FTCE Family and Consumer Science questions and correct answers, Exams of Nursing

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AAFCS (American Association of FCS) - answer-national organization that influences the education of individuals in the methodology and knowledge associated with fcs. Influence public policy and gather support for programs that help educate and protect individuals and families from unsafe habits, business practices, products, and lifestyles FCCLA (Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America) - answer-youth organization for students; by focusing public attention to the problems young people face, the FCCLA gains support for programs and laws that help protect young people and their families. direct communication - answer-When a person who is attempting to convey a given piece of information SIMPLY STATES that information to the person he or she wants to receive the information Ex: Jimmy, go set the table. indirect communication - answer-When the person communicating the information states the information but not to anyone in particular. Ex: We need to set the table. Conflict resolution techniques - answer-1)identify the problem 2)recognize each memeber of the conflict's position while minimizing hostility 3)move toward compromise -during each step must remain as patient and understanding as possible divorce - answer-the termination of the union created by marriage before the death of either member of the union socioeconomic status (SES) - answer-measures the ability of the family to function in a healthy fashion, using the educational background of the members of the family, the family's total income, and the skill-both actual and perceived-required by the occupations of the individuals who act as the providers Affective communication - answer-Communication in which an individual demonstrates his or her feelings through facial expressions, motions, gestures, or by outright stating their feelings

instrumental communication - answer-When an individual informs another member of the family of a piece of factual information that is necessary to carry out the normal day to day functions of a family; Ex: Mother telling child where to find their socks Clear communication - answer-Individual explicitly states the information is trying to convey; ex: "I am upset bc Daniel is not home from the movies yet." masked communication - answer-occurs when an individual states the information he or she is trying to convey in a vague and somewhat confusing manner; ex: "I am upset." behavioral modeling - answer-the manner in which children model their own behavior after the behavior of their parents and other people with who they interact consumer education - answer-the process of teaching a person about the marketplace and its goods and services, the suppliers and the various considerations associated with searching for goods and services heritage - answer-anything inherited from one's ancestors, including traditions, customs, or physical characteristics role - answer-a collection of social rights, behaviors, and obligations that are assigned to a particular individual; ex: mother= provider role confusion - answer-When an individual is uncertain of what role or roles, he or she should play in a particular situation. ex:nurse runs into patient at grocery store and unsure whether to act formal nurse-to-patient manner of friendly role strain - answer-when an individual is placed in a situation in which carrying out the duties of a certain role will prevent the individual from fulfilling their obligations of another role; Mother= caregiver and provider--> sick child, work or care for child? marriage - answer-a union between 2 individuals that is often held as a legally binding contract in which the members state their intention to live together and aid each other in maintaining a family family - answer-any group of people who live together in the same household even if they are not related by blood or legal ties

nuclear family - answer-traditional mother, father, and their children live in same home extended family - answer-expansion of nuclear family that includes the mother, father, and their children as well as aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents single-parent family - answer-one parent is the only one in the home caring for the children blended family - answer-stepfamily; parent marries or remarries when they already have children of their own, and there is a parent, stepparent, and one or more children in the household -shift from nuclear to blended simple stepfamily - answer-only one of the individuals marrying has children before marriage complex stepfamily - answer-both parents marrying have their own children before the marriage. family life cycle (9 stages) - answer-bachelor stage, newly married couple, full nest stage 1, full nest stage 2, full nest stage 3, empty nest stage 1, empty nest stage 2, solitary survivor in labor force, retired solitary survivor bachelor stage (flc) - answer-yet to be married, family not yet established newly married couple (flc) - answer-just married, no children full nest stage 1 (flc) - answer-the youngest child is under six full nest stage 2 (flc) - answer-youngest is 6 or greater than 6 full nest stage 3 (flc) - answer-older married couple has independent children empty nest stage 1 (flc) - answer-head of hh is married and still in the labor force, but no children at home empty nest stage 2 (flc) - answer-same as 1, except hoh has retired solitary survivor in labor force (flc)` - answer-one member of couple has passed away and other must work to support themselves retired solitary survivor - answer-same except no one working in hh

Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory - answer-four basic family relationship patterns within what he called the Nuclear Family Emotional System; patterns dictate where problems develop when the family system is under tension

1. Marital conflict
2. Spousal dysfunction
3. child impairment
4. emotional distance marital conflict - answer-Bowen; spouses project their increasing anxiety into the marital relationship. Each partner becomes preoccupied with the other's shortcomings, tries to control them, and resists being controlled. spousal dysfunction - answer-Bowen; involves the partner pressuring the other to behave in certain ways, and the other acceding to that pressure. If tensions increase, the subordinate partner gives up enough self-control yielding to dominant partner to become significantly more anxious. child impairment - answer-Bowen; parents project their own anxieties onto their child; view child idealistically, either negatively or idealistically. Child reciprocated by focusing excessively on the parents, overreacting to parental expectations, need, and attitudes. emotional distance - answer-Bowen; occurs in relation to others; when interactions between family members become too intense, they develop emotional distance to decrease intensity. Can become overly isolated, and lose intimacy in their relationship substance abuse - answer-a disorder in which an indiv begins to overuse or becomes dependent on a particular drug or a group of drugs that ultimately has a negative impact on their health and human development Problem solving steps - answer-1.identify problem and determine cause 2.develop list of solutions 3.attempt to determine benefits of each solution 4.choose one that best solves problem

5.monitor to make sure solved 6.decide whether worked or try something else empowerment - answer-feeling control over one's decisions and behavior, resulting in inspiration inactive decision making style - answer-cannot or do not make choices; lack control, accountability, and the ensuing self-confidence and empowerment reactive decision-making style - answer-let others make decisions for them, needing others to like them and being easily influenced by others also impede self-confidence and empowerment proactive decision-making style - answer-those involving analyzing a necessary decision, identifying, and evaluating potential actions, choosing one action, and taking responsibility for the consequences of taking that action A model for responsible decision-making to students - answer-1.describe the situation requiring you to make a decision 2.list all of the decisions you could potentially make 3.share this list of potential decisions with an adult you trust 4.Evaluate what the consequences of each of decisions could be 5.determine which of the decisions you identified is the most appropriate and responsible one 6.take action on the decision you've chosen 7.evaluate the outcomes of the decision that you have made conflict - answer-a situation wherein both or either party perceives a real or imagined threat. Confronting and resolving conflicts stop them from going on indefinitely affective skill - answer-How effectively an individual can recognize, understand and handle emotions and relationships. Allows an individual to feel appropriate emotion in response to certain situations or stimuli. cognitive skill - answer-ability to gather and understand information allows to comprehend new situations and apply the knowledge that they gathered elsewhere

psychomotor skill - answer-ability to coordinate physical movements. Control over simple and complex motor functions. pareto analysis system - answer-decision making model which assumes that approximately 80% of the benefits that an organ receives from a particular task are result of 20% of the effort that the various individuals within the organ put into the task. 80% of problems produced by 20% of the factors. -list all problems -group so similar benefits and factors together -each group then given score based on how affects overall organ Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - answer-Theorizes that children will learn more effectively if they are allowed to actively adapt to the world around them through play and exploration. Four stages are:

1. sensorimotor stage - ages 0-
2. preoperational stage -ages 2-
3. concrete stage - ages 7-11(concrete operational stage where child's thinking becomes more logical regarding concrete concepts.)
4. formal operational stage - ages 11 and up (formal operational stage...during this stage, an individual understands more abstract concepts and develops a logical way of thinking about those concepts. This is important to the study of child development because it was the first theory that recognized that children can actively and effectively learn on their own rather tan being dependent on another person for learning to occur. sensorimotor stage (Piaget's theory of cognitive development) - answer-0-2 years; period during which a child uses their senses of sight, hearing, and touch to learn about and explore elements of the world. Using senses, able to discover new ways of solving simple problems. Begin to develop hand-eye coordination and ability to reason out a method of achieving goals.

preoperational stage (2, Piaget) - answer-2-7; children begin to use words, symbols, and pictures to describe what they have discovered about particular elements of the world around them. Begin to develop an understanding of language, and they can focus their attention on a particular subject or object. Have a faulty sense of logic when attempting to understand concepts like volume, mass, and number when some element is changed. concrete operational stage (3, Piaget) - answer-7-11; stage in which a child's thinking becomes more logical regarding concrete concepts; capable of understanding concepts of mass, volume, and number; begins to identify and organize objects according to shape, size, and color. Will not be able to understand more abstract concepts like calculus or algebra. formal operational stage (4, Piaget) - answer-11-end of life; more abstract concepts and develops a logical way of thinking about those concepts. Ideas that are less concrete or absolute and that cannot necessarily be backed up by physical evidence or observation such as morality, advanced math, and a person's state of being. can understand all the variables in a problem and able to determine most, if not all, the possible solutions to a problem rather than just most obvious solutions. cost/benefit analysis - answer-decision- making strategy that examines the total estimated cost of each option that is available alongside the total estimated benefit of each option available and then compares the cost with the benefit to determine if the benefits of the option outweigh the cost -relies heavily on estimation, which makes inaccurate Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - answer-Maslow's pyramid of human needs; must satisfy levels below before reaching to next; can go up and down pyramid stages physiological needs safety love and belonging esteem self-actualization

physiological needs - answer-basic needs: food, water, air, sleep safety needs - answer-elements need to feel sense of security; job, good health, safe place to live love and belonging needs - answer-needed to form social relationships such as those with friends, family, and intimate loved ones esteem needs - answer-need to respect oneself and be respected and accepted by others self-actualization - answer-morality, creativity, trust Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - answer-breaks process of human development into 8 stages necessary for healthy functioning; during each stage must overcome developmental obstacle, called a crisis, to be able to face crises in later stages. If not able to, will be more difficult for later crises and likely encounter again. 1.infancy 2.younger years 3.early childhood 4.middle childhood 5.adolescence 6.early adulthood 7.middle adulthood 8.later adulthood Infancy (1, EE) - answer-birth-12 months; crisis of trust vs. mistrust; needs to be able to realize concept of trust and elements of certainty. ex: learn that parents aren't going to abandon forever if they leave. If unable to realize trust, child may become withdrawn and avoid interaction with rest of society. younger years (2, EE) - answer-1-3; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; need to become independent and learn skills such as using toilet without assistance. If can't establish independence, will develop feelings of shame and doubt about their ability to function without assistance

early childhood (3, EE) - answer-3-5; initiative vs. guilt; need to discover the ambition necessary to continue functioning independently; strongly linked with moral development as they use make-believe to explore what kind of person want to be. If unable to explore ambitions, will develop feelings of guilt as begin to see ambitions, dreams, and goals as unattainable or inappropriate. middle childhood (4, EE) - answer-6-10; industry vs. inferiority; need to develop ability to complete productive tasks such as school work and working in groups; could develop a sense of inferiority as result of their inability to complete the tasks set before them that their peers are capable of completing adolescence (5, EE) - answer-11-18; identity vs. role confusion; attempts to find place in society and identify future goals and the skills and values necessary to achieve those goals; becomes concerned with perceptions; if unable to determine future goals can lead to confusion about what roles the child will play when he or she reaches adulthood early adulthood (6, EE) - answer-18-34; intimacy vs. isolation; needs to begin establishing intimate relationships with others; If unable, will become more withdrawn and will isolate from others; prevents from forming lasting relationships middle adulthood (7, EE) - answer-35-60; generativity vs. stagnation; continuing genetic line before too late; generativity any act that gives something of value to the next generation such as teaching children to read; if unable to contribute, will feel sense of failure resulting from stagnation, lack of accomplishment later adulthood (8, EE) - answer-60-end; ego integrity vs. despair; examine course of life by reflecting on kind of person have been; despair and fear death as end of further achievement nature - answer-any trait that an individual is born with or has acquired through genes nurture - answer-any trait that learns from the environment; most traits result of both environment and genetic influences: height, weight, and skin color Robert Havinghurst's developmental tasks - answer-theory of human development that there are certain tasks each individual needs to go through at points during his life to continue developing into a happy and successful adult

1.infancy and early childhood: 0-5; tasks like walking, talking and eating solid foods, as well as right from wrong 2.middle childhood: 6-12; get along with others, morals, skills for living 3.adolescence: 13-18; relate with opposite sex, social role of one's gender, prepping for life after childhood 4.early adulthood: 19-29; long term relationships, finding career, starting family required 5.middle adulthood: 30-60; adult recreational activities, achieving chosen career, helping one's teen children become happy and healthy adults 6.later maturity: 61-end; adjusting to death of spouse; effects of old age, finding people in one's peer group to interact with teen pregnancy - answer-act of a woman expecting a child prior to her 20th birthday or to her being considered a legal adult; two ways to reduce are promotion of contraceptive use or abstinence, and promotion of interaction between teens and parents food irradiation - answer-The process of using radioactive materials to disinfect and preserve certain types of food; reduces consumer's risk of food borne illness shelf life - answer-how long food will last before it spoils and begins to breed bacteria USDA's Myplate - answer-Pros: -Improvement over the Food Pyramid -Idea is to convey to public that half of plate should contain fruits and vegetables -veggies and grains 30% each, fruits and proteins 20% each Cons: -Too much emphasis on protein -Others argue that dairy recommendation should be removed altogether

anorexia - answer-eating disorder in which an individ views his or her own body as being overweight, even though not, which causes to have extreme, unfounded fear of gaining additional weight bulimia - answer-indiv. views their body as being unattractive or overweight but lacks ability to control their eating; main difference is bulimics have no sense of control over eating habits obesity - answer-has increased their body weight significantly beyond what is normally considered healthy, usually by excessive eating; overeating, family history, genetic factors, stress and lack of sleep, various illnesses and conditions; high risk for problems with heart, stomach, muscles, lungs, skin, nervous system diabetes - answer-disease that prevents the body from producing or using insulin, which body needs to process sugar and use as energy for the cells of the body; sugar builds up in body leading to hyperglycemia; can lead to failure of the heart, kidneys , nerves, eyes, high blood pressure, blindness, poor healing of wounds type 1 diabetes - answer-invdividual's own immune system mistakes the beta cells of the pancreas, which are responsible for producing insulin, as being harmful and therefore attacks and destroys them; prevents from actually producing insulin; treated with diet and insulin injections Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes - answer-both treated through use of carefully monitored diet along with medication to help the body use insulin appropriately; difference between 2 and gestational is gestational occurs specifically due to hormones present during pregnancy hypertension - answer-abnormally high blood pressure; can impact virtually every part of the body as increased force of blood against the artery walls can severely damage the body's organs; eliminate excessive drinking and smoking -healthy: 90/50-120/ -prehypertension: 120/80-140/ -hypertension: 140/ vitamin c - answer-ascorbic acid; important bc helps protect the health of the skin, bones, teeth, cartilage, and blood vessels; acts as an antioxidant that helps reduce the negative effects that

oxygen reactions within the body can have on cells; production of collagen; deficiency leads to scurvy: liver spots on skin and gums, bleeding from mucous membranes vitamin E - answer-tocopherol; aids in maintaining proper brain function and eye health; reduce cancer, cataracts, heart disease; deficiency leads to weakness, blindness, and neurological problems; peanuts, hazelnuts, coconuts, corn, asparagus, carrots, tomatoes, fish, pb, veg oils B12 - answer-cyanocobalamin; necessary for production of blood cells and aids in maintaining health of nervous system; severe lack can lead to conditions like megaloblastic anemia; problems with nervous system, because causes disintegration and death of nerve cells; symptoms are numbness, tingling, and lack of muscle control; chicken, beef, pork, liver, fish, shellfish, cereal, milk, cheese, eggs, yogurt vitamin A - answer-retinol; aids in bone growth, skin health, and ability to reproduce; eye health and aids in production of tears; deficiency causes eyes to deteriorate, night blindness; carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, spinach, beef, pork, chicken, eggs, and broccoli Fiber - answer-helps with bowel movements, digestion, and immune responses; lower blood cholesterol, help prevent obesity, lower risk of cancer, and risk of type 2 diabetes; lack can lead to constipation and slower digestion; cereal, oatmeal, whole wheat bread, apples, pears, bananas, potatoes, onions, green beans protein - answer-necessary for body to produce amino acids needs to function: 9 essential amino acids only produced when body digests protein; lack can lead to reduced brain function, intellectual disabilities, and an overall weakening of the immune system due to decrease in number of white blood cells; chicken, beef, wheat, rice, milk, cheese, peas, beans, peanuts, pb Iron - answer-aids in proper functioning of virtually all the muscles and organs; allows body to form hemoglobin: protein in blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Lack of iron: anemia, condition in which unable to make hemoglobin; oatmeal, spaghetti, green beans, chicken, green leafy veggies calcium - answer-development and maintenance of bones and teeth; osteoporosis and other bone problems; milk, cheese, honey, eggs, oranges, broccoli, nuts; amount of calcium needed increases with age

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) - answer-amount of each vitamin, mineral, or other nutrient that health professionals believe an individual needs to receive daily in order to stay healthy; replaced by RDI RDI (Recommended Dietary Intake) - answer-similar but does not recommend different nutrient intakes based on gender and age; used to determine RDV, recommended daily value, which is printed on every food product to inform consumers of nutritional value based on a 2,000 calorie diet cholesterol - answer-lipid, type of fat body uses to produce both new cells and bile, a substance secreted by the liver that helps body digest fat. Excessive amounts can lead to heart and circulatory problems, including atherosclerosis, a dangerous condition in which arteries are clogged by deposits of cholesterol. Stay away from foods with high concentration of saturated fats: beef, pork, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, and most snack foods carbohydrates - answer-saccharides; group of simple and complex sugars and starches that supply energy for the body; transported throughout the body via bloodstream and broken down into energy that keeps the body functioning fats - answer-allow certain vitamins A,D,E, and K to be digested and absorbed by the body; can only be broken down and used when enough fat is present; help maintain body's temperature, promote hair, skin, and overall cell health, protect body's organs, protect against some diseases, and act as a means of storing energy for body to use later iodine - answer-relatively small amounts important because necessary for the production of thyroid hormones; lack can lead to depression, fatigue, mental slowness, or intellectual disability, excessive weight gain; uncommon because salt used in cooking is treated with iodine saturated fat - answer-mostly found in meat, lard, butter, coconut, and palm oil; most dangerous to health because they increase the risk of heart disease and certain kinds of cancer; should limit intake of saturated fat unsaturated fats - answer-sunflower oil, corn oil, (olive oil, and canola oil: monounsaturated fats, lower cholesterol)

trans fats - answer-most harmful; formed when vegetable oil is processed to make table spreads and cooking fats; shown to create buildup in arteries, a process which can impair heart health insoluble fiber - answer-speed digestion and can reduce the risk of colon cancer and heart disease; wheat, corn bran, leafy vegetables, fruit and veg skins soluble fiber - answer-lower cholesterol levels and help manage the level of blood sugar; pulp of fruits, veg., oats, beans, and barley; should increase intake gradually bc can result in bloating, cramps, and diarrhea water - answer-should drink 7-10 average glasses daily; most important substance to consume; carries nutrients throughout the body; normal daily loss of water is 64-80 oz. drug - answer-any chemical substance that changes the way a person acts or feels; according to WHO drug abuse is any excessive drug use that is not approved by medical profession Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 - answer-requires organizations to provide employees with nonhazardous working conditions; also requires to keep records of all employment-related accidents and to display posters listing legal rights of employees Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - answer-requires public facilities be accessible fully to disabled persons guestology - answer-Study of guest's needs, wants and expectations universal design - answer-the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design; putting entrances at ground level, having all entrance doors be automatic opening, and wide, installing cabinets with shelves that pull out, and light switches with flat panels time management - answer-process of using skills, tools, principles, and practices together in order to most efficiently use the time that an individual or group has available goal - answer-particular purpose that an individual or organization wants to achieve in the near or distant future decision-making - answer-the process by which an individual or group attempts to determine what would be the best managerial selection from a set of possible options

Pareto Analysis (80/20 rule) - answer-decision making model that assumes that approx 80% of the benefits that an organ receives from a particular task are result of 20% of the effort that the various individuals within organization put into the task. 80% of problems produced by 20% of factors. 1.list all problems 2.group so similar benefits and factors together 3.each group then given score based on how affects overall organ cost/benefit analysis - answer-dm strategy that examines the total estimated cost of each option that is available alongside the total estimated benefit of each option available and then compares the cost with the benefit to determine if the benefits of the option outweigh the cost; relies heavily on estimation which makes inaccurate Force Field Analysis - answer-decision-making strategy that examines all of the factors that affect a particular situation and identifies those factors as either aiding the organ in achieving a goal or ultimately causing the organ to fall short of reaching its specified goal. -make a list of all factors involved with particular option and then identify as helping or hindering goal -each factor given rating on scale of 1-5 with 1 being weakest -if the forces that hinder the organ have higher numbers then probably not a realistic choice Grid Analysis - answer-dm strategy that takes all of the factors involved with each option, rates each factor, and then gives each factor a weight based on its importance to the overall decision. scenario analysis - answer-dm method whereby individuals or organizations use their experience, knowledge and intuition to predict what kidn of situations may arise from each option if that particular option were chosen. Anticipating every possible outcome that might occur and accurately predicting what events are most likely to occur in the future can be impossible. resource - answer-anything that can be used to aid either in the daily functioning of an individual or organization or in the achievement of a particular goal.

land and natural resources - answer-anything that comes from the environment, such as water, oil, soil, timber and the land itself labor resources - answer-the actual effort that various people involved in an organization put into a project, leading to the completion of that project capital and capital goods - answer-any financial and human-made resources, including money, tools, equipment, buildings, and houses information resources - answer-any resources that allow an indiv or org to find, compile, and put to use knowledge that might help in achieving a particular goal non-financial resources - answer-Resources that are not cash or cannot be sold outright and turned into cash, can be extremely useful to a family that is experiencing financial problems. Can be used to produce income or reduce costs. Don't sell your house, but rent out a room to make some extra money. A family member who is a seamstress could lower a family's costs by mending everyone's clothing instead of throwing it away or buying new garments. change management - answer-process by which an org attempts to modify a particular aspect of how it operates with as little harm to the org as possible. must use change management techniques that do not place too much unnecessary stress upon the members of the org. empirical-rational strategy - answer-strategy of managing change; assumes that people are ultimately interested in their own well-being and will more quickly accept changes if they believe that those changes offer them some sort of benefit. (Incentives); d- less effective if the org does not offer substantial enough incentives normative-reeducative strategy - answer-strategy of managing change; revolves around idea that peer pressure can bring about the changes that an org needs. People will normally behave according to the expectations of society. ex: posters in breakroom that affirm the importance of customer service; d-less effective when relations between management and staff are strained or when employees feel rush or obligated to execute the changes power-coercive strategy - answer-strategy of managing change; assumes that people will listen to authority figures and do as they are told. Works by preventing members from choosing any other

option than the one manager wants them to follow. If refuses to accept, org may punish the individual.; d-can often promote unrest among members of the org consumer rights - answer-series of protections, usually guaranteed by law, that seek to prevent individuals from being taken advantage of in the marketplace; consumer laws uphold the three basic rights of the consumer: right to safety, be informed, and be treated fairly Equal Credit Opportunity Act - answer-federal act prohibiting any organization that issues credit to consumers from denying credit to a consumer on the basis of race, gender, age, marital status, religion, national origin, or skin color Fair Housing Act - answer-anti-discrimination act that prevents a seller or organization offering financing for a home from denying to sell, rent, or finance a residence on the basis of race, color, gender, religion, family status, national origin, or handicap Fair Credit Reporting Act - answer-states that consumer reporting agencies collecting and distributing information about consumers for credit related purposes are required to follow certain guidelines concerning how they maintain and distribute the information they collect. Fair Debt Collection Practices Act - answer-the fair debt collection practices act requires third party debt collectors, businesses that collect debts due to other individuals or businesses, to refrain from using abusive or deceptive practices in collecting those debts. Prohibits from calling consumers at times other than between 8 am and 9 pm. Truth in Lending Act - answer-Requires any organization issuing credit to a consumer to disclose the full terms of the lending arrangement and all costs associated with entering into that arrangement. "caveat emptor" - answer-let the buyer beware want - answer-anything that a person desires need - answer-anything that a person requires to continue functioning; needs are universal decision process before making a purchase - answer-1.need recognition 2.information gather 3.evaluate choices

4.decide and purchase 5.post purchase evaluation environmental economics - answer-the study of the effects that businesses and consumers have on the overall financial and natural environment when operating within set limits unit pricing - answer-the practice of indicating the price of a product based on the cost per piece or unit included in that product credit - answer-the ability of a consumer to purchase a product or service now and pay for that product at a later time, either in full or installments investment - answer-the process of committing an individual's resources to a particular activity, organ, or fund, with the hope that such a commitment will provide additional resources for the individual in the future four factors when selecting a piece of clothing - answer-price, purpose, quality, overall appearance three universal concepts of well-constructed clothing - answer-1.functional 2.inconspicuous 3.durable vertical darts - answer-should be pressed toward the center of the garment horizontal darts - answer-pressed toward bottom of garment elements of design - answer-color, shape or form, texture, and line color - answer-shade of the garment and how bright or dull and how light or dark that shade is shape - answer-whether a garment or detail is flat, such as a T-shirt lying on a table form - answer-the depth that garments have, such as the tiers of a wedding gown texture - answer-how the garment feels to the touch; rough, soft, coarse, silky line - answer-the seams and lines that are inherent to the fabric, as well as any designs present in the garment

principles of design - answer-balance, emphasis, proportion, rhythm, and unity balance - answer-garment balanced if both the left and right sides appear to be similar and correspond to each other, but does not necessarily mean both sides are actually the same. Balance important because a garment composed of unevenly positioned parts will not look appealing. symmetrical balance - answer-both sides of the garment must sit at same level, and the parts on one side of the centerline of the garment have to be an exact mirror of the other side asymmetrical balance - answer-both sides are not physically identical, but are similar enough that an individual believes that both sides seem to have the same "weight" emphasis - answer-any designs, details, or parts of the garment that draw people's attention to the garment. Shouldn't be too flashy or gaudy. Proportion - answer-how the various images, lines, and other attributes of the garment appear to fit the garment when they are compared with one another. How the individual design elements relate to the design as a whole. Ex: One large rose with a bunch of little roses incorrectly proportioned. rhythm - answer-overall design has a basic sense of flow, one part of the design seems to ease into the next; most common way to achieve rhythm is to repeat patterns or colors within a garment unity - answer-achieved when all of the other principles and elements of design are brought together to create the desired image yarn - answer-a collection of long lengths of tightly spun fibers that are used in the production of fabric thread - answer-collection of long, thin lengths of fibers that are used for sewing two fabrics together fabric - answer-material constructed by weaving or knitting yarn together to form a type of cloth natural fibers - answer-any fibers that are taken from plants or animals synthetic fibers - answer-created in a laboratory or factory through the use of chemicals

acetate fibers - answer-synthetic fibers that are soft, smooth, dry, weak, lustrous, and heat- sensitive. used in the construction of a variety of fabrics including satins and taffetas primarily to give the fabric a shiny, lustrous look. More resistant to shrinking. acrylic fibers - answer-synthetic fibers that are soft, lightweight, resilient, and heat-sensitive. Often used as a replacement for wool because they have a very similar feel. Less expensive alternative to cashmere bc very similar appearance. cotton - answer-natural fibers that are relatively strong, soft, light sensitive, elastic, and breathable and can absorb and retain water effectively. Fabrics made completely out of cotton or a blend of cotton fibers with other fibers such as rayon and polyester. Usually soft, heat resistant, and more likely to shrink. flax fibers - answer-similar to cotton, natural fibers that are soft, breathable, and strong, but lack the elasticity. High-quality flax fibers used primarily in the construction of linens. Soft, heat resistant, and likely to shrink fabrics. Nylon - answer-synthetic fibers that are smooth, strong, lightweight, elastic, and lustrous. Primarily used as a cheaper alternative to silk. Inexpensive, strong, and extremely light, but will melt at high temperatures. Polyester - answer-synthetic fibers that are strong, lightweight, resilient, and resistant to many of the conditions that might normally harm a fabric, such as mildew, sunlight, harsh weather, and moths. Used in a wide range of fabrics and are often used in a cotton/ polyester blend Ramie - answer-natural fibers that are very strong, lustrous appearance similar to silk, and absorb and retain water effectively. Brittle, stiff, inelastic, and not very resilient. Very difficult to work with and usually used in blends with other fibers, such as wool to make a variety of fabrics. rayon - answer-synthetic fibers that similar to cotton and are relatively soft, smooth strong, resistant to moths, and can retain water extremely well. Used in variety of fabrics, including most types of velvet bc it can imitate the feel of silk and other natural fibers silk - answer-fibers that are extremely soft, strong and lustrous and absorb and retain water effectively. Resistant to mildew, molds, and moths. Used in chiffon, organza, and taffeta bc of soft feel and extremely lustrous appearance.

wool - answer-natural fibers that normally are coarse, relatively strong, resilient, and can retain water well. Used in flannel because wool fibers improve a fabric's ability to retain heat. Most are scratchy, but some like cashmere are soft. Ramie - answer-