Florida Public Health Pest Control Exam 2025 100% Complete and Verified, Exams of Pest Management

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Florida Public Health Pest Control

Exam 2025 100% Complete and Verified

control of salt marsh mosquitoes has made a major contribution to the development of this industry in Florida tourist industry inverse relationship or a steady rise in income from tourism to a steady decline of the major salt marsh pest mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. Past relationship between tourism dollars and mosquitoes very swift currents and in open bodies of water Mosquitoes occur throughout the world, breeding in almost every known aquatic habitat except Larval habitats - grassy margins of ponds, land crab holes, and aquatic plants, eggs may be laid singly or in rafts, on water or on damp soil where they hatch in subsequent flooding, flight ranges from a few hundred feet to more than eighty miles with favorable winds, hibernation or overwintering in different species may be in the egg stage, as larvae, or as adults variations present among species 80 number of mosquito species in FL When Congress was debating the merits of statehood for Florida, this man stated that Florida could never be developed, nor would it ever be a fit place to live. He described the 1 land as a "land of swamps, of quagmires, of frogs and alligators and mosquitoes." John Randolph of Virginia Name given to Ponce de Leon Inlet because the mosquito was such a plague when the Spaniards arrived "Barro de Mosquitoes" In the 18th Century, the name for part of Florida lying between the St. Johns River and the coastal lagoons north of Cape Canaveral "The Mosquito Country," or "The Mosquitoes" Name given to Mosquito Country in 1825 when it became a county which included a large portion of peninsular Florida "Mosquito County" Name for northern Florida that was settled, but anything but a pleasant place to live. Area suffered from disease, hardship, and poverty; the major cities of Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Tallahassee and Pensacola

"malaria belt" Year of one of the worst sieges of the yellow fever epidemic in in Jacksonville and Fernandina Beach. It was described by historians as the State's worst holocaust. Fernandina Beach, with a population of 1,632, had 1,146 persons ill with the fever. Twenty-four died. 1877 Year yellow fever epidemics raged in Key West, Tampa, Plant City, and Manatee. 1887 Year yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonville saw 10,000 persons (out of a population of 26,700 in Duval County) flee the city in carriages, drays, wagon trains, and ships. 1888 Island was once so heavily infested with mosquitoes that bred in the vast grassy marshes that the local postman had to make his rounds in July dressed like an Eskimo in a parka and netting. Sanibel Major event that spurred organized effort to control mosquitoes in Florida as a way of preventing malaria when the U.S. Army, U. S. Public Health Service, and the State Board of Health set up a program of drainage and larviciding at Camp Johnson, near Jacksonville. WWI Year when the State Board of Health, the city of Perry, and the Burton Swartz Cypress Company jointly set up a malaria control project in the city of Perry, one of the most malarious areas of the State. At that time the Perry project was one of the largest malaria control projects in the country and was the first non-military control project in Florida 1919 Year of formation of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association (FAMA) (now known as the Florida Mosquito Control Association, FMCA) 1922 Year when Indian River County Mosquito Control District was established 1925 Year when St. Lucie Mosquito District established 1926 Year when Broward County Mosquito Control District established 1934 Year when Dade County Mosquito Control District was established 1935 By this year, there were 52 mosquito control districts in Florida, and that number has remained fairly constant to the present day 1975

Period when many malaria control projects were performed with funding from the Civil Works Administration, Emergency Relief Administration of the Works Progress Administration. During this period, more than 1,500 miles of drainage ditches were dug throughout the state to eliminate mosquito breeding habitats. 1933 - 1941 year when a Bureau of Malaria Control was created within the Division of Health 1941 Year when the U.S. Public Health Service set up the first Malaria Control in War Areas project in Florida near Tallahassee 1942 Period when a program of DDT residual house spraying in malarious areas of Florida was supported by U.S. Public Health Funds 1945 - 1949 Year when the Bureau of Malaria Control was abolished and a Division of Entomology was created within the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering 1946 Year when the Division of Entomology was raised to Bureau status 1953 Year when the Bureau of Entomology became the Office of Entomology 1976 Year when Office of Entomology became Entomology Services in the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services 1986 Year when Entomology Services was moved to the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (DACS), where it is now known as the Bureau of Scientific Evaluation and Technical Assistance (BSETA). 1992 promoting control of insects of public health importance, serving as advisors and consultants for mosquito control districts, and administering all state funds appropriated for nonagricultural arthropod control work Functions of BSETA Years when state laws were passed which set up methods for establishing self-taxing mosquito control districts 1925, 1929, and 1941 Year when a state law was passed that provided State aid to districts in the form of insecticides, materials, equipment, personnel, and vehicles 1949

State Legislature passed a second State aid law whereby any board of county commissioners or mosquito control district that places funds in its budget for control of "arthropods of public health importance", would, upon proper certification, receive funds directly from the State of up to 75 percent of the funds appropriated by the county or district. These funds were to be used for permanent control measures; additional appropriations were given as matching funds for either permanent or temporary control measures 1953 State Aid Law law that provides that a county or district shall be eligible, upon approval of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, to receive state funds. The amount and type of State aid currently available to mosquito control agencies Chapter 5E- 13. 030 Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) In 1953, the legislature appropriated money to establish center to study the biology and control of arthropods of public health importance in Florida. The center was dedicated in 1956 and has become world renowned for the excellence of its facilities and its research. Entomological Research Center at Vero Beach Year when Entomological Research Center's name was changed to the Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory 1973 year when Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory was transferred to the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 1979 Year when John A. Mulrennan, Sr. Public Health Entomology Research and Education Center (JAMS PHEREC), formally the West Florida Arthropod Research Laboratory, was established at Panama City with a primarily mission to study the biology and control of the "dog fly," known elsewhere as the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), which plagues people on the Gulf beaches in summer, and to test the efficacy of various insecticides on mosquitoes and other arthropods. 1963 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, but its overall mission remains unchanged In 1963, JAMS PHEREC was transferred to insects with long slender bodies, narrow wings with a fringe of scales on the hind margin and along the veins, and long, very thin legs. In females, the elongate proboscis is firm and usually adapted for piercing and sucking blood. Male mosquitoes cannot suck blood, and survive on nectar. Females are also required to feed on nectar of various plants to obtain sugar for energy, but rely on a blood meal for egg-laying Mosquitoes egg, larva, pupa, and winged adult

Four life stages may be laid singly or in rafts, deposited in water, on the sides of containers where water will soon cover them, or on damp soil where they must undergo a maturing process before they can hatch when flooded by rainfall or high tides Eggs Genera that deposit their eggs on the underside, and, less so, on the upper side of floating aquatic plants such as water lettuce and water hyacinth. After the eggs hatch, the larvae or wrigglers begin to feed on very small plant and animal particles, going through four growth stages or instars before becoming pupae Mansonia Genera that have a sharp pointed siphon which pierces the roots and stems of aquatic plants to obtain oxygen from the plant Mansonia and Coquillettidia Animalia (all animals) Kingdom Arthropods (all animals with paired, jointed appendages and exoskeletons) Phylum Insecta (all insects; three main body divisions and six legs) Class Diptera (true flies, all two-winged flies with the hind wings reduced to knobbed structures called halteres) Order Culicidae (all mosquitoes) Family The first name is the name of the genus and is written with a capital Genus second name is a specific name and begins with a small letter Species 12 Number of genera in Florida is an enzootic disease that was first recognized in Massachusetts, in 1831 when 75 horses died of an encephalitic illness Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) An alphavirus that was first isolated from infected horse brains in the 1930s and currently occurs in focal locations of the eastern United States including Florida. Causal agent of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV), a wide range of animals including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians

EEE is capable of infecting EEE virus is maintained in natural cycles involving birds and this mosquito Culiseta melanura as a vector freshwater swampy areas Habitat where we find EEE maintenance cycle between May and August EEE peak of activity birds and does not usually bite humans or other animals Culiseta melanura prefers to feed upon bridge vectors bring the virus from avian populations to mammalian populations. These bridge vectors include Coquillettidia perturbans, Aedes atlanticus, Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes solicitants. These species feed on both birds and mammals and can transmit the virus and cause disease in people, horses, dogs and some birds such as pheasants, quail, ostriches and emus. Transmission of EEEV to mammals have no apparent illness Most persons infected with EEEV Sudden onset of headache, high fever, chills, and vomiting. The illness may then progress to disorientation, seizures, or coma Symptoms of severe cases of EEE one of the most severe mosquito-transmitted diseases in the United States with approximately 33% mortality and significant brain damage in most survivors Severity of EEE 81 human cases documented in Florida in the past fifty years (1957-2008), the State averages over 70 reported equine cases each year EEE Human vs Equine case numbers the number of reported cases can exceed 200, with over 90% of the affected horses dying Years when conditions favor the spread of EEE predominantly been in areas north of Lake Okeechobee, including panhandle areas (Walton, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Jefferson, Madison and Escambia Counties); the lower St. Johns River areas (Duval, Volusia, Flagler, Putnam and Clay Counties); and the green swamp region area (Lake, Orange, Pasco, Polk, Osceola, Pinellas, Hillsborough and Manatee Counties) Distribution of EEE cases available for horses, but not for humans EEE vaccine

first recognized in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri and the neighboring St. Louis County in 1933 when an encephalitis epidemic broke out. Over 1,000 cases were reported to the local health departments and the newly constituted National Institute of Health St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) flavivirus Causal agent of SLE in a mosquito-bird cycle, with periodic amplification by birds and Culex mosquitoes During summer, SLEV is maintained Normally less than 1% in humans are clinically apparent and the vast majority of infections remain undiagnosed SLEV infections Age Occurrence and severity of SLE dependent on 4 - 30 percent, deaths were almost exclusively among people age 50 and older case fatality rate in Florida SLE epidemics suffer long-term residual neurological damage, which include paralysis, memory loss, or deterioration of fine motor skills Prognosis for those surviving severe cases of SLE 1959, 1961, 1962, 1977 and 1990 Major SLE outbreaks occurred in Florida Culex nigripalpus in Florida, in other parts of the United States, transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tarsalis. SLE virus was vectored by greatly reduced tourism business, the reductions were estimated to be as high as $40 million Illnesses and deaths caused the SLE epidemics Discovered in 1999, in the New York City area West Nile Encephalitis Middle East WNE brought to US from flavivirus that was first isolated in 1937 from a woman in the West Nile province of Uganda in Central Africa Causal agent of WNV WNV detected in 48 states and close to 30,000 human cases had been confirmed nationwide 2004 - 2009 in the summer of 2001 when it was found in a dead crow in eastern Jefferson County WNV was first detected in Florida peak year for WNV in FL with 99 human cases confirmed

reported in all 67 Florida Counties Since its initial WNV activity, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus Two major vectors of WNV in Florida certain bird species, most notably crows, jays, hawks and owls. It is also pathogenic in horses. More than 1,000 cases of equine infection were confirmed in Florida from 2001- 2009 WNV causes high mortality in July to September Peak period of WNV transmission older than 50 years of age WNV most seriously affects people not show any sign of illness Most people bitten by a WNV-infected mosquito will about 20 percent will display mild symptoms including fever and lethargy and less than 1% experiences the neuroinvasive form of the illness Severity of WNV infection 2 to 5% vs 4% for all cases to 7% among those who develop the neuroinvasive form of the disease WNV national vs Florida fatality rate temperature and humidity critical for adult mosquitoes Anopheles punctipennis, Culex restuans and Culex salinarius Species that breed year-round most mosquito populations are lower in winter because of the colder temperatures vs the reduced mosquito breeding associated with winter is due to a lack of rainfall Decrease in populations in North vs South Florida due to 36 Number of species that occur throughout the state (1) chemistry of the waters - acid or alkaline, fresh, salt or brackish; (2) whether natural or man- made; (3) amount of vegetation, or type of vegetation present; and (4) whether shady or sunny. Aquatic environments differ chiefly in It is in the transitional zone from the usual level of high tide to levels above all but the highest spring and storm tides that the heaviest mosquito breeding occurs, because plant and grass cover keep moisture conditions suitable for egg laying. The eggs of some species require alternate flooding and drying before hatching will occur. Species most often occurring in these areas include: Aedes taeniorhynchus Aedes sollicitans Anopheles atropos Culex nigripalpus Mangrove Swamps

North of Daytona Beach on the east coast and north of Port Richey on the west coast of Florida, Salt-tolerant herbaceous plants and typical salt grasses dominate this type of habitat. Extensive areas are often covered by a single species such as salt grass Distichlis spicata, or by Batis maritima or Salicornia perennis, the following species occurs: Aedes taeniorhynchus Aedes sollicitans Salt Marshes ditches which lie adjacent to saltwater marshes contain many species of grasses, species include: Aedes taeniorhynchus Aedes sollicitans Aedes atlanticus Psorophora columbiae Anopheles bradleyi Culex pilosus Psorophora howardii Psorophora ciliata Salt or Brackish Ditches The shoreline along the western coast from Pasco County to Franklin County is bordered by coastal areas, with little or no beach. In the Everglades, sawgrass cover more than 1.25 million acres, with Cladiurn jamaicense the dominant low ground cover plant. Mosquito species include: Anopheles walkeri Anopheles crucians Psorophora columbiae Culex nigripalpus Culex salinarius Culex tarsalis Culex erraticus Culex peccator Freshwater Marshes There are two general types, sand bottom and silt bottom. Vegetation, usually composed of emergent grasses, occurs only in a narrow band along the margin and larvae are confined to this littoral zone. Silt bottom are frequently bordered by cypress trees and many species of floating or emergent plants. The lake bottom consists of a layer of organic detritus made up of decaying vegetation and the lake usually has a fairly heavy cover of vegetation composed of such plants as water hyacinths or bonnets. Species likely to be found include: Anopheles smaragdinus Anopheles crucians Anopheles quadrimaculatus 8 Anopheles walkeri Uranotaenia sapphirina Uranotaenia lowii Culex salinarius Culex nigripalpus Culex erraticus Culex peccator Coquillettidia perturbans Mansonia dyari Mansonia titillans Lakes generally smaller, occupy shallow depressions and are filled by rainwater or surface run off. They are usually of uniform depth but the area they cover will vary, depending on rainfall. Species: Anopheles crucians Anopheles quadrimaculatus Culiseta inornata Culiseta melanura Culex nigripalpus Culex quinquefasciatus Culex restuans Culex salinarius Culex erraticus Culex peccator Culex pilosus Culex territans Aedes canadensis canadensis / Anopheles punctipennis Anopheles georgianus Anopheles quadrimaculatus Aedes sticticus Psorophora ferox Ponds / Seepage Areas breeding is restricted to the quiet edges where vegetation affords cover for the larvae and there is little if any water movement, species: Anopheles quadrimaculatus Anopheles perplexens Springs

more dense cover made up of larger trees such as cypress, red maple, and tupelo, species: Anopheles smaragdinus Anopheles maverlius Anopheles inundatus Anopheles diluvialis Anopheles crucians Anopheles quadrimaculatus Culiseta melanura Aedes canadensis Mansonia species Coquillettidia perturbans Swamps man-made bodies of open water produce more mosquitoes as they silt-in and become overgrown with vegetation. species: Anopheles maverlius Anopheles quadrimaculatus Culiseta inornata Psorophora columbiae Aedes canadensis Culex nigripalpus Culex quinquefasciatus Culex restuans Culex salinarius Anopheles albimanus Coquillettidia perturbans Mansonia species Borrow Pits and Canals Species Coquillettidia perturbans Mansonia dyari Mansonia titillans Specific Aquatic Plant Associations Species: Wyeomyia vanduzeei Wyeomyia mitchellii Wyeomyia haynei Culex biscaynesis Bromeliads and pitcher plants These transient pools form the breeding place, pools disappear in dry weather and support no true aquatic vegetation, though there is usually a layer of leaves and other detritus settled on the bottom. Mosquito species: Psorophora johnstonii Psorophora pygmaea Aedes atlanticus Aedes dupreei Aedes fulvus pallens Aedes infirmatus Aedes mitchellae Aedes sticticus Aedes tormenter Aedes vexans Aedes cinereus Culex atratus Culex pilosus Culex bahamensis Culex nigripalpus Rain and Floodwater Pools rot cavities, species: Anopheles barberi Toxorhynchites rutilis rutilis Toxorhynchites rutilis septentrionalis Aedes triseriatus Aedes hendersoni Orthopodomyia sianifera Orthopodomyia alba Aedes thibaulti Aedes albopictus Tree Holes Along the eastern coast of Florida south of St. Johns County the holes, species: Deinocerites cancer Culex opisthopus Crab holes ditches in pastures, at the bottom of road shoulders, in old fields, and in lowland groves, species: Psorophora columbiae Culex nigripalpus Culex pilosus Culex erraticus Culex quinquefasciatus Anopheles crucians Anopheles walkeri Aedes atlanticus Uranotaenia sapphirina Uranotaenia lowii Psorophora ciliata Aedes sollicitans Freshwater Drainage Ditches man-made situations around human dwellings, Tin cans, fish pools, rain barrels, bird baths, and old tires containing water. Species: Aedes aegypti Aedes triseriatus Culex quinquefasciatus Culex restuans Culex salinarius Culex nigripalpus Anopheles quadrimaculatus Aedes albopictus Artificial Containers

Toxorhynchitinae (genus Toxorhynchites); Anophelinae (genus Anopheles); or Culicinae (the other ten genera). Subfamilies of Florida head, thorax, abdomen 3 main body parts of larvae single with floats Anopheles eggs laid singly Aedes eggs eggs laid in rafts Culex eggs Genera characterized by the absence of a siphon, and the presence of a palmate (palmetto- shaped) hair dorsally on each side of, at least, segments IV-VI of the abdomen, usually lie parallel to the surface of the water. Anopheline larvae palps as long as the proboscis Anopheles adults at an angle to the surface Anopheles resting position Male mosquitoes have feathery, plumose antennae and female mosquitoes have straight, spaghetti like antennae How can you tell the difference between a male and female mosquito Genera found in tree holes or artificial containers. They are very large and predacious, feeding on such mosquito larvae and other small animals as they occur in their breeding place. They have an almost square head and the hairs on the thorax and abdomen arise from heavily chitinized plates. The females do not take blood as adult mosquitoes, but feed only on plant nectar and juices. Toxorhynchitis Genera always have a siphon which may or may not bear a pecten, a row of spines. They do not have palmate hairs. These larvae usually lie with the head downward at a 45 degree angle to the water surface Culicine larvae Aedes taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans Primary pest mosquitoes in Florida small black and white mosquito with distinct narrow white rings on the tarsi and on the proboscis. Wing scales are all dark; eggs are deposited on damp soil where ground vegetation is thick. Sod samples have yielded up to 100 million eggs per acre. The larval embryo is fully developed in about three days and is ready for hatching as soon as it is flooded by the tides or rainfall. The

pupal stage may last from 30 hours to several days, depending on temperature. The adult rests for at least six to eight hours and after dark, a large number will migrate, flying as far as 25 miles, usually downwind and parallel to the coast. Migration may be repeated on a second or third night and then the brood settle down to feed, rest, and lay eggs, are capable of laying eggs without the first blood meal, by utilizing protein carried over from the larval stage. This species is active chiefly after sunset. During the day the mosquitoes rest on the ground where grass or leaves offer a dark, moist, cool hiding place. Aedes taeniorhynchus occurs around the entire coast of Florida, but is more common in the northern half of the State, is somewhat larger and is more golden brown with wider, pale bands on tarsi and proboscis. The wing scales are mixed light and dark. Each abdominal segment has a median longitudinal band of pale scales in addition to the pale basal transverse band, breed in the salt marsh, but the larvae have also been found in great numbers in coastal swales and inland in brackish waters, dependent on tides and rainfall but emerge in large numbers in May and continue through October. Aedes sollicitans Psorophora columbiae, Ps. ferox, Aedes atlanticus, Ae. infirmatus, and Ae. mitchellae Problem flood-water species Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. salinarius Problem permanent fresh water species small, dark, mosquito easily recognized by the silvery-white lyre-shaped marking on the thorax and the silvery-white bands on the tarsi, one of the most common domestic mosquitoes, numbers, have been drastically reduced in north and central Florida by, as yet, unknown factors related to the recent introductions, adults feed warily, often biting the ankles, never fly more than a few hundred feet from the emergence site, vector for yellow fever and dengue fever, project within the last three decades to eliminate them in FL. The project was discontinued, however, before completion and more numerous, than before the eradication project Aedes aegypti "The Asian Tiger Mosquito", introduced from Asia into Florida in 1986 and has expanded its range to every part of the State but the middle and lower keys. In northern and central Florida, replacing the related species, can be identified by the single, silver, longitudinal line on the thorax and by the strongly contrasting silver and jet-black body coloration, aggressive daytime biter, vector of dengue in Asia. Aedes albopictus larvae usually found in water collected in rot cavities of trees, although they frequently occur in artificial containers. The adult is dark with a conspicuous area of white shiny scales on each side

of the thorax. Near their breeding place these mosquitoes will attack man during the day or early evening and their bite is painful and lasting. Aedes triseriatus black with pale rings on the proboscis and tarsi. It differs in having the femora and tibiae speckled with pale scales and in having a longitudinal stripe or patches of pale scales on the abdomen in addition to the pale basal abdominal bands on each segment. It breeds in stump holes and flood- water pools, severe biter, common in the northern and panhandle areas of Florida. Aedes mitchellae dark, medium-sized, species which has a distinct median pale stripe running the length of the thorax, lays its eggs on damp soil and the larvae develop in the shallow pools following rainfall. The adults bite readily, even in sunlight. Aedes atlanticus has a broader pale stripe that extends only about two-thirds the way back on the thorax. This species bites readily. Ae. infirmatus has pale rings both at the base and tip of the tarsal segments, is a common nuisance flood-water mosquito in the northern section of Florida Aedes canadensis canadensis very narrow pale tarsal bands and basal abdominal bands which are notched medially on the posterior border, is common throughout most of the state, usually feeds in shady places during the day, but is often particularly annoying at dusk and after dark, larvae are often found in large numbers in irrigated groves Aedes vexans very large shaggy black and yellow species commonly called the "feather-legged gallinipper" Psorophora ciliata smaller purplish mosquito with conspicuously white tips on the hind legs (tarsal segments 5, 4 and part of 3) Psorophora ferox a large black and white species distinguished by a pale subapical ring on each femur, will bite viciously any time of the day or night, but is especially active at night, known to feed in such numbers in the everglades that cattle were lulled by loss of blood and suffocation, adults emerge in huge numbers from improved pastures and irrigated groves and from woodland pools, roadside ditches, and swales Psorophora columbiae adults have distinct areas of pale scales on the wing, breeds chiefly in the slightly acidic waters of cypress swamps and in ponds and lakes, found naturally infected with malaria, but is not

considered an important vector of the disease since it apparently prefers to feed on large mammals rather than man Anopheles crucians common and widespread member of a larger species complex consisting of 5 morphologically distinct but similar species, breeds mostly in stagnant alkaline fresh water which has emergent or floating vegetation or debris, primary vector of malaria in the southeastern United States, characterized by having four, more or less, distinct spots on the wings, feed actively on man and animals, chiefly at night or sometimes in the day in dark areas in and around buildings. There may be as many as 10 generations in a season. Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae are found in permanent brackish to salt pools and marshes, adults, entirely brownish black, will attack man readily, even in bright sunlight, not considered a disease vector Anopheles atropos a very large species breeding in pools, ditches and occasionally in artificial containers, is primarily a late fall and winter breeder in Florida. The adults apparently prefer to feed on livestock, but also will attack man Culiseta inornata a smaller, very dark species, breeds in small permanent bodies of water, particularly in freshwater swamps. Females feed chiefly on birds and the species is considered to be the primary vector of Eastern Equine Encephalitis from bird to bird Culiseta melanura fairly large species with a golden-brown coloration, most common and wide-ranging of the mosquitoes whose larvae breathe by piercing the roots or stems of aquatic plants with their siphon, identified in every county in Florida, many aquatic plants may serve as host to this species, including water lettuce, water hyacinths, and cattails. Although the females usually feed at night, they have been known to feed on man during the day in shady areas where they are resting. This species is suspected of being an important secondary vector of EEE to horses and man Coquillettidia perturbans small, dark, larvae also attach to a number of different aquatic plants Mansonia titillans small, dark, found associated primarily with water lettuce Mansonia dyari larvae are often associated with foul water such as effluents of sewage treatment plants, which have been found producing these mosquitoes by the thousands, larvae are also taken in catch basins, cesspools, polluted ditches and ponds, and in containers holding water in homes and around buildings, adults are distinguished by having a pale basal band on each abdominal

segment rounded on the apical margin so that the band is wider in the middle and narrower on each side, females are said to show a preference for bird blood, but they often get into homes and feed readily on man at night. In some areas of the country, this species is the primary vector of St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE). Culex quinquefasciatus characterized by golden scaling on the entire seventh abdominal segment, collected occasionally from small ground depressions and stump holes, emergences are concentrated in the cooler months, females will bite readily outdoors and sometimes enter buildings to feed on man Culex salinarius small black mosquito with white lateral abdominal patches, breeds in permanent or semi- permanent waters where there is an abundance of decaying leaves and vegetation, have also been found in brackish water. This species usually bites outdoors, primary vector of SLE in FL Culex nigripalpus abdominal bands are straight on the apical margin and the thorax often has four small patches (spots) of pale scales., larvae occur in a variety of freshwater habitats. In Florida, adults appear primarily during cooler weather. Females will sometimes come into homes and bite after dark, but they are not a primary nuisance, preferring birds to humans Culex restuans breeds almost exclusively in water collected in land crab holes, will bite humans who come to their breeding habitat Deinocerites cancer breeds in bromeliads, will feed and be very annoying if humans come into their vicinity Wyeomyia vanduzeei

1. Determining the extent of the problem and locating the breeding areas. 2) Planning appropriate projects and controls to alleviate the problems. 3) Preparing and submitting for approval the monthly reports as required by Chapter 5E-13, F.A.C. 4) Purchasing equipment and materials, providing for maintenance, and maintaining inventory records. 5) Hiring and assigning necessary personnel. 6) Seeing that all work is carried out in a safe, effective and efficient manner in compliance with the Federal, state, and local laws and all regulations pertaining to mosquito control. 7) Evaluating the results the program achieves and providing for surveillance of breeding conditions in the county or district. 8) Establishing good public relations for mosquito control. 9) Continually improving his knowledge and abilities through local and national associations, meetings and publications. Responsibilities of a Mosquito Control Director the correct application of insecticides, on the ability and willingness of the applicator to use the materials and equipment as instructed and to immediately report malfunction of equipment The success of a mosquito control program often depends on

accrual of 16 hours of continuing education every 4 years PHPC certifications is renewed through the extent of the problem, know what species are involved, the level of annoyance from mosquitoes, and the location of breeding areas Before any control effort is made, the director must know collect larvae and adults throughout the area, identify the location for each collection (address, description, or by using a map or GIS coordinates), list of dominant vegetation, evidence of gross pollution To identify the problem, you must with a long-handled dipper and counts are based on the number of larvae per dip. The larvae are usually preserved in alcohol for later identification in the laboratory Larval collections are usually made operated using a standard household current and is a good choice when convenience and long- term monitoring from a permanent site are important, tend to also collect larger organisms, i.e. beetles, moths and frogs, which can damage the collection and make identification difficult New Jersey trap baited with dry ice to release carbon dioxide, will usually capture much larger numbers of mosquitoes and may attract some species which do not usually come to other traps in significant numbers, compact and highly portable but are operated by batteries which need fairly frequent recharging or replacing CDC miniature light trap landing rate counts, collecting by aspirator in fixed resting stations such as culverts, sheds or houses, number of telephone complaints received by the mosquito control office Other methods of judging the extent of the mosquito problem accurate knowledge of the topography of district (size and position of streams, lakes and roads and the elevation throughout the area), location of recreational areas, wildlife reserves, state and national parks, large bridges, towers and power lines. For locating breeding areas and in planning source reduction projects knapsack/backpack sprayer, hand-operated granular applicator, ground vehicles (trucks), airplanes and helicopters Larviciding Equipment vehicles and equipment such as: cars, station wagons, jeeps, fog trucks, tractors, draglines, bulldozers, backhoes, pick-up trucks, airplanes, and helicopters, mist blowers, "cold foggers", thermal fog generators, and ULV machines Adulticiding Equipment A timepiece, preferably a stop watch, and two containers (one to collect the insecticide and one for measuring) to measure insecticide flow, first, disconnect the insecticide line from the nozzle

and place the tip of the line in a container to collect the discharge. Start the machine and when it is operating at the desired pressure, etc., set the flow meter or digital readout about mid-scale of where you think it should be for the desired discharge. While the material is being discharged into the collection container, move the discharge line to the calibrated measuring container for a predetermined time, usually 1min. At the end of that time, move the discharge line back to the collection container and record the amount that was discharged into the measuring container. If the discharge is too much, reduce the setting and repeat the procedure; if it is too little, increase the setting. Repeat the entire procedure as many times as necessary until the machine is dispensing the recommended volume per minute. Repeat at the same setting as a check. If the discharge is satisfactory, reconnect the insecticide line to the nozzle. The recommended discharge in fl. oz/min for a particular insecticide is shown on the insecticide label Calibration of ULV equipment the temperature of the insecticide at the time of calibration should be noted since the amount of material being discharged at a particular flow meter setting will vary according to the temperature of the insecticide older ball type flow meter control system Uses wooden arm to which slides are attached. The arm is dropped through the insecticide coming from the machine. This mechanism gives a more uniform deposition rate than waving the slides by hand; however, it works only with machines that use a blower to propel the droplets from the nozzle. testing droplet size droplet size varies with flow rate, different formulations, and formulation pressure, as well as, to some extent, with temperature, it is important to check droplet size frequently because each time the unit is put into service following repairs or maintenance, verified every 100 hours of operation or as often as necessary to ensure it is producing droplets in the required range recommended that droplet size be checked a larger measuring container must be used. Because of the low viscosity of the dilute insecticide solution, the temperature of the solution is not a factor in determining discharge rates Calibration of Thermal Fog Equipment prevent mosquito breeding in water holding containers around homes and businesses, jars, cans, old tires and other junk, bird baths and water-holding plants, Remove these items or dumping any water Premises Sanitation alter the environment, subject to the environmental permitting process (ditching and impoundments) Unless specifically exempt, most dredging and filling activities require permits if the activity is to be in "submerged lands or the transitional zone of submerged lands"

Land and Water Management provide water circulation and to make the marshes available to fish which feed on mosquito larvae Ditching which covers the surface of the marsh with shallow water and prevents salt marsh mosquitoes from laying eggs, since they are laid on damp soil and not on water. impoundment significantly reduced human illness and death, and has greatly improved human comfort by rapidly and effectively reducing vector species and pest populations, responsible not only for creating a healthier environment for human beings, but also for making it possible to develop and utilize land areas previously considered unfit for human habitation, larvicides and as adulticides Chemical Control contact larvicides (certain organophosphate and hormone mimics), surface control agents (surface oils and films), and stomach toxins (microbial larvicides) Three categories of larvicides organophosphate (OP), only OP registered for use as a larvicide in Florida, mode of action is to inhibit cholinesterase in the peripheral and central nervous systems of the larval mosquitoes, relatively low to moderate acute toxicity, granular and emulsifiable concentrates, signal word "WARNING" or the signal word "CAUTION", use in many habitats including tidal marshes, woodland pools, polluted water, tires, and as a pre-hatch treatment. Temephos juvenile hormone (JH) analog which can be used as a larvicide, since it can regulate insect growth, inhibits the transformation of a pupa to the adult insect, biochemical pesticide because rather than controlling mosquito larvae through direct toxicity, interferes with an insect's life cycle and prevents it from reaching maturity or reproducing, signal word "Caution". Methoprene form a coating on the top of the water and drown larvae, pupae, and emerging adult mosquitoes, one of the most effective tools for pupal control and can control newly emerged adults that are resting on the water surface when drying their wings, low toxicity when used according to the label with minimal detrimental effects to non-target organisms, "CAUTION" signal. Larviciding Oils utilized as larvicides and pupicides of mosquitoes, biodegradable and spread spontaneously over the surface of the water to form an ultra-thin film, mode of action is to lower the water surface tension, preventing suspension of the larvae and pupae at the water surface, subsequently suffocating them. They also interfere with emergence of the adults, pose minimal risks to the environment and human health, do not last very long in the environment, they are usually applied only to standing water. Typical sites of application include roadside ditches, woodland pools, or containers which contain few non-target organisms.

Monomolecular surface films microbial larvicide that occur naturally in soils and aquatic environments globally, active ingredients is delta-endotoxin crystals produced by various species of bacteria. Mosquito larvae eat the product that is made up of the dormant spore form of the bacterium and an associated pure toxin. The toxin disrupts the gut in the mosquito by binding to receptor cells present in insects, but not in mammals, control in outdoor areas such as irrigation ditches, flood water, standing ponds, woodland pools, pastures, tidal water, fresh or saltwater marshes, and storm water retention areas, does not pose risks to wildlife, non-target species, bear the "CAUTION" signal word Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) bacterial larvicide that occurs naturally and is found throughout the world. mode of action is bacteria are ingested by the mosquito larvae and the toxin disrupts the gut in the mosquito by binding to receptor cells present in insects but not in mammals, much slower acting but their effectiveness is more persistent, bear the "CAUTION" signal word Bacillus sphaericus organophosphates (OP) and pyrethroids Two Classes of Adulticides malathion, naled and chlorpyrifos organophosphates (OP) pyrethrum, pyrethrins, permethrin, resmethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and D-phenothrin. Etofenprox, a pyrethroid-like compound pyrethroids organophosphate (OP) insecticide that has been registered for use in the United States since

1956. Mode of action converted inside the mosquito into malaoxon, which inhibits an important central nervous system enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. When this enzyme is inhibited by an OP, the neurotransmission cannot cease and the nerve is over stimulated. Ultimately, this overstimulation leads to paralysis and death in the mosquito, applied using both ground and aerial equipment, compound poses no unacceptable risks to human health or the environment when applied by label rate Malathion OP pesticide that is primarily used for aerial adulticiding in Florida. Mode of action inhibits an important central nervous system enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. When this enzyme is inhibited by an OP, the neurotransmission cannot cease and the nerve is over stimulated. Ultimately, this overstimulation leads to paralysis and death in the mosquito, highly toxic to insects, and therefore is typically applied at less than an ounce per acre, risks from to humans, birds, and fish are not unacceptable,

because of invertebrate toxicity of this compound, there are risks to non-target invertebrates, including beneficial insects such as honeybees Naled are naturally-occurring compounds derived from members of the chrysanthemum family, act on sodium channels through which sodium is pumped to cause excitation and nerve transmission. They prevent the sodium channels from closing, resulting in continual nerve impulse transmission, tremors, and eventually, muscle paralysis and death. Since they are naturally occurring compounds and break down rapidly in sunlight, they are considered as environment- friendly and have few negative residual effects Pyrethrins synthetic chemical insecticides whose structures mimic the natural insecticide pyrethrum. Permethrin, resmethrin, and sumithrin, kill insects by overexciting their nervous system, should not pose unreasonable risks to wildlife or the environment, low in toxicity (at MC rates) to mammals, and are practically non-toxic to birds, toxic to fish and to bees, label restrictions prohibit the direct application of products to open water or within 100 feet of lakes, streams, rivers or bays Pyrethroids digging minnow-access ditches into a salt marsh or stocking mosquito breeding areas with fish, which feed on larvae, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, algal, and viral diseases of mosquito larvae, herbicides to kill aquatic weeds that provide protection and, in certain species, oxygen for the larvae, sterile male technique, lethal genes Other Control Methods at the lowest effective concentration, in strict accordance with the label. The equipment used should be properly calibrated and carefully checked, and the applicator should be fully trained in the safe handling and application of the material used products should be applied proper rate, correct vehicle speed and swath width using chemicals in the recommended manner multi-tooled approach, use of a combination of biological, chemical, educational and physical control methods in order to maintain targeted mosquito species or populations of mosquitoes at acceptable levels. Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) provides local governmental entities authority to conduct arthropod control on public land, under conditions specified in the law. Mosquito Control Law, Chapter 388 Florida Statutes (F. S .), Mosquito control districts and programs are established and operated under Mosquito Control Rules, Chapter 5E-13, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.)

Performance of control measures on private property requires permission of the owner. In cases where the owner will not control arthropod breeding on his property and refuses to permit the mosquito control district to do so, it may be necessary to use the authority provided in this law Chapter 386 F.S., Particular Conditions Affecting Public Health requires that the EPA be certain that all personnel handling hazardous or restricted chemicals be trained to do so correctly and safely, and that they be certified as pesticide applicators by a responsible state or federal agency The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972 In Florida, designated as the lead agency, and shall be responsible for certifying the commercial pest control operators and mosquito control personnel making pesticide applications in the State Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services need for mosquito control, the methods by which it is accomplished, and the need for their support and cooperation To build a really effective mosquito control program the general public must be made aware of the amount of tax money the program receives, but the cooperation received from land owners on whose property it is necessary to work How well a program is explained to the public will determine public coverage such as newspaper stories and radio and television announcements and programs, by talking before civic organizations, schools and other groups, and by dealing with individuals through telephone calls, letters or personal contact The public image of a mosquito control district is created in three ways indicates that a relationship should exist and that the process involves an exchange of information to and from the public "relations" the image they create as they go about their job determines how the public feels about mosquito control every employee of the district should be aware environmental organizations, beekeepers, public lands managers, aquaculturists, organic farmers, concerned citizens, and chemically sensitive or chronically ill individuals Groups that occasionally oppose some or all mosquito control activities include organophosphates such as the adulticides naled, chlorpyrifos, and malathion, and the larvicide temephos Honey bees are susceptible to aerial adulticiding is now performed early in the morning before bees leave the hive to forage, or in the evening or at night when bees are back in the hives, mosquito control personnel advise local beekeepers as to which areas will have high, low, or no aerial activity allowing them to locate their bee yards in "safe" areas, if mosquito control is aware of bee yards in or close to areas

regularly treated, they can tailor the operations to avoid impacts on the bees, such as switching larvicides from temephos to a safer material, such as methoprene or Bti Ways we can reduce the risk to bees maintain a listing of concerned citizens, the district can call the concerned citizen(s) to inform them of upcoming spray operations in their area How MC reduce the risk to concerned citizens emerge from lakes of Florida in such huge numbers that they make outdoor living impossible and may even be a traffic hazard. These insects are very similar to mosquitoes in appearance, but they do not have scales on the wings and the adults do not feed on blood. When very large populations of these insects occur, it would be virtually impossible for an individual to control these insects. A mosquito control district can, however, cover a large enough area with adulticides to give temporary relief. blind mosquitoes (Chironomidae) major annoyance in Florida, fly into roadways in such large numbers during peak emergences that windshields are quickly covered with spattered insects. The worst period is usually April through May, with a secondary occurrence in September lovebugs (Bibionidae) Inside homes there are sometimes populations large enough to create an annoyance by crawling on the skin. These insects are not true lice and do not bite. booklice (Psocidae) a fear of insects, and "suffer" from bites and crawling insects on the skin which are often imagined rather than real entomophobia black widow spider, the brown recluse spider (not usually found in Florida) and certain ticks insects and arachnids which inject venom by biting not usually found in Florida brown recluse spider scorpions, wasps, bees and fire ants insects inject venom by stinging inject their venom through hollow body hairs. When a person brushes against the hairs, venom passes from blades at the base of the hair into the skin of the individual, producing a very painful sting. ex: puss moth, saddleback, and IO moth urticating caterpillars ex: bedbugs, lice, some flies, mites and ticks, in many instances a blood meal is required for the female before eggs can be developed and laid. Insects with mouthparts constructed for blood sucking Dog flies (a.k.a., stable flies), sand flies, horse or deer flies, fleas, chiggers and bird mites

Insects that do not inject venom when biting, but their saliva may be very irritating or painful. Most of these insects do not usually transmit diseases. may lay their eggs in wounds or in the nostrils of man, and the maggots can cause a very serious health problem if not promptly treated by a skilled physician flies and the screw worm spreading of "pink eye" or conjunctivitis eye gnats spread of typhoid and intestinal diseases house flies potential spread of pathogenic and food poisoning cockroaches ticks and fleas Aside from mosquitoes, the arthropod vectors of diseases most likely to be encountered in Florida spread endemic typhus rat fleas Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, human ehrlichioses and tularemia Vectored by ticks Rocky Mountain spotted fever American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) caused by a spirochete and is found primarily in the northeast and pacific coast areas of the U.S. The disease is vectored by Ixodid ticks Lyme disease are a complex of tick-borne rickettsial diseases that are generally mild but may become serious if not treated early human ehrlichioses Cases occur, but in Florida most of these have been traced to dermal contact with infected rabbits, and not tick bites tuleremia Sand Flies Genus Culicoides Small biting midges, pest in many areas of Florida, although the coastal species cause more annoyance than the freshwater species, with the exception of water management, no really satisfactory method has been found for control (keep their breeding areas flooded completely, or to fill them and construct bulkheads at the shoreline), Panasol, a petroleum solvent, can be used effectively as a larvicide and with safety to non-target species; but because of the large volume required for coverage, this larvicide is practical only for treating shorelines, Research is being conducted with IGR compounds, and they are showing promise as larvicides, When adults are a

problem in populated areas, it is possible to fog or spray and control them, but new adults move in from the periphery so rapidly that relief is very temporary. In addition, the results often do not justify the cost, remain inside air-conditioned buildings when populations are high. If they get indoors, household aerosols will provide control. Repellents offer some protection for several hours when one must be outside, Fortunately, these insects are seasonal in nature. Sand Flies stable flies dog Flies major pest along the northwest Gulf coast from Wakulla County through Escambia, have a known flight range of up to 70 miles. In the past, the State had a modest appropriation to carry out control operations which would supplement the control operations of the counties. Counties in the area should have organized inspection and surveillance protocols for outbreaks. Beaches must be inspected daily starting at 8:00 a.m. and at least once or twice more during the day, as long as north winds prevail, larvae should be controlled where possible by management of plant and animal wastes to destroy the larvae without the use of sprays. This can be done by spreading waste materials thinly at intervals so that they dry quickly. Stable Flies Blind Mosquitoes Chironomidae mosquito-like insects do not bite, nor carry disease, they are a nuisance when they emerge in such large numbers that they make outdoor activities unpleasant or impossible, known to come to homes in such huge numbers, attracted by the lights, that they enter every time a door is opened. Most complaints come from the lake regions in Polk, Orange, Lake, Highlands, and Seminole counties, from sites along the St. Johns River or its tributaries, or from the vicinity of man-made lakes at apartment or condominium sites. Organic pollution, including sewage treatment effluents, canning wastes and fertilizer carried off by ground water, is responsible for the heavy production. In the past there have been several programs for control of larvae with various insecticides. At present, most efforts are directed toward control of adults. Blind Mosquitoes filth flies are capable of breeding in almost any warm, moist organic matter such as animal manure, garbage, or decomposing foods. Control is usually best accomplished by good sanitation, and the arthropod control districts are called in only when an unusual situation causes a problem population - such as an improperly managed landfill, have developed resistance to many of the chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphate insecticides. It is best to consult the most recent recommendations for control before treating House Flies

Until the last decade, localized and temporary problem in the State. However, with conversion of vast tracts of woodlands in west Florida into farms for growing soybeans and other crops, have become a significant problem, adulticiding offers, at best, temporary relief. Newly emerged adults quickly reinfest the sprayed areas. IGR compounds have shown promise in current research for control of the larval stage. Eye Gnats Arthropod-borne viral disease agent transmitted biologically by insects Arbovirus An animal of the phylum Arthropoda characterized by having a hard exoskeleton, body with a number of segments arranged longitudinally and paired jointed appendages. The phylum Arthropoda includes insects, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, etc Arthropod The adjustment of pesticide application equipment to apply a pesticide formulation at a desired application rate. Calibration Thin, multilayered tissue covering insects and other arthropods. The outside layer is composed of proteins, waxes and "cement", while layers beneath contain chitin along with proteins and waxes penetrated by numerous pores and glands. Cuticle Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services DACS Creating ditches or furrows into a salt marsh to provide water circulation and to make the marsh available to fish. Ditching (glossary) Eastern equine encephalitis is a viral disease that is spread to horses and humans by infected mosquitoes. The causative agent, eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), is an alphavirus that was first isolated from infected horse brains in 1930s and currently occurs in focal locations of the eastern United States including Florida Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) (glossary) Animal diseases which are commonly present in a locality Enzootic The hard or tough external covering of arthropods to which their muscles are attached and which serves the same function as the bony skeleton of humans Exoskeleton Florida Anti-Mosquito Association FAMA A group of related genera within an order