FLORIDA RIGHT-OF-WAY PESTICIDE EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS, Exams of Pest Management

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FLORIDA RIGHT-OF-WAY PESTICIDE EXAM LATEST UPDATE

2024/2025 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

Florida Pesticide Law - Ch 487 FS

What law controls rights-of-way?

Enacted by FDACS to prevent sensitive crops and plants from injury

Organo-Auxin Herbicide Rule

c) restricted use pesticides

A Right-of-Way Pest Control applicator is a person who applies: a) any type of pesticide b) pesticides that are toxic to honeybees c) restricted use pesticides d) pesticides that are not EPA-registered

b) category certification standards

The practical knowledge that Right-of-Way Pest Control applicators must demonstrate for certification is based upon the: a) knowledge obtained while pursuing a secondary education degree b) category certification standards

c) EPA-approved training courses for this category d) 2960's novel, "Silent Spring"

c) $ (public license is $100)

The cost of a 4-year license for Right-of-Way Pest Control commercial applicators is: a) $ b) $ c) $ d) No cost

d) county extension offices that offer the service

The location to take restricted use pesticide exams is at: a) the FDACS main office in Tallahassee b) EPA headquarters in Washington DC c) local public libraries d) county extension offices that offer the service

b) 4 core and 8 Right-of-Way

The number of continuing education units (CEUs) that a Right-of-Way Pest Control applicator must obtain to keep the license valid: a) 8 core and 8 Right-of-Way b) 4 core and 8 Right-of-Way c) 2 core and 2 Right-of-Way d) 1 core and 1 Right-of-Way

biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms

allelopathy

b) mechanical

Which IVM control method uses mowers? a) chemical b) mechanical c) cultural d) biological

a) highways c) utility lines d) pipelines e) railways g) substations

Which of the following are examples of rights-of-way? a) highways

b) golf courses c) utility lines d) pipelines e) railways f) citrus groves g) substations

d) chemical

Which IVM control method uses 2, 4-D to control broadleaf weeds? a) mechanical b) cultural c) biological d) chemical

a) it is usually conducted by state and federal agencies d) it relies on living organisms to control unwanted weed species e) when successful, it is usually inexpensive to maintain

Which of the following pertain to biological control in IVM? a) it is usually conducted by state and federal agencies b) it is used for control of a broad spectrum of weed species c) it is fast-acting d) it relies on living organisms to control unwanted weed species e) when successful, it is usually inexpensive to maintain

a) cultural

Which IVM control method uses mulches, fertilizers, and fire? a) cultural b) chemical c) mechanical d) biological

have a detrimental effect on public health, agricultural crops, natural ecosystem function, or animal production FDACS Noxious Weed List and Federal Noxious Weed List (USDA)

Noxious weeds

seedling vegetative reproductive maturity

Growth stages of a weed

• cotyledons may be present along with first true leaves
• plants are small and easily controlled

• leaf surface is easily penetrated because waxy coating and surface hairs are not well developed
• younger plants have small roots near soil surface
• small size requires less herbicide for control and no unsightly patches of dead weeds

Seedling stage

• rapid growth of stems, roots, and foliage corresponding with rapid uptake of water and nutrients, the moving of water and nutrients throughout the plant, and the production of plant sugars through photosynthesis
• many herbicides are much more effective in this stage

Vegetative stage

• flowering and seed production or fruit set
• growth is limited and uptake of water and nutrients is slowed
• translocation of water, nutrients, and sugars is directed to reproductive parts, flowers, fruits, and seeds
• movement of nutrients and sugars and herbicides to the roots is reduced

Reproductive stage

• little or no growth
• movement of water, nutrients, and herbicides is slow
• perennial plants translocate sugars to roots for winter storage (good time to apply translocated herbicides for this life cycle)

Mature stage

• one-year life cycle (summer or winter)
• grasslike or broadleaved
• summer annuals grow from seeds that sprout in spring - grow, mature, produce seed and die before winter (e.g., crabgrass, Texas panicum, common cocklebur, pigweed, and common lambsquarter)
• winter annuals grow from seeds that sprout in fall - grow, mature, produce seed, and die before summer (e.g., chickweed, shepherd's purse, and wild mustard)
• root systems do not persist from year to year, so defoliating them usually controls them
• treatment not recommended after seed set

Annual life cycle

• two-year life cycle
• first year - grow from seed and develop a heavy root and compact cluster of leaves (rosette)
• second year - mature, produce seed, and die
• e.g,., mullein, bull thistle, and wild carrot
• direct control at first year plants
• after seedhead has been produced (often most visible part), the plant begins to senesce and dies
• herbicides after flowering and seed production is of little or no benefit
• mechanical cutting to reduce height may be more practical

Biennial life cycle

• normally live more than 2 years
• some mature and reproduce in first year and then repeat vegetation, seed production, and maturity stages for several more years
• others - seed production and maturity stages may be delayed for several years
• some die back each winter, others (like trees) lose leaves but do not die back to ground
• most grow from seed
• many species also produce tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, or stolons
• e.g., Johnsongrass, purple nutsedge, and kudzu
• simple perennials normally reproduce by seeds, but root pieces left by cultivation can produce new plants (e.g., dandelions, plantain, trees, and shrubs)
• bulbous perennials reproduce by seed, bulbets, or bulbs (e.g., wild garlic produces seed and bulbets above ground and bulbs below ground)
• creeping perennials produce seeds and rhizomes or stolons (e.g., Johnsongrass, cogongrass, Bermudagrass)

Perennial life cycle

• seedlings have only one leaf as they emerge from the seed
• leaves are generally narrow and upright with parallel veins
• stems generally round and may be hollow or solid
• most have fibrous root systems
• growing point on seedlings is sheathed and located below the soil surface
• annuals or perennials

Grasses

• similar to grasses but have triangular stems and leaves are arranged in groups of 3
• not true grasses and herbicides meant specifically for grass control typically do not control sedges
• most are found in wet places, but principal pest species are found in fertile, well-drained soils
• yellow and purple nutsedge are perennial weed species that produce rhizomes and tubers

Sedges

• seedlings have 2 leaves as they emerge from the seed
• leaves are generally broad with netlike veins
• usually have strong central taproot and fairly coarse root system
• annual, biennial, or perennial
• most actively growing plants have exposed growing points at end of each stem and in each leaf axil
• perennial plants may also have growing points on roots and stems above and below surface of soil

Broadleaves

• woody and herbaceous vines are also broadleaved with many similar characteristics
• often have persistent woody stems
• invade treated weed-free areas from surrounding untreated area
• climb poles, signs, signals, guy wires, fence posts, and other vegetation
• some are annuals (e.g., annual morningglory), but most are perennials that vigorously sprout from

underground vegetative reproductive strategies

• e.g., blackberry, dewberry, greenbrier, kudzu, and Virginia creeper

Vines

• form secondary tissues from vascular cambium (wood)
• include brush, shrubs, and trees
• brush and shrubs are woody plants that have several stems and are typically less than 10 ft tall
• trees are woody plants that usually have a single trunk and are over 10 ft tall
• perennial plants that may reproduce by seed or from sprouting roots

Woody plants

Hardwood

• hickories, oaks, sweetgum, and willows
• shed leaves in fall (few exceptions) Conifers
• evergreens
• most keep needles year round
• needles usually shed every 2-3 years (species depending), but always newer green foliage present
• e.g., eastern red cedar, juniper, loblolly, slash, and shortleaf pines
• bald cypress sheds its needles each fall

Types of trees

• perennial plants that do not produce seed but reproduce by spores and creeping rhizomes
• prefer moist soils
• some weedy examples include bracken and tuberous sword fern

Ferns (and their allies)

Xylem and Phloem - important for movement of herbicides, water, nutrients, sugars, and naturally- occurring growth regulators in plants

Conducting tissues

tissues move water and nutrients up from roots to leaves (typically, soil-applied herbicides move upward in this tissue)

Xylem

transports manufactured sugars from leaves to points of active growth, including root tips, reproductive tissues, and storage organs

Phloem

• inner and outer bark is composed of phloem tissue
• the wood (sapwood and heartwood) is xylem tissue
• they are separated by the cambium - the living tissue responsible for tree growth
• living tissues on outer edge of bark; rest of bark is nonliving tissue that protects tree from injury

Conducting tissues in woody plants

b) Federal noxious

What is the term for a plant species that may not be legally moved interstate, into, or through the US without obtaining a permit from the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service? a) obnoxious b) Federal noxious c) Florida noxious d) endangered species

c) grasses

What type of plants are characterized by narrow upright leaves, parallel veins running the length of the leaf, one leaf at germination, and a fibrous root system? a) trees b) broadleaves c) grasses d) ferns

• generally most effective when applied before weeds emerge from soil
• enters plant through roots
• examples: bromacil, pendimethalin, and tebuthiuron

Preemergent herbicide

• foliage-absorbed herbicides
• primarily enter plant through leaves so weed has already emerged above soil
• examples: 2,4-D, glyphosphate, and triclopyr

Postemergent herbicides

Yes examples: aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and imazapyr

Can some herbicides be absorbed by either the leaves or the roots? (not just one or the other)

• control only certain types of plants
• when applied to mixed vegetation, some plant types or species will not be affected or will show minimal signs of injury
• selectivity may occur because of true physiological selectivity
• example: grasses are naturally tolerant to 2,4-D, but ragweeds are susceptible
• selectivity can also be determined by rate, timing, method of application, and plant characteristics

Selective herbicides

• generally control most plants and are used where complete control is desired
• examples: bromacil, glyphosate, and tebuthiuron

Nonselective herbicides

• kill only the parts of the plant they actually touch
• usually used to control annuals and biennials
• cause quick dieback
• example: diquat

Contact herbicides

• absorbed by roots or leaves and carried in plant sap throughout plant
• particularly effective against perennial weeds because the chemical reaches all parts of the plant - even deep roots and woody stems
• work more slowly than contact
• plants may not die for several weeks, often longer for woody perennials
• examples: glyphosate, 2,4-D

Translocated (systemic) herbicides

• persistence depends on ability to resist microbial and chemical degradation in soil
• important characteristic when long-term weed control is desired for total vegetation control around guard rails, median barriers, substations, or rail yards
• persistence allows control of shallow-rooted annual weeds among deep-rooted established perennial plantings
• persistence usually increases with cooler temperatures, dry, compacted, or clay-textured soils, and high use rates
• generally considered to be persistent: bromacil, diuron, imazapyr, sulfometuron, and tebuthiuron

Persistent herbicides

• short-lived in the environment
• soil microorganisms easily break them down, or they become so tightly bound to soil particles that they are not available for uptake
• persistence is undesirable when it hinders or delays desirable plant growth as in reseeding or plant release programs
• persistence is reduced in warm temperatures, frequent rainfall, low use rates, sandy soils, and high organic soils
• examples: 2,4-D, fosamine, glyphosate, and triclopyr

Nonpersistent herbicides

• act like natural plant growth regulators
• more active than natural growth regulators because they are applied at much higher rates
• plant dies, in part, because growth stops and mature tissues undergo cell division that chokes the vascular tissues
• common symptom: distorted growth, including twisting and curling
• usually applied to foliage
• effective for controlling many broadleaf weeds and trees; grasses usually tolerant at label rates
• drift to susceptible crops is a concern

Auxin growth regulators

• prevent plant from making important amino acids
• may be nonpersistent (e.g., glyohosate)
• may be persistent (e.g., chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, sulfometuron, and imazapyr)
• may take a week to several weeks before symptoms appear, but growth stops soon after application
• used at low rates
• some have PGR effects at very low rates

Amino acid inhibitors

• block photosynthesis in susceptible plants
• no direct effect on root growth, although root uptake is primary entry
• leaves can uptake herbicides under some conditions and with use of certain adjuvants
• all persist in soil and provide residual weed control, but length of persistence varies

Photosynthesis inhibitors

Diquat and paraquat disrupt cell membranes

• nonselective contact herbicides
• injury may be apparent a few hours after application
• thorough spray coverage is required Dichlobenil and indaziflam are inhibitors of cellulose biosynthesis
• following application, susceptible weed seedlings typically do not emerge
• inhibit germination and new cell growth at growing points of roots and shoots
• have practical uses for soil-applied nonselective vegetation control beneath asphalt

Herbicides affecting cell membranes and walls

• stop growth of roots and shoots of germinating seeds or small seedlings by disrupting cell division
• example: pendimethalin -- translocates to only a limited degree in plants and seldom controls established weeds -- highly selective for grass control and usually does not leach in soils -- effective control depends on sufficient rainfall soon after application or soil incorporation

Root development inhibitor

• fosamine inhibits bud development when applied to woody plants late in growing season, but before leaves start changing colors
• except for pines, little or no visible brownout until the following spring, when susceptible woody plants do not resume growth
• moves only from the leaves to the buds, so uniform coverage is necessary
• has no soil activity and does not injure grasses at normal use rates

Bud development inhibitor

• do not cause plant death, only a reduction in plant growth
• chemicals used to alter growth of a plant or plant part
• hormones are substances naturally produced by plants and substances that control normal plant functions (such as root growth, fruit set and drop, growth, and other development processes)
• used in right-of-way for seedhead suppression of roadside grass and to reduce sprout growth after

line clearance trimming

• cell division inhibitors, gibberellin synthesis inhibitors

Plant growth regulators or plant hormones (PGRs)

• mefluidide inhibits cell division, thus reducing growth and suppressing seedhead formation of various turfgrass species
• does not persist in the soil, but has been show to injure some desirable plant species
• commercial pre-packaged formulations available
• seedhead inhibition of bahiagrass may range from 6-10 weeks and suppress vegetative growth ranging from 4-5 weeks

Cell division inhibitor (PGR)

• paclobutrazol is tree growth regulator that inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellins (plant growth substances that stimulate cell division and cell elongation) -- stem cambial growth of some tree species is also inhibited -- injected into soil or applied as drench around base of tree
• inhibition of cell division and elongation limits tree growth, especially resprouting stimulated by pruning
• growth inhibition can usually last for 2-4 years
• flurprimidol is a similar compound but must be directly injected into tree

Gibberellin synthesis inhibitor (PGR)

• application: POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES -PHLOEM
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: AUXIN GROWTH REGULATOR
• areas of application: asphalt surfaces, roadsides, railroad, utility, pipeline rights-of-way, and utility installations
• remarks: controls several susceptible broadleaf weeds. A non-ionic surfactant should be added for maximum effectiveness. Do not allow sprays to drift to desirable vegetation. Labeled for use on asphalt surfaces for control of emerged weeds

2,4-D

• application: PRE and POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AUXIN GROWTH REGULATOR
• areas of application: airports, highway, railroad, utility rights-of-way, and sewage disposal areas
• remarks: prepackaged with one of several other herbicide active ingredients

Aminocyclopyrachlor

• application: PRE and POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AUXIN GROWTH REGULATOR
• areas of application: roadsides, electric utility and communication transmission lines, pipelines, and railroads
• remarks: controls many broadleaf weed species and certain woody plants, including invasive and noxious weed

Aminopyralid

• application: PRE
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
• areas of application: railroad, highway, pipeline rights-of-way, petroleum tank farms, lumberyards, storage areas, and industrial plant sites
• remarks: controls a wide range of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and perennial grasses for an extended period of time. Use higher rates for perennial weeds. Rainfall after application is required for activation. Labeled for use under asphalt surfaces.

Bromacil

• application: PRE and POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AMINO ACID INHIBITOR
• areas of application: roadsides and associated right-of-way, petroleum tank farms, pipeline utility rights-of-way, and storage areas
• remarks: controls annual and perennial weeds. Warm, moist conditions following treatment enhance effectiveness. Best results occur when applied before or during early stages of weed growth. For postemergence applications, always use a non-ionic surfactant (0.25% v/v).

Chlorsulfuron

• application: POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: AUXIN GROWTH REGULATOR
• areas of application: roadways, railroad, highway, pipeline, and rights-of-way that run through pasture and rangeland, utility facilities (including substations, tankfarms, pump stations, and parking), and storage areas

• remarks: controls a wide range of herbaceous and "brushy" broadleaf plants. Apply in spring just before or during active growth. DO NOT apply over the root zone of desirable plants

Dicamba

• application: PRE
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: INHIBITOR OF CELLULOSE BIOSYNTHESIS
• areas of application: roadways, railways, utility rights-of-way, and industrial areas. If used under asphalt surfaces, apply after final grade is achieved to control weeds under asphalt in roadway, parking lots, and residential areas. Treated areas should be covered with asphalt as soon as possible. For resurfacing work, existing weeds should be sprayed with a contact herbicide prior to the dichlobenil application
• remarks: distribute granules uniformly under the soil surface. Apply during the cool months of the year. If temperatures are greater than 70°F, dichlobenil should be incorporated into the soil by shallow tillage of 1/4" irrigation water. Labeled for use under asphalt surfaces

Dichlobenil

• application: POST
• selective? NO
• translocated? NO
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: CELL MEMBRANE DISRUPTION
• areas of application: driveways, walkways, railroad beds/yards, highways, roads, dividers and medians, parking lots, pipelines, pumping stations, public utility lines, transformer stations and substations, electric utilities, and storage yards
• remarks: Provides non-selective control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It should be applied to the foliage of actively growing plants. Add a non-ionic surfactant (75% greater surface active agent) at 0.25-0.5% v/v. Do not allow spray to drift

Diquat bromide

• application: PRE AND POST
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
• areas of application: highways, airports, utility and railroad rights-of-way including switch yards and storage yards, sewage disposal areas, pipelines, and tank farms
• remarks: controls annual and perennial broadleaves and grasses. Best results are obtained if application is made to the soil shortly before weed growth begins. Addition of a surfactant for postemergence applications is recommended (0.25-0.5% v/v). Apply only when water is not in the ditch. Labeled for use under asphalt surfaces

Diuron

• application: POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: AUXIN GROWTH REGULATOR
• areas of application: railroads, electrical power lines, communication lines, roadsides
• remarks: controls various herbaceous broadleaf weeds and woody brush and trees. Use the low rate on herbaceous plants; the high rate on woody plants. DO NOT allow sprays to drift to desirable plants. Has little or no soil activity. Optimum temperature for application is between 55°F and 85°F. Include a spray adjuvant for maximum effectiveness

Fluroxypyr

• application: POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? NO
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: BUD DEVELOPMENT INHIBITOR
• areas of application: airports, highways, sewage disposal areas, fuel storage areas, industrial sites such as pipelines and tank farms, railroad rights-of-way, storage areas, utility, and pipeline rights-of- way
• remarks: sprayed directly to only parts of susceptible brush will provide control of the portion sprayed, resulting in a trimming effect. Treated susceptible plants do not produce foliage or grow the following spring. Coniferous species generally display visible symptoms following application

Fosamine

• application: POST
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: AMINO ACID INHIBITOR
• areas of application: airports, parking areas, dry ditches, dry canals, industrial sites, lumber yards, petroleum tank farms and pumping installations, railroads, storage areas, substations, and utility sites. Do not apply to water
• remarks: provides nonselective control of broadleaf and grassy weeds. Apply to the foliage of actively growing plants. A non-ionic surfactant should be added to spray mixture at 0.5% v/v. Labeled for use on asphalt surfaces.

Glyphosate

• application: PRE and POST
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES

• mode of action: PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
• areas of application: railroads, highways, airports, utility and pipeline rights-of-way, sewage disposal areas, tank farms, fuel storage areas, and industrial plant sites
• remarks: provides both contact and residual control of annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and woody plants. Moisture is required to activate. Weeds should be less than 2" in height and diameter when applying postemergence.

Hexazinone

• application: POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AMINO ACID INHIBITOR
• areas of application: railroad, utility, pipeline, highway rights-of-way, railroad crossings, utility plant sites, petroleum tank farms, pumping installations, non-agriculture fence rows, storage areas, non- irrigation ditchbanks, airports, and industrial
• remarks: controls annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. Best results will occur when applied before or during the early stages of weed growth before weeds develop an established root system. A non-ionic surfactant is recommended at 0.25% v/v. Lower rates can be used to suppress the growth of "Pensacola" bahiagrass. Labeled for use under asphalt surfaces.

Imazapic

• application: PRE and POST
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AMINO ACID INHIBITOR
• areas of application: railroad, utility, pipeline and highway rights-of-way, petroleum tank farms, pumping installations, storage areas, and non-irrigation ditchbanks
• remarks: controls a wide range and broadleaf weeds. Do not apply over the root zone of desirable. If used pre, apply before weeds emerge. For perennial weed control, postemergence application is preferred. Oaks and citrus are extremely sensitive to imazapyr. To minimize spray drift, select proper nozzles and use pressures less than 50 psi. It is often desirable to spot spray with handguns or backpack sprayers or use stump and cut treatments. Consult label for specific rates for these applications. Can be tank-mixed with several other herbicide active ingredients approved for rights-of- way use. Labeled for use on asphalt surfaces to control emerged weeds and for under asphalt surfaces.

Imazapyr

• application: PRE
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM AND XYLEM
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: INHIBITOR OF CELLULOSE BIOSYNTHESIS

• areas of application: rail and utility rights-of-way, utility substations, non-irrigation ditch banks, roadsides, airports, tank farms, pumping stations, and parking lots
• remarks: controls many annual grasses and broadleaf weed species. Maximum activity requires rainfall (0.25 inches) for activation within several weeks of application. Indaziflam generally does not control emerged weeds

Indaziflam

• application: POST
• selective? YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM AND XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AMINO ACID INHIBITOR
• areas of application: airports, highway, railroad and utility rights-of-way, sewage disposal areas, fuel storage areas, and industrial sites including pipelines and tank farms
• remarks: controls annual and perennial weeds, certain woody species, and Pensacola bahiagrass. Do not apply to areas where herbicide is likely to move into water (e.g., inside of ditches). For best results, apply postemergence to young, actively growing weeds (<2" tall or 2" across). A surfactant at 0.25% v/v should be included for postemergence applications. Can be tank-mixed with several other herbicide active ingredients approved for rights-of-way use

Metsulfuron-methyl

• application: POST
• selective? NO
• translocated? NO
• persistent? NO
• mode of action: CELL MEMBRANE DISRUPTION
• areas of application: airports, electric transformer stations, pipeline pumping stations, and storage yards and other similar noncrop areas
• remarks: controls most annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds. Control of perennial weeds is poor. Apply to the foliage of actively growing weeds. A non-ionic surfactant at 0.125% v/v should be included in the spray mix. DO NOT enter treated areas for 24 hours after application unless protective clothing and equipment is worn

Paraquat

• application: PRE
• selective? YES
• translocated? NO
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: ROOT DEVELOPMENT INHIBITOR
• areas of application: parking lots, driveways and roadsides, alleyways, and bike and jogging paths
• remarks: provides preemergence control of several grass and broadleaf species. Provides no postemergence control, therefore the product must be applied prior to seed germination. For total vegetation control, apply with other herbicide active ingredients registered for rights-of-way use. Labeled for use under asphalt surfaces

Pendimethalin

• application: PRE
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
• areas of application: storage areas, pumps, machinery, fuel tanks, recreational areas, pipelines, guard rails, airports, military installations, highway medians, railroads, lumber yards, industrial sites, rights-of-way, and similar areas
• remarks: apply prior to emergence until 3 months after weed emergence. Will provide residual control for over 1 year.

Prometon

• application: PRE and POST
• selective? NO and YES
• translocated? YES - PHLOEM and XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: AMINO ACID INHIBITOR
• areas of application: airports, highway, railroad and utility rights-of-way, sewage disposal areas, fuel storage areas, pipelines, and tank farms
• remarks: controls annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. Best results will occur when applied before or during the early stages of weed growth before weeds develop an established root system. A non-ionic surfactant is recommended at 0.25% v/v

Sulfometuron

• application: PRE
• selective? NO
• translocated? YES - XYLEM
• persistent? YES
• mode of action: PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
• areas of application: highways, fire breaks, industrial sites, utility rights-of-way, pipelines, and railroad rights-of-way
• remarks: use to control woody plants and herbaceous broadleaves. Good activity on privot. Use higher rates for perennial grass and shrub control. Apply in winter or early spring. If rapid kill of established weeds is desired, add a contact herbicide. Use restrictions apply in south Florida. Rainfall is necessary for activation

Tebuthiuron

d) use restrictions for all pesticides are written into product labeling

How is the public ensured that they will not come into contact with herbicide concentrations that may cause harmful effects? a) no harmful effects were observed in laboratory studies using human subjects b) what the public doesn't know won't hurt them

c) the half-life of all pesticides is determined and must be less than 60 days d) use restrictions for all pesticides are written into product labeling

c) translocated (systemic)

What is the term for herbicides that are absorbed by roots or leaves and carried in the plant sap throughout the plant? a) selective b) contact c) translocated (systemic) d) persistent

c) persistent

What is the term for herbicides that remain active in the environment for an extended period of time? a) translocated b) nonselective c) persistent d) selective

b) selective

What is the term for herbicides that only control certain types of plants? a) contact b) selective c) volatile d) nonpersistent

b) preemergent

What is the term for herbicides that are generally most effective when applied before the weeds emerge from the soil? a) selective b) preemergent c) contact d) nonpersistent

a) they inhibit cell division and elongation

In general, how do plant growth regulators (PGRs) function? a) they inhibit cell division and elongation b) they cause rapid water loss from green foliage c) they greatly reduce photosynthesis capacity d) they reduce root growth, thus water and nutrient uptake

b) broadleaves

What type of plants are characterized by leaves with netlike veins, two leaves at germination, a taproot or coarse root system, buds in each axil, and not woody? a) trees

b) broadleaves c) grasses d) ferns

d) all of the above

Why are seedling weeds controlled more easily than mature weeds? a) wax and cuticle are less thick b) there are generally fewer and shorter hairs c) they are small in size d) all of the above

c) biennials

Which type of plants have a two-year life cycle? a) winter annuals b) summer annuals c) biennials d) perennials

d) perennials

Which life type of plants live more than 2 years? a) winter annuals b) summer annuals c) biennials d) perennials

a) xylem

In which type of plant tissue do soil-applied herbicides move upwards in plants? a) xylem b) cambium c) stomates d) phloem

b) photosynthesis

Which plant process is described by the manufacturing of sugar from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of green chlorophyll with sunlight as the energy source? a) assimilation b) photosynthesis c) respiration d) transpiration

a class of plant hormones that have a key role in coordination of many growth processes in the plant's life cycle are essential for plant development

Auxin

any soil organic matter that has reached a point of stability where it will break down no further

Humus

All are synthetic organic compounds

What do all herbicides used in right-of-way management have in common?

• absorption from leaf surface into living part of plant
• herbicide must pass through epidermis to enter plant
• epidermis has cuticle, cell walls, plasma membrane, and perhaps hairs as barriers
• specialized cells associated with stomata are thought to aid in uptake of herbicides
• surfactants (containing silicone polymers) help the spray mixture reach the underside of the leaf (where stomata occur)
• materials taken up by foliage move in the phloem tissue
• absorption occurs through diffusion

Foliar absorption

• greatly affected by the interaction of herbicides with the soil and subsequent availability
• herbicides that are strongly adsorbed by soils will not be available for uptake
• presence of humus can greatly increase a soil's binding capacity
• absorption occurs through active transport
• herbicide travels through xylem
• roots are selective in uptake of herbicides
• may be transformed or bound in the roots

Root absorption

• herbicides may be taken up directly by the epidermis of herbaceous stem, but epidermis often has extensive waxy materials that inhibit uptake of water-soluble herbicides
• herbicides applied to stems must be able to pass through bark or be applied directly to the vascular tissue
• some woody species have thin enough or permeable enough bark that oil-soluble herbicides can pass through and be absorbed by phloem
• water-soluble or oil-soluble herbicides can be injected into vascular tissue of stem or be directly applied to vascular tissue of cut stem or girdled trunk

Stem absorption

Growth stage Location of growing points Leaf shape Hairs Size Environmental factors Precipitation Temperature Light

Humidity Wind

What factors affect herbicide activity?

d) mode of action

What is the term for the way in which a particular herbicide disrupts a target plant process? a) absorption b) adsorption c) half-life d) mode of action

b) cuticle -> epidermis -> plasma membrane -> cytoplasm

What is the correct order of entry of a foliar-applied herbicide to reach its target site within a weed? a) cytoplasm -> plasma membrane -> cuticle -> epidermis b) cuticle -> epidermis -> plasma membrane -> cytoplasm c) epidermis -> cytoplasm -> plasma membrane -> cuticle d) plasma membrane -> cuticle -> cytoplasm -> epidermis

a) to reduce surface tension of spray droplets on foliage

What is the primary purpose for applying a surfactant in a herbicide mixture? a) to reduce surface tension of spray droplets on foliage b) to increase persistence of herbicide with soil applications c) to improve a herbicide's selectivity characteristics d) to prevent a soil-applied herbicide from adsorbing to soil particles

c) the cuticle

What is the most important barrier to the absorption of a herbicide placed on a leaf surface? a) leaf hairs b) leaf water c) the cuticle d) stomata

b) adsorption to soil particles

What is the most important factor by which herbicides become unavailable for uptake from soils? a) leaching below the root zone b) adsorption to soil particles c) surface runoff from heavy rain d) hydrolysis prior to uptake

d) basal bark applications are effective on woody monocots because the herbicide comes in contact with the phloem and cambium

Which of the following statements is false regarding plant uptake? a) materials taken up by roots move upward in the xylem of plant stems

b) materials taken up by foliage move to the roots and other plant parts in the phloem c) in trees, xylem nearest the cambium is active in translocation d) basal bark applications are effective on woody monocots because the herbicide comes in contact with the phloem and cambium

a) herbicides target biological processes that are unique to the plant kingdom

What is the basis for herbicidal activity with low toxicity to higher forms of life, including humans? a) herbicides target biological processes that are unique to the plant kingdom b) herbicides are quickly excreted following ingestion by mammals, including humans c) herbicides are applied in such manners that human exposure is rare d) herbicides are synthetic organic compounds, meaning they are nontoxic to humans

c) selectivity

What is the term used in pest management that refers to the ability of controlling a target pest species without harming the nontarget species? a) differential uptake b) tolerance c) selectivity d) resistance

d) plants growing under environmental stress have increased uptake and translocation of foliar- applied herbicides

Which of the following statements is false regarding herbicide activity? a) plants previously treated with herbicide at sublethal rates may not absorb a second application of herbicide b) young plants or new growth on older plants will more readily absorb herbicide c) during late- and post-flowering, perennial plants are more susceptible to foliar absorbed pesticides d) plants growing under environmental stress have increased uptake and translocation of foliar-applied herbicides

d) microbial

Which degradation process is the most important means by which herbicides are destroyed in soils? a) photolysis b) hydrolysis c) plant uptake d) microbial

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• guard rails must be able to be seen by motorists and inspected by maintenance personnel
• weeds growing around guard rails hold moisture and cause rust
• aggregates tend to accumulate under guard rails, holding moisture that degrades the asphalt and promotes weed growth
• treatment of cracks and crevices to provide residual weed control
• chemical and/or manual control

• handgun, short boom with nozzles spraying each side of guard rails, flood nozzles, or off-center (OC) nozzles treating in from of and under the guard rail
• mowing in front of guard rails

Guard rails

Nonselective Vegetation Control Program

• catch and accumulate aggregates and abrasives that support weed growth
• controlled manually or with herbicides
• handguns, OC nozzles, stream nozzles
• commonly only spot applications -carefully use herbicides with residual soil activity because of little soil and excess surface runoff

Median Barriers

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• anchored in soil or asphalt
• subject to rusting caused by weeds
• mowing not possible
• treatment of cracks and crevices is necessary
• removal of weeds with nonselective herbicide in area arounds posts large enough to overlap with mowers
• usually handguns

Signposts and delineators

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• difficult to mow around or next to
• ideal control is banded residual weed control treatment
• trees located on and off right-of-way can be injured
• commonly handguns or backpack sprayers

Fences

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• vegetation degrades abutments and headwalls
• mowing around is troublesome
• weed control around drain inlets is necessary for visibility and drainage maintenance
• manual or chemical methods
• handguns or backpack sprayers
• DO NOT SPRAY INTO DRAIN ITSELF

Structures, Abutments, Headwalls, and Inlets

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• weed control provides safe work area, enables workers to find parts and supplies when needed, and reduces equipment deterioration
• chemical control often used
• size permitting, broadcast application can be used in combination with handguns for inaccessible

areas

• granular and pellet formulations most convenient

Storage yards

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• total vegetation control eliminated deteriorating effect of weeds growing through edge of asphalt
• weed-free shoulder stays compacted
• maintaining compacted shoulder reduces soil erosion and need for mechanical grading operations to smooth and dress shoulder for area
• nonselective herbicide treatment for maintaining weed-free zone without disturbing shoulder
• applied with mowing vehicle in most cases

Road shoulders

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• have a variety of surface materials, including soil, concrete, asphalt, gravel, or brick
• nonsoil surfaces have cracks where weeds can grow
• weeds attract litter and harbor rodents
• residual soul-active herbicide treatment is applied to cracks and crevices to prevent growth and usually applied with backpack or handgun

Curbs, Gutters, and Median islands

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• sometimes maintained weed-free to facilitate rapid water movement after storms
• presence of vegetation slows water flow and traps soil in ditch
• over time, ditches accumulate soil that must be mechanically removed
• residual soil-active herbicides applied during dry periods

Ditches

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• railroad bridge treatments involve use of residual soil-active herbicides applied early in growing season to prevent vegetative growth around supports of wooden bridges
• vegetation control for length of growing season is desired
• can be treated by hand with granular spreaders or sprayed with special "bridge booms" on a hi-rail truck , or with regular flat fan nozzles on a fixed boom
• bridge booms usually 2 cluster OC nozzles that spray in opposite directions
• leave a buffer strip before and after watercourse

Bridges

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• treatments use residual soil-active herbicides applied early in growing season to prevent weed and grass growth around yards, switches, buildings, and storage areas
• long-term vegetation control is desired
• fixed boom sprayer equipped with flat fan or OC nozzles mounted on a hi-rail truck or railroad car
• handheld spray gun may be needed around building or on "stub" tracks and other inaccessible areas

Railroad yards

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• main lines, branch lines, and signs and other track side fixtures (railroad vegetation control)
• postemergence treatment for short-term weed control
• weeds present when treatment is made and new weeds may begin growing before killing frost
• hi-rail truck or spray train usually equipped with fixed booms and OC nozzles

Line-of-road

Nonselective Vegetation Control Programs

• season-long vegetation control is necessary to reduce fire hazard and increase facility reliability
• handgun applications most common around actual equipment and facilities
• areas with substantial open ground can be treated with short booms on light trucks of ATVs

Substations and Pumping stations

Selective Vegetation Control Program

• presence of tall growing broadleaf vegetation gives roadside an unkempt appearance
• control of these weeds is major effort of many programs
• historically accomplished with auxin growth regulators
• can be done throughout growing season
• if treatments are conducted while weeds are small and hidden by grass, results will be less noticeable
• fall applications effective for controlling germinating winter annuals and biennials in the rosette stage
• herbicides controlling broadleaf weeds can be combined with PGRs that suppress grass seedhead production in a single application
• spot or broadcast treatment by variety of methods, including boom and boomless spray equipment
• drift is special concern

Broadleaf weeds

Selective Vegetation Control Program

• grass cover is encouraged
• woody plants and other plants that restrict water flow, such as cattails, are main problem in these ditches

Ditches

Selective Vegetation Control Program

• controlling cogongrass and release of Bermudagrass
• controlling one grass species in another grass can sometimes be accomplished by: -- careful control of application rate or treatment timing -- using directed application -- taking advantage of difference in plant heights
• broadcast, spot, or wiping treatments

Special grass control

Selective Vegetation Control Program

• treatments applied to areas on either side of highway and rail grade crossing to improve visibility
• road crossing treatments are usually applied after weeds have emerged and are usually indeed to suppress vegetation on railroad right-of-way rather than eliminate it
• treatments vary with conditions on or adjacent to right-of-way
• reduce drift hazard by applying higher volume, large droplet applications
• OC tips with large orifices, handguns, or specially constructed straight stream nozzle configurations
• crossing treatments can be applied by hi-rail trucks or spray trains
• frequently conducted at same time as line-of-road treatments and usually with different herbicide mixture
• crossing can also be treated with off-track equipment and herbicides chosen specifically for the problem weeds

Road crossings

Woody Plant Control

• easy way to control dense stands of woody plants
• largest selection of herbicides available
• brownout may cause visual problem for public
• foliar-absorbed herbicides can be diluted in water and applied to the leaves with aerial or ground equipment
• can either be broadcast or directed at a specific plant's foliage to minimize damage to nontarget vegetation
• flat-fan, even distribution tip, or adjustable cone nozzle can be used on a handheld or backpack sprayer
• spray tips may be installed in the spray wand that comes with the backpack sprayer, or a spray gun may be attached
• spray gun can immediately be switched from one spray tip to the other by rotating the spray head
• all backpack sprayers and spray guns should have chemical-resistant seals for the herbicides being used
• power-driven equipment is commonly used to spray large and/or tall plants or large areas

Foliar applications

Woody Plant Control

• immediate visual effect of removing the problem, but regardless of how the tree is cut, there is a high probability that if it is a hardwood species, the stump will resprout without an herbicide treatment
• after cutting and removing large trees or brush, herbicide is sprayed, poured, or painted on to the cut surface
• low pressure should be used to minimize splashing of spray mox
• dropper bottle is effective application tool
• felling should be done with saw or looper, making level cut
• sweep off dirt and sawdust that may prevent herbicide solution from being taken up by stump
• application should be directed towards just inside bark where active vascular tissue lies on large stump when using concentrated herbicide solutions