Florida Aquatic Pest Control Questions And Answers, Exams of Pest Management

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Florida Aquatic Pest Control

Host specific - Refers to an organism that will only survive when it has a specific food source (the host) available. The term is used when referring to a biological control agent such as an insect that can survive only on the target pest (e.g. weed) that it is intended to suppress. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - A pest management strategy that uses various combinations of pest control methods in a compatible manner to achieve satisfactory control and ensure favorable economic and environmental consequences. Maintenance control (of aquatic weeds) - A method for the control of aquatic plants in which control techniques are utilized in coordinated manner on a continuous basis in order to maintain the plant population at the lowest feasible level. Management goal - As applied to aquatic plant management, the amount and/or types of plants that will be controlled or allowed to grow to best satisfy all water uses. This is often formally agreed upon by representatives of all water use interests. Multi-use water body - A water body that is used for more than one purpose such as fishing, waterskiing, waterfowl hunting, and domestic water supply. Native plant - A plant species whose natural range includes Florida. Nitrogen - A naturally occurring element in soils that is required in large amounts for plant growth and will stimulate the growth of aquatic plants if no other factors are limiting. Nonnative plant - A plant species introduced to Florida, purposefully or accidentally, from a natural range outside of Florida

Phosphorus - A naturally occurring element in soils that is required in small amounts for plant growth and will stimulate the growth of aquatic plants (especially algae and floating plants) if no other factors are limiting. Plant nutrients - Elements, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, that are required for plant growth Productive water bodies - Those water bodies that support large amounts of plant growth as well as abundant aquatic organisms because they are high in nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen. 2,4-D - Introduced in 1946, the first synthetic herbicide used. It was extremely effective and economical to use and was not toxic to fish, cattle, or humans. River and Harbor Act of 1899 - Federal legislation that authorized construction and operation of vessels and log booms for the removal and containment of water hyacinth in navigable waters of Florida and Louisiana Florida Department of Natural Resources (DNR) - Agency designated, in 1970, as Florida's lead agency in aquatic plant control; responsibilities later transferred to FWC Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) - Florida's lead agency for fish and wildlife management, formerly Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission United State Army Corps of Engineers (COE or USACE) - The engineering branch of the United States Army A lake that is used by fishermen, hunters, and water-skiers would best be defined as what kind of lake? - Multi-use lake Abundant in Florida soils, which is a plant nutrient that is often limiting to plant growth in lakes? - Phosphorus

Which is a plant nutrient, common in fertilizer that limits plant growth if it is in short supply? - Nitrogen Which of the following is a nonnative plant that is problematic in Florida's waters? - Hydrilla What would be a likely management goal for a drainage canal? - Minimizing vegetation Which term best relates to integrated management of aquatic weeds? - Maintenance control Which is not one of the most common methods of integrated management of aquatic weeds? - Demolition Which two nonnative plants influenced, prior to 1965, the development of aquatic plant management in Florida? - Waterhyacinth and alligatorweed Which of the following, after 1947, was used to effectively and economically control waterhyacinths, and was not toxic to humans, wildlife, or cattle? - 2,4-D Which of the following initiated a limited herbicide spray program in 1952 using an airplane and spray- boat? - FG & FWFC Which of the following plants, first discovered in canals near Miami and Crystal River, changed the aquatic plant control situation in 1959? - Hydrilla Which of the following was named as Florida's lead agency for aquatic plant control by the Florida Weed Control Act of 1979? - DNR

Which agency was the authority to direct and operate Florida's invasive plant management program, including aquatic plant management, transferred to in 2008? - FWC Aquatic Pest Control applicator - An individual who is licensed to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides, or other pesticides requiring licensure, used or applied to any standing or running water, including banks or shorelines, excluding infusion of chlorine gas as described in Category 7B and applicators engaged in public health related activities as defined in Chapter 388, Florida Statutes, and the rules thereunder. This category is valid for licensure of commercial and public applicators. Continuing Education Unit (CEU) - Approximately one hour of study credit used to make up the total of 20 CEUs required for Aquatic Pest Control applicator recertification (4 Core + 16 Aquatic Category CEUs). EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which is responsible for the federal regulation of the registration, manufacture, transportation, use and marketing or all pesticides in the United States. FDACS - Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, which is the state agency responsible for regulating pesticide use. Federal noxious weed - Plants that are prohibited from movement into and throughout the United States without a permit from the USDA FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, which is the law requiring that all pesticides used in the United States be labeled according to EPA's guidelines and every pesticide must be labeled for each crop and/or site for where it is intended to be used. Florida Pesticide Law - The law that governs the use of pesticides in Florida, which is administered by the Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services. Recertification - The process by which licensed pesticide applicators accumulate continuing education units in order to keep the license valid.

Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) - Pesticide for retail sale to, and use by, only certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's certification. Which is the federal agency that regulated pesticides use in the United States? - EPA Which is the state agency that regulates pesticide use in Florida? - FDACS Which is the state agency for aquatic plant management in Florida? - FWC Plants that are prohibited from movement into and throughout the United States without a permit from the USDA are known as: - Federal Noxious Weeds Which is the state agency that has the authority to regulate plants listed on the Florida Noxious Weed List and Prohibited Aquatic Plant List? - FDACS An aquatic pest control license allows a person to apply: - Restricted use pesticides in or around water The practical knowledge that aquatic pest control applicators must demonstrate for certification is based upon the: - Category certification standards The cost of a 4-year license for Aquatic Pest Control commercial applicators is: - $ The location to take restricted use pesticide certification exams is at: - County extension offices that offer the service

The number of continuing education units (CEUs) that an Aquatic Pest Control applicator must obtain to keep the license valid: - 4 Core and 16 Aquatic Pest Control A "restricted use pesticide" is one that is: - Only approved for purchase and use by certified applicators and those under their direct supervision Licensed pesticide applicators are required to make records of applications for which types of pesticides? - Pesticides classified as "restricted" How long must records of restricted use pesticide applications be maintained? - 2 years Algae - Primitive, single-celled or multi-celled plants that lack (true) supporting or conducting tissues Blue-Green Algae - A group of algae that are especially troublesome because they can sometimes cause foul odors or off-flavor in fish, and can be toxic. Frond - The expanded leaf-like portion of ferns. Green Algae - A group of algae that are important to the ecology of water bodies but can also be problematic. Target plant(s) - Plant(s) to be controlled in an aquatic plant management effort Nontarget plant(s) - Plant(s) not intended to be harmed in an aquatic plant management effort. What is the first step in developing an aquatic plant management plan? - Identify the target plant species and nontarget plant species that may be affected

Algae do not have ________ compared to ferns and flowering plants. - Supporting or conducting tissue Which best describes filamentous algae? - Cells attached end to end Which best describes monocotyledonous plants? - Parallel leaf veins A plant that has parallel leaf veins hollow and cylindrical stems, swollen joints at intervals along the stem, and leaves that arise in two ranks would most likely be a _________. - Grass A plant that grows completely below the water surface and depends upon the surrounding water for support best describes a ___________ plant - Submersed The scientific name of a plant is important because it is _______. - Unambiguous Which characteristic, by itself, distinguishes giant water fern from water fern? - Hairs on the upper leaf surface are fused at the top Which best describes torpedograss? - Hard, glossy, pointed rhizomes, ring of fine hairs at base of the leaf, rolled leaves with fine hairs on the upper surface, open inflorescence. Which best distinguishes American frogbit from waterhyacinth? - Silvery roots and rhizomes and branched leaf veins Which best describes hydrilla? - Leaves in whorls of 4-8, visible, coarse teeth on the leaf margin Which best describes waterhyacinth? - Numerous, dark-colored roots

Which best describes waterlettuce? - Rosette of gray-green, densely hairy leaves Which plant has round floating leaves that are notched to the center with lobes pointed at the tip? - White Waterlily Which has several small teeth on one side of the leaf margin? - Coontail Which best describes alligatorweed? - Hollow stems, opposite leaves 96-hr LC50 - Concentration of herbicide in water that will kill 50% of a population of test organisms in 96 hours Absorption - Movement of herbicide, after application, into living tissue of plants Adsorption - Adherence of a herbicide to a surface, such as a soil particle. Algaes - Primitive organisms made up of single cells that may be solitary or attached in filaments or colonies Algaecide - Chemical used to kill algae ALS inhibitor - Herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase enzyme Breakdown - Chemical transformation of a herbicide active ingredient into non-toxic compounds Carbonates - Inorganic compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and another element such as calcium, which is prevalent in hard water.

Cell membrane - Structure that surrounds the contents of a plant cell Cell membrane disruptor - Herbicide that kills plants by affecting cell membranes Contact herbicide - A herbicide that is absorbed into the plant and kills plant cells and tissue in the area impacted by the application, but the herbicide does not move within the plant vascular tissue after application Diffusion - Movement of a dissolved substance from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Dilution - Movement of a herbicide from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, which results in the initial concentration decreasing. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - The amount of oxygen that is dissolved in water Environmental Protection Agency - The federal agency with the authority to promulgate and enforce pesticide law Enzyme - Protein produced by plants that regulates plant metabolic processes Enzyme inhibitor - Herbicide that kills plants by inhibiting an enzyme. Products are often specific to plant enzymes. Foliar active herbicide - A herbicide that is absorbed through the leaves of the plants

Half-life - Time it takes for the concentration of a compound such as a herbicide to be reduced by half because of breakdown of the molecule Hard water - Expressed in concentration of CaCO3, water that is high (>50ppm CaCO3) in carbonates Herbicide - Chemicals used for killing plants or severely interrupting their normal growth process Herbicide mechanism of action - Also referred to as the site of action, the exact location of inhibition, such as interfering with the activity of an enzyme within a metabolic pathway. Hydrolysis - Breakdown of a substance such as a herbicide when it chemically combines with water LD50 - Amount of herbicide required to provide a lethal dose to 50% of a population of test organisms Inactiviation - Chemical or physical combination of a herbicide with other substances, which causes it to lose its herbicidal properties. Macrophyte - Aquatic plant with vascular tissue that is not algae Maintenance control - A method for the control of aquatic plants in which control techniques are utilized in a coordinated manner on a continuous basis in order to maintain the plant population at the lowest feasible level Microbial breakdown - Chemical transformation or degradation of a compound such as a herbicide when it is acted upon by microbes Nonselective (broad spectrum) herbicide - Herbicide that will kill all plants in a target area

Parts per billion (PPB) - A method of expressing very dilute concentrations, in terms of how much of something there is in a billion of something else, such as the concentration of herbicide in water, for example, 0.00272 lb of herbicide active ingredient per acre foot is equivalent to 1 part per billion Parts per million (PPM) - A method of expressing very dilute concentrations, in terms of how much of something there is in a million of the other, such as the concentration of herbicide in water; for example 2.72 lbs of herbicide active ingredient per acre foot is equivalent to 1 part per million Pesticide registration - The process required by the Environmental Protection Agency to register a pesticide. Photolysis - Breakdown of a chemical compound such as a herbicide when it absorbs energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis - Plant process by which sunlight and water are converted to simple sugars (plant food) Photosynthesis inhibitor - Herbicide that kills plants by inhibiting photosynthesis in one of several different ways Phytoplankton - Small, primitive, single-celled or colonial algae that are suspended in the water. Residue tolerance - The maximum amount of a pesticide that is legally allowed in or on a commodity such as fish, crops or drinking water. Root active herbicide - A herbicide that is absorbed by the roots of plants Selective herbicide - Herbicide that kills certain kinds of plants without causing significant injury to others

Selectivity - The ability of a herbicide to cause injury to certain kinds of plants without causing significant injury to others. Soft Water - Expressed in concentration of CaCO3, water that is low (<50ppm CaCO3) in carbonates. Synthetic auxin - Herbicide that kill plants by mimicking auxin, a naturally occurring plant hormone Systemic (translocated) herbicide - A herbicide that moves within a plant to its site of action Transformation - Changes that occur to a herbicide active ingredient after its applied. Translocation - Movement of a substance, including a herbicide, within the vascular tissue (xylem or phloem) of a plant Zooplankton - Small, primitive, single-celled or colonial animals. Which is not a registered herbicide active ingredient in Florida? - Xylene Which is a systematic aquatic herbicide active ingredient? - Triclopyr Which herbicide active ingredient is an organo-auxin type herbicide? - 2,4-D Which herbicide active ingredient inhibits photosynthesis? - Diquat Which statement about the enzymes ALS and EPSP is false? - They are found in both plants and animals.

Which is a false statement about cell membrane disrupters? - They work very slowly Which of the following can be considered the first assurance that a herbicide application will not result in unwanted impacts to human health or the environment? - Pesticide registration Which has the highest acute toxicity? - Nicotine What is the first thing that happens to a herbicide after it is applied to water? - Dilution The reaction (combination) of copper with carbonates in the water is an example of? - Inactivation Which is a result of hydrolysis and photolysis? - Breakdown Residue tolerances are established at how many times lower than the concentration tolerated by test animals? - 100 to 1000 Which word best describes the relationship among all of the organisms, macrophytes, phytoplankton, invertebrate animals, mammals in a habitat? - Interrelated Photosynthesis is used by what organisms to provide food for zooplankton? - Phytoplankton What provides protective cover for game fish? - Macrophytes Which describes the group of plants that most often cause weed problems that must be managed? - Nonnative

What is a likely effect on phytoplankton when large amounts of macrophytes are killed in a water body?

• Increased Which has the highest toxicity (lowest LC50) to fish in hard water? - Endothall alkylamine Copper is most toxic to fish in? - Soft water Fish begin to die when the concentraion of oxygen (DO) in water falls below? - 1 ppm Oxygen enters the water most readily from? - Aquatic plants Maintenance control refers to? - Maintaining aquatic plant populations at low densities Which best describes copper? - A naturally occurring element Which word best describes diquat? - Inactivated Which best describes potassium salt of endothall? - Low fish toxicity Which best describes fluridone? - Kills plants slowly Which best describes glyphosate? - Enzyme inhibitor Which best describes 2,4-D? - Organo-auxin herbicide Which best describes imazamox? - Enzyme inhibitor

Which best describes imazapyr? - Enzyme inhibitor Which best describes penoxsulam? - Split applications Which best describes hydrogen peroxide? - Planktonic algae control Which best describes triclopyr? - Organo-auxin herbicide Which best describes bipyribac-sodium? - Enzyme inhibitor Which best describes flumioxazin? - Most effective in water with pH less than 8. Which best describes topramezone? - Bleaches susceptible plants Biotype - A group of genetically identical organisms within a species Carotenoids - Plant pigments that serve a dual role - absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis and protect chlorophyll from photodamage Cross-resistance - Resistance to two or more herbicides resulting from the presence of a single resistance mechanism Mechanism of action - Also referred to as the site of action, the exact location of inhibition, such as interfering with the activity of an enzyme within a metabolic pathway Metabolism - The set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms.

Mode of action - Plant process affected by a herbicide Multiple resistance - Resistance to several herbicides resulting from two or more distinct resistance mechanisms in the same plant Resistance - The acquired ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type Susceptibility - The degree to which a plant is subject to injury or death due to a particular herbicide Tolerance - The inherent ability of a species to survive and reproduce after herbicide treatment WSSA - Weed Science Society of America Which would increase the likelihood of herbicide resistance? - Continual use of the same herbicides from the same chemical family What is the primary reason herbicide resistance develops? - The presence of a resistant biotype within the normal population What is the most common mechanism of herbicide resistance? - Altered target site Which of the following aquatic weed species are known to have herbicide-resistant populations in Florida? - Dotted duckweed and hydrilla What is the key factor in delaying or preventing the onset of herbicide resistance? - Rotating herbicides with different mechanisms of action

What is the purpose of assigning a group number to a herbicide active ingredient? - The group number assists managers in identifying the mechanism of action Agitation system - Mechanical or hydraulic system used for keeping a spray solution mixed in a spray tank system Blower type granular speader - A spreader that uses motor-generated air pressure to propel granules Bottom placement - A method of placing herbicide at or near the bottom of a water body Centrifugal granular spreader - A spreader that uses mechanical energy to sling granules Deep-water injection - A method of placing herbicide mixture deep in the water column Direct metering system - A spray system that draws diluent water from the water to be treated and mixes it with herbicide and adjuvants from metered values on the suction sides of the pump Invert emulsion - A mixture in which water droplets are suspended in oil Metering disk - A removable disk with an orifice used in certain types of nozzles Nozzle - A fitting at the output end of a sprayer hose that meters the amount and pattern of spray mixture output Polymer - Compounds used to thicken a spray mixture output

PSI - Pounds per square inch; a unit of pressure measurement Spray tank system - A spray system that uses a tank in which the herbicide, diluents, and adjuvents are mixed together before application Which type of system is often used when applying liquid herbicide to relatively smalls areas? - Spray tank Which is important for maintaining a uniform spray mixture and for mixing adjuvants such as inverting oils and polymers for spray tank applications? - Agitation system What should be considered when choosing hoses for a spray system? - Resistance to chemicals used A roller pump is best described as: - not often used for aquatic herbicide application Spray pattern, droplet size, and flow rate are determined by - Nozzle Which best describes an invert emulsion? - Thick, mayonnaise-like Output from a spray system is most likely to __________ when polymer is added to the spray solution - Decrease What is the greatest advantage of using a blower type granular spreader, compared to a centrifugal spreader? - Less dust Acceptable tolerance interval - A range of values determined by manipulating a fixed percentage (usually +/- 10%) around some given value.

Acre-feet - The average water depth, in feet, of a body of water multiplied by its surface area in acres. Actual travel speed - The actual distance traveled divided by divided by the amount of time required to travel that distance; also see the terms fpm and mph APM - Acres per minute treated by an applicator Broadcast application - Applying a pesticide uniformly to an entire target site Calibration - The process of measuring and adjusting equipment performance CFS - Cubic feet per second Diluent - Anything used to reduce the concentration of a pesticide product in order to ready it for use at a target site; water is a commonly used diluent Effective swath width - Usually measured in feet; the width of the treatment path made by any application device that does not require overlap from a subsequent pass in order to be suitably treated FPM - Feet per minute; for most calibration arithmetic, fpm is the best form to express actual travel speed GPA - Gallons per acre; the standard unit of measure for spray volume in a calibration calculations GPM - Gallons per minute; the standard unit of measure for nozzle output in calibration calculations

Label rate - A statement on a pesticide label indicating the amount of pesticide product (or active ingredient) that should be applied per unit area of a target site MPH - Miles per hour; an alternative measure of travel speed, sometimes used in nozzle selection charts, but usually not very useful for calibration arithmetic OPM - Ounces per minute PPB - Parts per billion PPM - Parts per million Spray volume - The amount of spray mix (pesticide product + diluent) applied per unit area of a target site Surface acre - An area of water that is exactly 43,560 square feet Target site - The physical place at which pesticide control measures are to be directed What is calibration? - Calibration is the process of measuring and adjusting equipment performance How precise should calibration be? - The equipment should be within 10% of the desired output Why do you need to consider travel speed when calibrating most kinds of pesticide application equipment? - Actual travel speed is usually one of the main factors in calibration. The speed at which the equipment moves influences how much pesticide is applied to a target site.

A sprayer is operated over a 400-ft test course run and it takes an average of 65 seconds to complete. What is the sprayer's speed in miles per hour? - 400 ft/65 sec * 1 mile/5280 ft * 3600 sec/1 hr = 4.2 mph What is the swath width of a boom equipped with 6 nozzles spaced 20 inches apart? - Swath width = 6 nozzles * (20in/12 in per ft) = 10 feet You want to prepare a 4% solution for a 3-gallon backpack sprayer. How much product should you mix into the tank? - Part 1: 4% has a decimal equivalency of 0.04 Part 2: 0.04 * 3 gal = 0.12 gallons Part 3: Convert to ounces: 0.12 gal * 128 oz/gal = 15.4oz A centrifugal granular spreader was run over a test course until empty. The spreader traveled 430 feet. The spreader has an effective swath width of 28.5 feet. The amount of material placed in the hopper for the test was 16 lbs. What is the per acre application rate? - Part 1: 28.5 ft * 430 ft/43,560 sq ft per acre = 0.28 acres Part 2: 16 lb/0.28 acres = 57.1 lb per acre What is the GPA rate of a boom sprayer that has 8 nozzles spaced 18 inches apart and traveling at a speed of 1.5 mph if the average per-nozzle output is 0.87 gpm? - Equation: GPA = GPM * 5,940/MPH

• W GPA = 0.87 GPM * 5,940/1.5 MPH * 18 in = 191.4 GPA A product label calls for an application rate of 8 ounces of product to be applied per treated surface acre. How much herbicide should be placed in a full 100 gallon tank if the sprayer is calibrated to apply 15 GPA? - Part 1: 100 gal/15 gpa = 6.67 acres treated with a full tank Part 2: 8 oz * 6.67 acres = 53.4 oz herbicide How many acres per minute are being treated if an applicator's speed is 195 feet per minute and its effective swath width is 16 feet? - 16 feet * 195 fpm/43,560 sq ft = 0.07 apm

A nozzle uniformity check was performed for a 4-nozzle boom. The following outputs were collected in a 1-minute period: 43, 47, 49 and 44 ounces. Do these 4 nozzles apply within the acceptable 10% range? - Part 1: 43 + 47 + 49 + 44/4 = 45.8oz Part 2: 45.8oz * 0.10 = 4.8oz Part 3: 45.8 +/- 4.8 = a range of 41.0 to 50.6 Part 4: All 4 nozzles fall within the acceptable range. No replacements are necessary. A pond contains 42.1 acre-feet of water. If the Never-Kill herbicide product label recommends 0.8 ppm active ingredient for control of hydrilla, how much product will be needed if the formulation contains 5.0% active ingredient? - Part 1: 0.8 ppm * 42.1 acre-feet * 2.7 = 90.9 lbs active ingredient Part 2: 90.9/0.05 = 1,818 lbs of Never-Kill herbicide product The label states to apply 2.0 quarts of product per acre for control of waterlettuce. A direct metering system with a handheld sprayer gun will be used to make the application from a boat. Based on the following:

• the spray volume will use 200 gallons of water per acre.
• speed is measured at 130 seconds to cover a 180 foot course.
• The sprayer gun's swath width is 12 feet
• The sprayer gun's output is measured a 4 gpm
• The herbicide withdrawal rate was found to be 2.9 opm. What is the boat's speed in fpm? - 180 feet/(130 sec/60 sec per min) = 82.9 fpm What is the boat's speed in mph? - 180 ft * 3600/(5,280 * 130 sec) = 0.94 mph OR 82.9 fpm/88 fpm per 1 mph = 094 mph

How many acres per minute will be treated? - (12ft * 82.9 fpm)/43,560 sq ft = 0.023 apm How many gallons per acre are being applied? - 4 gpm/0.02 apm = 200 gpa What is the herbicide withdrawal rate in gpm? - 2.9 opm/128 oz per gal = 0.023 gpm Based on the withdrawal rate of 0.023 gpm and the other current variables, what is the herbicide application rate in gpa? - 0.023 gpm/0.023 apm = 1.0 gpa Is this herbicide rate acceptable at the current settings? - Because 1.0 gpa is equivalent to 4.0 quarts, and the label rate is 2.0 quarts, this is a double rate. Doubling the boat speed would likely result in poor weed coverage; so, a viable option would be to replace the current orifice in the suction hose with a smaller orifice and recheck. Calculate what should be the correct herbicide withdrawal rate in opm for the correct sized orifice and keeping the other application variables constant/ - Part 1: Determine gpm by: 0.023 apm * 0.5 gpa herbacide = 0.012 gpm herbicide Part 2: Convert the opm: 0.012 gpm * 128 oz per gal = 1.5 opm herbicide withdrawn Acre - Area that is equivalent to 43,560 sq ft. Acre-foot - A volume of water equivalent to 1 acre of water which is 1 foot in depth Cubic foot - A standard measure of volume Pi - A standard value used in the area and volume calculations of circles and equivalent to approximately 3.14

Planimeter - An instrument for measuring the area of a regular or irregular plane figure by tracing the perimeter of the figure Volume - A distinct amount of enclosed or occupied space described in cubic units (for example, acre- feet, cubic-feet, etc.) or, a distinct amount of liquid described in units of liquid measure (fluid ounces, pints, gallons, etc.) Weir - An obstruction placed in flowing water which diverts the water through an opening for measuring the rate of flow How do you calculate the square footage of a rectangular site? - Multiply the site's length (measured in feet) by its width (measured in feet). How many square feet of area are present in a circular site whose diameter measures 140 feet? - 3.14

• (70ft * 70ft) = 15,386 sq ft How much acreage is present in a circle that covers 15,386 sq ft of area? - 15,386 sq ft/43,560 sq ft = 0.35 acres How much acreage is present in a triangular site that measure 425 ft along its longest side and measure 210 ft across at its widest point? - Part 1: (425 ft * 210 ft)/2 = 44,625 sq ft Part 2: 44,625 sq ft/43,560 sq ft = 1.02 acres The following water depths were measured in a 7.5-acre pond: 6, 2, 4, 9, 14, 2, 4, 7, 9, 2, 1, 8, and 2. How many acre-feet are present in the pond? - Part 1: Average depth = (6+2+4+9+14+2+4+7+9+2+1+8+2)/13 = 5.4 ft Part 2: 7.5 acres * 5.4 ft = 40.5 acre-feet Calculate the flow rate of a canal in gpm if:

• the average width is 45 ft
• the average depth is 6 ft
• the average velocity is 0.10 ft per second - Part 1: Calculate cfs: 45ft * 6ft * 0.10fps = 27 cfs Part 2: Convert to gpm: 27 cfs * 450 gpm = 12,150 gpm Benthic barriers - A cover placed on the bottom of a water body to smother and prevent aquatic plants from rooting Bioagent (biological control agent) - The natural enemy of a pest that is released in a biological control program Biological control - The purposeful introduction of natural enemies into new regions to control alien pest species Drawdown - Lowering of water level as a means of killing aquatic vegetation Dyes (pond dyes) - Specialized chemicals that are added to a water body to absorb sunlight and prevent sunlight from being used by aquatic plants Fertilization - Adding fertilizer to pond water to increase phytoplankton growth which in turn will intercept light needed by submersed vegetation Herbivorous fish - Fish that consume plant material Introduction approach (classical approach) - Biological control in which small numbers of natural enemies are released where they previously did not exist in order to establish self-perpetuating and increasing populations that become capable of reducing weed density on a landscape level