing, dictation, and writing. Students also engaged in collaborative conversations with peers and adults about kindergarten topics and learned how to follow rules, such as listening to others and taking turns speaking about topics.

First-grade students extend their knowledge of language arts in significant and exciting ways, learning skills that enable them to read and write more independently. By the end of first grade, students should read proficiently at grade level and have the ability to decode and recognize increasingly complex words accurately and automatically. Students increase their academic and content-specific vocabulary by reading a variety of literature and informational text. Students further develop their communication skills as they engage with peers and adults in collaborative conversations that provide additional opportunities to express their ideas and experiences. As first-grade students learn to write for different purposes, they apply their growing knowledge of language structures and conventions. In order to master the first-grade English language arts content, students need to practice decoding skills. To develop comprehension skills, students need exposure to a variety of high-quality literature and informational texts.

Reading

The following section is organized according to three major areas: reading standards for literature, for informational text, and in foundational skills.

Reading Standards for Literature In first grade, some of the CCSS for reading literature emphasize verbal interaction between student and teacher in order to develop the student’s comprehension of literature. Students use key details when talking or writing about a story or book and emphasize their use to describe characters, settings, and major events. The 1997 California English language arts standards for literary response and analysis focus on the student’s ability to identify and describe a story’s beginning, middle, and end as well as the plot, setting, and characters. The new CCSS continue this development of structural awareness but go further by asking students to demonstrate an understanding of a central message or lesson. Students also learn to differentiate between types of text: those that provide information and those that appeal to the senses and suggest feelings. The CCSS also set the new expectation that students will be able to compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of story characters. This early introduction to literary analysis provides a strong foundation in critical thinking that students will develop throughout their academic careers.

Reading Standards for Informational Text Beginning in kindergarten, the CCSS balance the reading of informational text Beginning in (^) with the reading of literature. First-grade students learn to read appropriately kindergarten, the (^) complex informational text—and to read it independently and proficiently. As CCSS balance the (^) students participate in English language arts activities related to informational text, reading of (^) they make connections to other content areas. Content standards in mathematics, informational text (^) history–social science, and science are reinforced as students read informational text with the reading of (^) that develops concepts and academic vocabulary in those content areas. literature.

Both the CCSS and the 1997 California English language arts standards provide students with opportunities to learn key comprehension strategies through teacher modeling and extensive guided practice. For example, students relate prior knowledge to textual information, confirm predictions by indentifying supporting text, use context to resolve ambiguities about the meaning of words and sentences, and identify text that uses sequence or other logical order. However, the CCSS go further by setting the expectation that students know and use various text structures and features (table of contents, glossaries, electronic menus, and icons) to locate key facts or information in a text. Students also learn to identify the main topic and retell key details of a text; to compare and contrast two texts on the same topic; and to describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Reading Standards in Foundational Skills The CCSS and the 1997 California English language arts standards are similar in that both foster student understanding and working knowledge of concepts of print, the alphabetic principle, and other foundational skills and concepts for reading. In both sets of standards, students develop phonological awareness, basic decoding, and word-recognition skills. Concepts of print are augmented in the CCSS to include organization and basic features of text. Students should read grade-level text with accuracy, at an appropriate rate, and with expression that resembles natural speech. This fluency provides a bridge to reading comprehension. First-grade students recognize the explicit relationship between the words they hear and the phonemic structure of language. Students become not only phonemically aware but also phonemically proficient in identifying, producing, and manipulating sounds. Students should receive systematic and extensive instruction and practice in:

 analyzing words at the phoneme level;

 producing sounds;

 adding, deleting, and changing selected sounds;

 manipulating increasingly longer words (three to four phonemes).

Students learn decoding skills by systematically progressing from simple word types (e.g., consonant vowel-consonant), word lengths (e.g., number of phonemes), and word complexity (e.g., phonemes in the word, position of blends, stop sounds) to more complex words. At each fundamental stage (e.g., letter-sound correspondences, blending, reading whole words), students practice skills that have been modeled for them. Initially, students read controlled decodable text, which serves as an intermediary step until they are able to read grade-level literature and informational text. The CCSS extend the 1997 California English language arts standards by calling for students to use the knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word. Students decode two-syllable words by breaking the words into syllables. Students also apply phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words both in isolation and in grade-level text.

Writing

The CCSS for first-grade writing, like the 1997 California standards, combine the important skills of writing with a focus, forming and documenting ideas, responding to fiction and nonfiction works, and recognizing the role of organization and text structure in different writing applications. Students begin to understand that writing is a process and learn to apply it appropriately to write brief narratives and descriptions of objects, persons, places, or events. Writing activities for students use good models as examples and encourage talking and writing about books and events. Students begin to (^) The CCSS go beyond the 1997 California English language arts standards to include understand that (^) additional sophisticated skills and instructional practices in writing. Students write writing is a (^) informative/explanatory texts and opinion pieces in addition to narrative writing pieces. process… (^) To meet grade-level expectations for opinion pieces, students provide supporting reasons

and facts and a sense of closure. Students write narratives that recount two or more sequenced events and use words to signal event order. They work collaboratively with peers and participate in shared research and writing projects, which include the use of digital tools to edit and publish their work.

Speaking and Listening

In first grade, the CCSS for speaking and listening focus on the skills students need to participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults about grade-level topics and texts. These topic- and text-based conversations are important additions to students’ speaking and listening skills. Collaborative conversations provide students with opportunities to use new vocabulary and academic language. The basic skills for conversations that students learn under the 1997 California English language arts standards are to listen attentively, ask questions for clarification and understanding, and stay on topic when speaking. The CCSS further develop these basic skills as students engage in collaborative conversations with diverse partners, building on others’ comments through multiple exchanges on a topic or text. Students learn to ask and answer questions for different purposes (e.g., to gather additional information or to clarify issues), and in different situations, such as when a text is read aloud or when information is provided by a speaker or presented through other media. Students continue to memorize and recite poems, rhymes, and songs with expression and to give, restate, and follow simple two-step directions. In both the 1997 California English language arts standards and the CCSS, students describe people, places, things, and events. The CCSS introduce students to the use of drawings and other visual displays as additions to their descriptions and to clarify their ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Language

Students in first grade are introduced to the basic elements of English grammar and usage for spoken and written language. Speaking and writing in complete sentences are a focus under the 1997 California English language arts standards, and specific attention is given to singular and plural subjects and verbs. The use of complete sentences to communicate, emphasized in the 1997 California English language arts standards, continues in the CCSS for both writing and speaking. The CCSS maintain students’ focus on subject–verb agreement while extending instruction on the use of pronouns to include proper, personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns (e.g., I, me, my; they, them, their, anyone; everything ).

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In addition to learning the four types of end punctuation, students under the CCSS are expected to name and recognize the four types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative. Instruction in language conventions such as capitalization continues, with the addition of capitalization rules for dates and names. In writing, students learn to use high-frequency words and also learn to recognize common spelling patterns and frequently used irregular words. Specific grammar elements and language conventions taught in first grade help form a base for future grades to build knowledge of both spoken and written formal English. To encourage the use of academic language, the 1997 California English language arts standards call for students to be familiar with categories of words and concepts. The CCSS call for sophisticated vocabulary instruction to help students gain facility with an array of strategies and learn about word relationships and nuances in word meanings. Rather than learning vocabulary words that may not be related to grade-level texts and topics, students learn techniques to help them gain meaning of unknown words in their reading. Students’ vocabularies expand through increased exposure to academic language and the use of high-frequency, grade- appropriate words in speaking and listening and in writing. Students gain independence in making meaning of unknown words by using scaffolding strategies introduced in the CCSS. Some of these concepts appear in second and third grade in the 1997 California English language arts standards. Other vocabulary skills and concepts that students learn under the CCSS include simple roots and affixes, using context clues at the sentence level, defining words by category or key attributes, describing real-life connections between words and their use, attention to verbs and adjectives, and the use of high-frequency conjunctions (e.g., because, since ) to flag simple relationships. In addition, students accrue a broader vocabulary by responding to text they have read or heard read aloud.

Reading is the key to success in all content areas. First-grade students who do not achieve success in phonological awareness, phonics, and word-recognitions skills may experience academic difficulties. Early screening can identify specific areas of instructional needs that can be addressed in a timely manner. Struggling readers—any student experiencing difficulty learning to read, which may include those who use nonstandard English, English learners, and students with disabilities—need additional support to participate in daily lessons with their peers and to ensure they will experience success. Instructional support for students should include:

 flexible grouping for differentiated instruction;

 opportunities to preteach key skills, strategies, and concepts;

 extra instructional support in phonological awareness for those experiencing difficulties;

 direct, explicit instruction in language development to address grammatical structures of oral and written standard English;

 opportunities in vocabulary instruction within context, including academic language;

 opportunities to build background knowledge;

 reinforcement and extension of the regular classroom program.

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English-language development (ELD) is a critical component of the language arts program for English learners and comes with direct, explicit, and systematic instruction in reading and writing. Instructional programs for English learners should be planned according to the students’ assessed level of literacy (reading and writing) in English and in their primary language as well as their proficiency in English (listening, speaking, reading, and writing). Students with strong literacy skills in their primary language have an advantage: They can concentrate on learning English rather than on receiving initial instruction in reading and writing. Students who enter first grade with little prior schooling and limited English skills must learn to read and write while learning English. They begin language arts instruction in English, with literacy instruction augmented by concurrent formal linguistic instruction in English (i.e., ELD). Knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and phonological awareness of the sounds should be included in the lesson before teaching English learners to blend sounds. Additional phonological and letter-sound instruction is provided as needed. Modeling and practice can be provided by the teacher or by native English- speaking peers. After assessment, English learners should be provided with instruction on new letter sounds and blending or on new word types. Such instruction will enable them to catch up with their classmates and accomplish lesson objectives. The following suggestions provide support to English learners:

 Find out whether students have had previous instruction or experiences (or both) with the words included in the instruction and ensure they understand their meaning.

 Assess what knowledge is assumed before each unit of instruction and provide any preteaching of key concepts.

 Have English learners draw on literary skills in their first language to use in English and build on the knowledge of reading skills acquired in their first language in English letter-sound correspondences.

 Include explicit models of the letter-sound correspondences that students are expected to know, and conduct correction in a way that encourages students to keep trying, helping them to see the progress they have made.

 Provide students with scaffolds to learn grammar skills and meet writing expectations.

Specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE) is one instructional strategy to meet the needs of English learners. For additional resources to support the teaching of English learners, please visit the CDE English Learners Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/. The CDE has published an excellent resource, Improving Education for English Learners: Research-Based Approaches (2010b), that provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date strategies to serve English learners. Guidelines for using ELD and SDAIE strategies are provided, as well as recommended instructional practices. Information on the publication is available at the CDE Press Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/re/pn/rc/. English learners need additional time and appropriate instructional support. The CCSS set rigorous expectations for student learning, and ELD instruction must accommodate these enhanced expectations. The following chart illustrates the enhancements in the CCSS for English language arts that may affect ELD instruction. This chart provides teachers with initial guidance in planning effective ELD instruction.

Transition to the Common Core State Standards

Planning ELD Instruction: First Grade

Reading Standards 4. Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal for Literature to the senses. ( See grade 1 Language standards 4-6 for additional expectations.)

5. Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of a range of text types.
6. Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Reading Standards for Informational Text

6. Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words in a text.
7. Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.
8. Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic (e.g., in illustrations, descriptions, or procedures).

Writing Standards 1. Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or name the book they are writing about, state an opinion, supply a reason for the opinion, and provide some sense of closure.

Speaking and Listening Standards

3. Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify something that is not understood.

Language Standards

1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

d. Use personal (subject, object) , possessive, and indefinite pronouns (e.g., I, me, my; they, them, their, anyone, everything ).

f. Use frequently occurring adjectives.

g. Use frequently occurring conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, because ).

h. Use determiners (e.g., articles, demonstratives).

i. Use frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., during, beyond, toward ).

Note : California additions are in bold typeface and underlined.

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The CCSS, with California additions, that follow are the prepublication version of the standards prepared by the Sacramento County Office of Education (SCOE), updated on October 15, 2010. Content that is unique to the CCSS and was added by California to the multistate common core standards is in bold typeface and underlined. The SCOE document is available online at http://www.scoe.net/castandards/agenda/2010/ela_ccs_recommendations.pdf (Outside Source). These grade-one CCSS for English language arts were adopted by the California State Board of Education on August 2, 2010. The CCSS College and Career Readiness (CCR) Anchor Standards (Appendix A) define the literacy expectations for students entering college and careers and provide the foundation for the K–12 language arts standards. Although the CCR Anchor Standards were not part of the State Board of Education action in August, they are essential to understanding the structure and cohesive nature of the CCSS. A complete list of the grade-one 1997 California English language arts content standards is located on the CDE Content Standards Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/elacontentstnds.pdf.

Common Core State Standards

English Language Arts: Grade One

Reading Standards for Literature

Key Ideas and Details

1. Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.
2. Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.
3. Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Craft and Structure

4. Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses. (See grade 1 Language standards 4-6 for additional expectations.)
5. Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of a range of text types.
6. Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

7. Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.
8. (Not applicable to literature)
9. Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity

10. With prompting and support, read prose and poetry of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

a. Activate prior knowledge related to the information and events in a text. b. Confirm predictions about what will happen next in a text.

Reading Standards for Informational Text

Key Ideas and Details

1. Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.
2. Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.
3. Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Craft and Structure

4. Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text. (See grade 1 Language standards 4-6 for additional expectations.)
5. Know and use various text structures (e.g., sequence) and text features (e.g., headings, tables of contents, glossaries, electronic menus, icons) to locate key facts or information in a text.
6. Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words in a text.

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

7. Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.
8. Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.
9. Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic (e.g., in illustrations, descriptions, or procedures).

Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity

10. With prompting and support, read informational texts appropriately complex for grade 1.

a. Activate prior knowledge related to the information and events in a text. b. Confirm predictions about what will happen next in a text.

Reading Standards: Foundational Skills

Print Concepts

1. Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

a. Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, capitalization, ending punctuation).

Phonological Awareness

2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

a. Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

b. Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.

c. Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

d. Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).

Phonics and Word Recognition

3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words both in isolation and in text.

a. Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

b. Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

c. Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

d. Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.

e. Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

f. Read words with inflectional endings.

g. Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Fluency

4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

a. Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.

b. Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

c. Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Writing Standards

Text Types and Purposes

1. Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or name the book they are writing about, state an opinion, supply a reason for the opinion, and provide some sense of closure.
2. Write informative/explanatory texts in which they name a topic, supply some facts about the topic, and provide some sense of closure.
3. Write narratives in which they recount two or more appropriately sequenced events, include some details regarding what happened, use temporal words to signal event order, and provide some sense of closure.

Production and Distribution of Writing

4. (Begins in grade 2 )
5. With guidance and support from adults, focus on a topic, respond to questions and suggestions from peers, and add details to strengthen writing as needed.
6. With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.

Research to Build and Present Knowledge

7. Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of “how-to” books on a given topic and use them to write a sequence of instructions).
8. With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.
9. (Begins in grade 4)

Range of Writing

10. (Begins in grade 2 ).

Speaking and Listening Standards

Comprehension and Collaboration

1. Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

a. Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others with care, speaking one at a time about the topics and texts under discussion).

b. Build on others’ talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others through multiple exchanges.

c. Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

2. Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

a. Give, restate, and follow simple two-step directions.

3. Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify something that is not understood.

Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas

4. Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

a. Memorize and recite poems, rhymes, and songs with expression.

5. Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.
6. Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation. (See grade 1 Language standards 1 and 3 for specific expectations.)

Language Standards

Conventions of Standard English

1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

a. Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

b. Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

c. Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in basic sentences (e.g., He hops; We hop ).

d. Use personal (subject, object) , possessive, and indefinite pronouns (e.g., I, me, my; they, them, their, anyone, everything ).

e. Use verbs to convey a sense of past, present, and future (e.g., Yesterday I walked home; Today I walk home; Tomorrow I will walk home ).

f. Use frequently occurring adjectives.

g. Use frequently occurring conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, because ).

h. Use determiners (e.g., articles, demonstratives).

i. Use frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., during, beyond, toward ).

j. Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences in response to prompts.

2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

a. Capitalize dates and names of people.

b. Use end punctuation for sentences.

c. Use commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

d. Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for frequently occurring irregular words.

e. Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

Knowledge of Language

3. (Begins in grade 2)

Vocabulary Acquisition and Use

4. Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 1 reading and content , choosing flexibly from an array of strategies.

a. Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

b. Use frequently occurring affixes as a clue to the meaning of a word.

c. Identify frequently occurring root words (e.g., look ) and their inflectional forms (e.g., looks, looked, looking ).

5. With guidance and support from adults, demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

a. Sort words into categories (e.g., colors, clothing) to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

b. Define words by category and by one or more key attributes (e.g., a duck is a bird that swims; a tiger is a large cat with stripes).

c. Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., note places at home that are cozy ).

d. Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner (e.g., look, peek, glance, stare, glare, scowl ) and adjectives differing in intensity (e.g., large, gigantic ) by defining or choosing them or by acting out the meanings.

6. Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts, including using frequently occurring conjunctions to signal simple relationships (e.g., I named my hamster Nibblet because she nibbles too much because she likes that ).

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Mathematics

Effective mathematics education provides students with a balanced instructional program. In such a program, students become proficient in basic computational skills and procedures, develop conceptual understandings, and become adept at problem solving. Standards-based mathematics instruction starts with basic material and increases in scope and content as the years progress. It is like an inverted pyramid, with the entire weight of the developing subject, including readiness for algebra, resting on the foundations built in the early grades. In August 2010, California adopted new standards in mathematics: the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), with California additions. The CCSS comprise standards developed by the state-led CCSS Initiative and material taken from the 1997 California mathematics standards. The new standards will be implemented gradually over the next several years as curriculum frameworks, instructional materials, and assessments based on the CCSS are adopted. There are many similarities between the CCSS and the 1997 California mathematics standards, but there are also a few noteworthy differences. For instance, the CCSS are organized by “domains” that add grade-level focus and vary slightly by grade. The domains for first grade are Operations and Algebraic Thinking, Number and Operations in Base Ten, Measurement and Data, and Geometry. Furthermore, the CCSS do not include “key standards” as in the 1997 California mathematics standards. Instead, the CCSS are designed to have a greater focus at each grade and to develop mathematics topics in depth. In the early grades, the CCSS continue to emphasize concepts necessary for the study of more advanced mathematics in later years. To ensure that students have adequate time to achieve mastery, some of the 1997 California mathematics standards familiar to California’s first-grade teachers will be taught in different grades after the CCSS are fully implemented. This section provides an overview of the new CCSS for first-grade mathematics, including some highlights of how the first-grade curriculum, based on the 1997 California mathematics standards, changes with the implementation of the new CCSS. It includes a review of the important mathematical concepts and skills from kindergarten (prerequisite skills) and guidance on areas of mathematics that may be challenging for some English learners. A complete list of the first-grade CCSS for mathematics can be found at the end of this section. A complete list of the first-grade 1997 California mathematics standards is located on CDE Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/mathstandards.pdf.

When entering first grade, students who have met the kindergarten CCSS for mathematics understand the relationship between numbers and quantities and have built a foundation for understanding place value. They can group and compare sets of concrete items and recognize whether there are more, fewer, or an equal number of items in different sets. They learned to count to 100 by ones and tens and can count forward starting from any number within this range.

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Students can write numbers from 0 to 20 and can represent a number of objects with a written numeral. They are able to recognize, represent, name, and order a number of objects and have developed a clear sense of what a number is by using concrete objects to determine the answers to addition and subtraction. They can decompose the number 10 into pairs in several ways, using drawings or equations to record these decompositions, and can compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into tens and ones. They added and subtracted within 5 fluently. Students entering first grade can identify and describe both two- and three-dimensional geometric shapes as well as their relative positions. They can compose simple shapes to make larger shapes and analyze and compare shapes by parts and attributes.

First-grade students will extend their knowledge of mathematics as they learn to add and subtract within 20, develop an understanding of whole numbers and place value within 100, measure and order objects by length, interpret data (with up to three categories), and work with shapes to compose new shapes and partition shapes to create “equal shares” (decompose shapes).

Operations and Algebraic Thinking

Both the 1997 California mathematics standards and the CCSS emphasize addition and subtraction of small numbers at first grade. First-grade students develop arithmetic skills as they use addition and subtraction (within

20. to solve word problems and become fluent with these operations (within 10). Students use objects, drawings, and equations with symbols for unknowns to write and solve addition problems within 20 (with three

Students use objects,^ whole numbers). Students work with addition and subtraction equations and drawings, and equations demonstrate the meaning of an equal sign as they determine whether an equation with symbols for is true or false. The CCSS foster understanding as students employ a variety of unknowns to write and strategies (e.g., counting on, building or decomposing to 10, applying knowledge solve addition of the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction) and apply the problems… properties of operations (e.g., commutative and associative properties) to addition and subtraction tasks. With implementation of the CCSS , work with the value of coins, a first-grade topic in the 1997 California mathematics standards, will now be introduced in grade two.

Number and Operations in Base Ten

Both the 1997 California mathematics standards and the CCSS focus on whole numbers and place value at first grade. Students use concrete models to deepen their understandings about place value and know that the digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones. They add two-digit and one-digit numbers (or a two-digit number and a multiple of ten) within 100 and know that to add two-digit numbers, tens are added to tens, ones are added to ones, and that during the process sometimes a new ten is composed. They compare and order two-digit whole numbers by using the symbols for less than, equal to, or greater than (<, =, >). First-graders expand their understanding of addition and subtraction by using mental math to find 10 more or 10 less than a two-digit number. They also subtract multiples of 10 from multiples of 10 (for positive or zero differences and numbers in the range 10-90). In the 1997 California mathematics standards, addition and

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subtraction at first grade focused on problems with one- and two-digit numbers (e.g., 5 + 58 = __), and the sum of three one-digit numbers. With full implementation of the CCSS, entering first-graders will already know how to count to 100 by ones and tens, a first-grade topic in the 1997 standards. First-graders will extend counting by ones from 100 to 120 and will read and write whole numbers to 120. Skip-counting by 2s and 5s (a first-grade topic in the 1997 standards, for numbers to 100) will be introduced in second grade for numbers to 1,000.

Measurement and Data

First-graders develop their measurement skills as they compare the lengths of three objects by using direct comparison or a nonstandard unit. By the end of first grade, students understand that the measured length of an object can be represented by the number of length units that span it with no gaps or overlaps. They read and record time to the nearest half hour on both analog and digital clocks. Students organize, represent, and interpret data with up to three categories and evaluate and discuss collected data points. Both the 1997 California mathematics standards and the CCSS have first-graders describe, extend, and explain ways to get to a next element in simple repeating patterns (e.g., rhythmic, numeric, color, and shape). As students work with patterns in sorting, they learn to reason about the most likely next term. With implementation of the CCSS, the concept of weight (a first-grade topic in the 1997 California mathematics standards) will be introduced in kindergarten but not studied in depth until grade three, when volume is also introduced. Also, the use of picture graphs and bar graphs to represent data will be covered in grade two, a first-grade topic in the 1997 California mathematics standards.

Geometry

In both the 1997 California mathematics standards and the CCSS, first-graders study the attributes of geometric shapes. The CCSS emphasize differences between defining (e.g., triangles are closed and three-sided) and nondefining (e.g., color, orientation, size) attributes as students actively build and draw shapes to match defining attributes. Students build composite shapes from two- and three-dimensional shapes and are able to compose new shapes from the composite shape. First-graders also partition circles and rectangles into fractional pieces and learn the associated vocabulary ( halves, fourths, and quarters ). With implementation of the CCSS , concepts of “putting shapes together and taking them apart,” which were introduced in the 1997 California mathematics standards in grade two, will be developed at grade one. Fractional parts will be introduced at grade one instead of grade two (as was done in the 1997 California mathematics standards).

Students need to develop knowledge of mathematics as a language. However, the academic language of mathematics instruction and the specialized vocabulary of mathematics may pose special challenges for English learners. The language of mathematics is precise compared with the English used in common discourse. English learners need opportunities to develop their knowledge of the features of language used to teach mathematics, such as semantics (how to translate the words of a problem into a symbolic representation), syntax (the order of words and phrases), and mathematical discourse (writing or talking about mathematical terms, concepts, and so on). The specialized vocabulary of mathematics should be explicitly taught and reinforced throughout the year.

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The following points address areas that may pose special challenges for English learners in the early grades:

 At an early stage, students may have difficulty with English words such as first, second, last, before, every, each, more, and equal. Students may be unfamiliar with sum, difference, solve, length , and value.

 The different meanings of multiple-meaning words should be explicitly taught. These words may have a meaning in common discourse that is different from the meaning in mathematics–such as table or face (as in the face of a clock).

 The place value of some numbers between 10 and 20 is not obvious from their names (e.g., the number 16 is called sixteen in English, but “ten plus six” in other languages).

 The narrative descriptions of a word problem may require language skills that students have not yet mastered, particularly when the language of a word problem is ambiguous or includes idioms (e.g., a dime a dozen ), comparatives ( greater than, less than, most often, least often ), or position words ( behind, below, in front of, to the right or left of ).

Instruction in mathematics, along with critical-thinking skills, should be promoted despite low literacy or limited proficiency in the English language. Specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE) is one instructional strategy to meet the needs of English learners. For additional resources to support the teaching of English learners, please visit the CDE English Learners Web page at http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/el/.

The following chart highlights a few topics that will continue to be addressed at the same grade level, and some of the changes to be considered, as California progresses toward full implementation of the first-grade CCSS for mathematics. The chart includes the column heading “Overview of Standards.” For the 1997 California mathematics standards, this information is from the “strands” (e.g., Number Sense) and the “overarching” standards (e.g., Number Sense 1.0) at first grade. For the CCSS, the column lists the “domains” (e.g., Operations and Algebraic Thinking) and the “cluster headings” for the standards (e.g., Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction) at first grade. The chart does not, and is not intended to, illustrate all of the differences between the two sets of standards—it is merely a beginning point for more in-depth discussion by teachers and other educators on how instruction may change. The transition chart is followed by a complete set of the CCSS, with California additions, for first grade and then a table of the CCSS domains for kindergarten through grade six.

A Quick Look: Transition to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS)

Mathematics: Grade OneOverview of Standards1997 California Mathematics Standards

---

Overview of StandardsCCSS

---

Highlights

Algebra and Functions

^

Students use number sentences withoperational symbols and expressions tosolve problems.

Number Sense

^

Students understand and use numbers upto 100. ^

Students demonstrate the meaning ofaddition and subtraction and use theseoperations to solve problems. ^

Students use estimation strategies incomputation and problem solving thatinvolve numbers that use the ones, tens,and hundreds places.

Operations and Algebraic Thinking

^

Represent and solve problems involvingaddition and subtraction. ^

Understand and apply properties of operationsand the relationship between addition andsubtraction. ^

Add and subtract within 20. ^

Work with addition and subtraction equations.

^

Continue a focus on addition and subtractionwithin 20, but develop fluency with sums anddifference within 10

(fluency with numbers from

11 to 20 moves from grade one to grade two inthe CCSS)

.^ ▲

**

^

Introduce the properties of operations as strategiesto add and subtract

(moves from grade two to

grade one in the CCSS)

.▼

^

Use objects, drawings and equations with symbolsfor unknowns to solve addition and subtractionproblems (within 20), including word problems. ^

Work with the value of coins

(moves from grade

one to grade two in the CCSS)

.▲

Number and Operations in Base Ten

^

Extend the counting sequence. ^

Understand place value. ^

Use place value understanding and properties ofoperations to add and subtract.

^

Begin counting to 100 in kindergarten–counting byones and tens

(counting by ones from 31 to 100

and skip-counting moves from grade one tokindergarten in the CCSS)

. ▼

^

Extend counting, reading, and writing wholenumbers from 100 to 120

(work with numbers

from 100 to 120 moves from grade two to gradeone in the CCSSS)

.^ ▼

*^

The 1997 California mathematics standards will continue to be assessed through the STAR system (in grades 2-11) until at least 2014. **^

The

▼

symbol indicates all or part of a concept in the 1997 California standards has moved to a lower grade in the CCSS; the

▲

symbol indicates movement to a higher grade.

Listings without a symbol indicate that a concept will continue to be taught at the current grade level.

October 2011 Edition