FTCE Practice Test Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+, Exams of Nursing

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FTCE Practice Test Questions with Complete Solutions Graded

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What was the first major federal law guaranteeing all children aged 5 - 21 the right to public education? 1.IDEA

2. EHA
3. FAPE
4. LRE - Correct AnswersEHA (definition: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act 94 - 142 was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975. This act required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities) According to the law's procedural safeguards, who can request a due process hearing regarding the identification, evaluation, placement, or provision of education to a child with a disability?
5. the child's parents
6. the parents or school
7. the parent's attorney
8. all of the above - Correct Answersall of the above Relative to public schools, the basic legal & ethical principles on which both FERPA and the student record Privacy Rule of HIPAA were founded....
9. are completely unrelated
10. overlap in some areas

3.are the same principles

4. differ in important ways - Correct Answersare the same principles (The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 is a United States federal law that governs the access to educational information and records by public entities such as potential employers, publicly funded educational institutions, and foreign governments) In the IEP process, which of the following takes place first?
5. Referral
6. Eligibility
7. Identification
8. Development - Correct AnswersReferral During which step of the IEP process are classroom accommodations & modifications tested for effectiveness?
9. identification
10. pre-referral
11. eligibility
12. review - Correct AnswersPre-Referral Under current IDEA regulations, which of the following can determine that a child has a disability?
13. Lack of appropriate instruction in reading
14. Lack of appropriate teaching in mathematics
15. Lack of proficiency in the English language
16. none of the above - Correct AnswersNone of the above

The most recent amendments to the IDEA include which provision regarding the identification of specific learning disabilities?

1. Requiring a severe discrepancy b/w competence & performance is prohibited
2. Identifying a severe discrepancy b/w competence & performance is mandatory
3. establishing that a student's competence & performance are comparable is required
4. These amendments do not address comparison b/w competence & performance - Correct AnswersRequiring a severe discrepancy b/w competence & performance is prohibited Compared to a child with normal development, a child with spina bifida would be most likely to demonstrate deficits in...
5. intellectual development
6. Language development
7. Motor development
8. Social Development - Correct AnswersMotor Development Among the following, a child with which type of disability is likely to be best at focusing attention on one thing for a long time?
9. Down Syndrome
10. Developmental delay
11. Attention deficit disorder
12. Autism Spectrum disorder - Correct AnswersAutism Spectrum Disorder Which of the following are children born with rubella NOT more likely to have? (Rubella:a contagious viral disease, with symptoms like mild measles. It can cause fetal malformation if contracted in early pregnancy.)

1. Deafness
2. paralysis
3. blindness
4. cataracts - Correct AnswersParalysis A major review of an exceptional student's IEP is required...
5. once every year
6. once every three years
7. in one or three years by state
8. in varying periods by each state - Correct AnswersIn one or three years by state The school psychologist is explaining assessments results to Clifford's parents & other IEP team members. She says that Clifford has difficulties w/ planning, organizing, keeping track of time, relating a current lesson to earlier learning, and that he talks our of turn in class. these all relate most to deficits in....
9. Executive funciton
10. self-regulation
11. Sequencing
12. memory - Correct Answersexecutive function What is Executive Function? - Correct Answersare a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals. In an IEP meeting, * who is the best choice to interpret* a student's evaluation results?
13. whoever can best explain the educational implications of those results
14. the student's special education teacher on the IEP team

3. the school psychologist who may or may not be an IEP team member
4. another professional who is not a part of the student's IEP team - Correct AnswersWhoever can best explain the educational implications of those results Which of the following models used in planning instruction for students with disabilities is described as a example of "student- directed planning"?
5. the model & process of Group Action Planning (GAP)
6. The Choosing Options & Accommodations for Children (COACH) model
7. the model & process of Making Action Plans (MAPs)
8. the Planning Alternative Tomorrows w/ Hope (PATH) model - Correct AnswersThe choosing options & accommodations for children model (COACH) Which of the following is an independent federal agency that makes recommendations to both the President & Congress regarding issues related to disabilities?
9. Federation for Children w/ Special Needsd (FCSN)
10. Center for Personal Assistance Services (CPAS)
11. National Disability Rights Network (NDRN)
12. The National Council on Disability (NCD) - Correct AnswersThe National Council on Disability What is the primary purpose of universal newborn hearing screenings?
13. Educational Planning
14. Disability diagnosis
15. Early identification
16. IDEA eligibility - Correct AnswersEarly identification

Define authentic assessment- - Correct Answersis the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests. Define ongoing assessment- - Correct Answersthe process by which students get feedback on what they do, based on clearly articulated criteria for successful performances. Define formative assessment- - Correct Answersis an ongoing, flexible, and more informal diagnostic tool Define : summative assessment - Correct Answersis to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. In conducting assessments appropriate to the needs of students w/ disabilities what is NOT a provision of the 2004 IDEA re-authorization?

1. a number of different assessment instruments & methods should be used
2. assessment information should be used to determine if a child has a disability
3. altering test language compromises test validity & thus should be avoided
4. physical, developmental, cognitive, & behavioral factors should be assessed. - Correct Answersaltering test language compromises test validity & thus should be avoided Which of the following is most congruent w/ general ethical principles regarding assessment information?
5. informally disclosing student test results to members of school faculty or staff
6. breaking confidentiality in cases of obvious danger to an individual or to society
7. making formal reports of student's assessment results before parent consent
8. assessing culturally diverse students regardless of lack of cultural competence - Correct Answersbreaking confidentiality in cases of obvious danger to an individual or to society

Comparing a student's performance on a test to a national average for age/grade level is a(n).....

1. norm-referenced test
2. criterion-referenced test
3. performance based test
4. ipsative measure/test - Correct AnswersNorm- referenced test Define performance based test - Correct Answersmeasures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. Typically, the task challenges students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a product or complete a process Define norm-referenced test: - Correct Answers-a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured. Define criterion-referenced test: - Correct Answers-style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score. Define: ipsative measure/test - Correct Answers- refers to a particular type of survey or assessment in which a respondent is forced to choose among several generally desirable options. (do not have an scale within the question.) Which of the following is true regarding these forms of assessment?
5. Criterion- referenced tests tend to promote competition among students
6. Norm- referenced tests are good for assessing instructional effectiveness
7. Criterion- referenced tests foster cooperation & are oriented to success.
8. Norm- referenced tests can be used to aid in individual student diagnoses - Correct AnswersCriterion- referenced tests foster cooperation & are oriented to success.

(Criterion- referenced test/assessments are designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards—i.e., concise, written descriptions of what students are expected to know and be able to do at a specific stage of their education.) Jim has mild cognitive impairment. On annual standardized tests, his scores averaged 20% below national averages this year & 35% below last year. He scored 90% correct on his performance-based assessments. He has met or exceeded his IEP goals to increase his criterion- referenced classroom test scores by an average of 10% over last year Based on this info, which of the following is correct?

1. Jim's instruction is effective b/c he is demonstration progress & meeting goals
2. Jim's instruction is not effective enough b/c he scored well below national norms
3. Jim's instruction is effective w/in the school, but needs work for standardized tests.
4. Jim's instruction may or may not be effective; more info is needed to decide. - Correct AnswersJim's instruction is effective b/c he is demonstration progress & meeting goals The most recent government data show specific learning disabilities as the largest disability category of students aged 6 - 21 receiving special education services under the IDEA. Which of the following ranks the next 4 largest categories in order from most to least?
5. Speech- language impairments, other health impairments, intellectual disabilities, emotional disturbance.
6. Other health impairments, emotional disturbance, intellectual disabilities, speech- language impairment
7. Intellectual disabilities, speech-language impairments, emotional disturbance, other health impairments
8. emotional disturbance, intellectual disabilities, other health impairments, speech- language impairments - Correct AnswersSpeech- language impairments, other health impairments, intellectual disabilities, emotional disturbance.

What kind of assessment instrument is most likely to show a normal distribution?

1. a criterion referenced measure
2. a norm- referenced measure
3. a performance-based measure
4. a portfolio assessment measure - Correct Answersa norm referenced instrument When in African- American elementary school students in low-income urban backgrounds were given a standardized IQ test, 1 question asked the to match the word "cup" w/ one of the multiple choices like "saucer, table, chair, etc." with "saucer" deemed the correct choice. A large portion of these children chose "table." This choice is best attributed to.....
5. Cultural & intellectual deprivation at home
6. Group socioeconomic & cultural differences
7. Lack of appropriate instruction caused by biases
8. lack of understanding from language differences. - Correct AnswersGroup socioeconomic & cultural differences For students w/ IEP goals to improve auditory comprehension, which of the following is the best assessment method to monitor their progress?
9. retelling a story they heard
10. informal reading inventory
11. curriculum- based testing
12. periodic fluency checking. - Correct AnswersRetelling a story they heard In scientifically based research, if data are found to be valid, this means that.....
13. the measurements can be repeated w/ consistent results

2. everybody in the research community agrees the data are right
3. the measurements measure what they purport to measure
4. the mesurements are answering significant questions - Correct Answersthe measurements measure what they purport to measure (define purport-appear or claim to be or do something, especially falsely; profess.) The term reliability in scientifically based research means that a measurement....
5. Measure or tests what is meant to measure or test
6. can be replicated many times w/ consistent findings
7. is trustworthy by being based on a body of prior study
8. has been proven by being used before for many years - Correct Answerscan be replicated many times with consistent findings Which of the following statements is correct regarding features of scientifically based research?
9. it main features differ among fields like education, medicine, psychology, etc.
10. it is used to address whatever question(s) most interest individual researchers
11. reputable journals do not find peer review to be prerequisite for publications
12. the researchers must consider potential alternate reasons for their conclusions - Correct Answersthe researchers must consider potential alternative reasons for their conclusions What strategy listed here is most designed to promote generalization of learning?
13. having a student practice a new skill in a variety of different settings/contexts
14. Having a student practice a new skill regulatory & periodically testing that skill
15. Having a student practice a complex skill 1 step at a time, then adding steps

4. having as stuent practice a new skill in class b4 applying it in real-life tasks - Correct Answershaving a student practice a new skill in a variety of different settings/ contexts Which of the following is true regarding alternative curriculum programs?
5. these programs are the first choice for students identified w/ disabilities
6. a student's eligibility for these programs is determined by his/her IEP team
7. they are preferable to general curricula w/ accommodations/modification
8. students are still assigned to general education classrooms in these programs - Correct Answersa student's eligibility for these programs is determined by his/her IEP team General education teachers are specialists in curriculum content. What are special education teachers' specialist in?
9. Assessment
10. Adaptations
11. assessments & adaptations
12. none of the above - Correct Answersassessments and adaptations (both) Which of the following does Vygotsky's term "scaffolding" refer to?
13. a structural framework that a teacher creates for a lesson
14. support that is always present for a child w/ special needs
15. an organisational structure that guides social interactions
16. support that is gradually withdrawn as independence grows - Correct Answerssupport that is gradually withdrawn as independence grows Vygotsky's term scaffolding definition: - Correct Answersa process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed.

The theory is that when students are given the support they need while learning something new, they stand a better chance of using that knowledge independently Albert Bandura's research found that observation of modeling...

1. can never produce results like hands-on-learning
2. will work in real life but not from viewing a video
3. can have an impact equal to firsthand experience
4. improves skill learning but doesn't affect behavior - Correct Answerscan have an impact equal to firsthand experience Albert Bandura's "observation of modeling" define: - Correct AnswersAlbert Bandura states that people's behavior could be determined by their environment. Observational learning occurs through observing negative and positive behaviors. ... (For instance, the Bobo doll experiment shows that the model, in a determined environment, affects children's behavior) Which of the following is correct about classroom modifications for student's w/ disabilities?
5. teachers rarely make incidental adaptations to address immediate problems
6. comprehensive plans for students w/ disabilities should include adaptations
7. classroom modifications made on the spot are unnecessary & inappropriate
8. teachers' intentional, planned adaptations are unlikely to meet students needs - Correct AnswersComprehensive plans for students with disabilities should include adaptations Which of the following is most accurate regarding textbooks that elementary school teachers use when teaching culturally diverse students?
9. textbooks introduce many new concepts in a short time for such students

2. teacher editions commonly offer tips for meeting diverse student's needs
3. the reading levels of most textbooks are appropriate for diverse students
4. most textbooks eliminate the need for much differentiation of instruction - Correct Answerstextbooks introduce many new concepts in a short time for such students In teaching basic mathematics, the following actions by teachers will benefit all students. However, which one is most likely to be needed more specifically for students w/ special needs in general education classroom?
5. carefully planning the coverage & order of instructional math content
6. judicious selection & application of the specific instructional strategies
7. designing practice activities that take student special needs into account
8. giving intensive, direct instruction in mathematics to individual students - Correct Answersgiving intensive, direct instruction in mathematics to individual students TeacherVision (a part of Family Education Network), partnering with the Council for Exceptional Children, provides a Planning Pyramid to help teachers plan lessons for special needs & diverse students. Which of the following is true about he purposes of this tool?
9. it keeps teachers from having unrealistic expectation of such students
10. it enables educators to place such students in appropriate school tracks
11. it permits all of the students to have equal access to all of the information
12. it provides a way to dictate the sequence in which all students will learn - Correct Answersit permits all of the students to have equal access to all of the information Which of the following is the most efficient & effective method for teaching word recognition to a class with a variety of student levels & needs?
13. individual direct instructions
14. multilevel teaching practices

3. teaching to the class median
4. smaller groups of each level - Correct AnswersMultilevel teaching practices Which of the following is most accurate regarding grouping strategies for teaching disabled & diverse students using multilevel instructional techniques?
5. these are best taught to the whole class
6. small groups are the optimal arrangement
7. multilevel instruction is best used in pairs
8. a range of grouping strategies can be used - Correct Answersa range of grouping strategies can be used Which of the following statements is most true about adaptations teachers may need to use in testing, teaching & materials to address the needs of individual students?
9. some students use communication modes unfamiliar to the teacher
10. differentiation of instruction is unnecessary b/w boys & girls
11. teachers are unlikely to encounter age differences in the same class
12. students speaking other languages must quickly adapt to using English - Correct Answerssome students use communication modes unfamiliar to the teacher Which of the following is most accurate about what teachers need to consider in planning lessons in reading & math for both special needs students & the class as whole?
13. they already know which skill or concept they want to teach
14. they assume students have prerequisites for a skill/concept
15. they must determine what mastery of a skill/concept requires
16. they are premature in thinking how to expand/apply learning - Correct Answersthey must determine what mastery of a skill/concept requires

Mr. Stewart's students show good reading comprehension of any given paragraph in any chapter of their textbook, but they have trouble organizing, recalling, or applying the main points of a chapter. Which of the following is the simplest, most direct & efficient way to help?

1. point out and explain the text's informational structure & features
2. create separate handouts w/ simplified organization of main points
3. identify, select, procure, duplicate & distribute graphic organizers
4. create & deliver a PowerPoint presentation for each text chapter - Correct Answerspoint out & explain the text's informational structure & features Which of the following is the most accurate statement about teaching across the curriculum?
5. this is a method of planning a lesson so general that it can apply to any content area
6. career planning for students is better address by other, more specific methods
7. application of school subjects to life is best served by different methods than this.
8. a single lesson plan includes math, English, reading, social studies, art, science, etc. - Correct Answersa single lesson plan includes math, English, reading, social studies, art, science, etc. Which of the following is the most correct statement about manipulative for teaching math in grades k-12?
9. they are only efficacious when they are actual physical objects.
10. They help make an abstract subject more concrete for learners
11. they are not available virtually on PC & so would not work
12. they actively engage student's less than traditional math classes. - Correct AnswersThey help make an abstract subject more concrete for learners Educational researchers have identified 3 main criteria for choosing instructional media. Which of the following is NOT one of theses?

1. Instructor facilitation
2. Practicality of the media
3. Student appropriateness
4. Institutional appropriateness - Correct AnswersInstructor facilitation A number of researchers identify constraints upon selection of institutional media. Which of the following choices is NOT an identified constraint that can hinder choosing media?
5. production factors
6. instructor facilitation
7. availability of materials
8. student appropriateness - Correct AnswersStudent appropriateness Which of the following instructional media will meet all of a teacher's criteria of a specific lesson by showing motion, reproducing sounds, & allowing students interaction?
9. chalkboard or easel
10. computer software
11. textbooks/ handouts
12. overhead projector - Correct Answerscomputer software When assessing student behavior, which data collection method gathers info about outcomes of behavior rather than the behavior itself?
13. behavioral checklists
14. behavioral interview
15. permanent products
16. observation data - Correct Answerspermanent products

Which of the following methods of collecting observational data of student behavior is most indicated for a behavior which seems to occur constantly?

1. event recording
2. duration recording
3. latency recording
4. interval recording - Correct AnswersInterval recording Define: Behavioral checklists - Correct Answersa list of observable and measurable behaviors which are recorded by a learning professional or a clinician. In the classroom, it is a tool which helps teachers monitor how students are progressing towards proper behavior. It also helps them assess learning styles, behavioral difficulties, and special needs among children Define: Behavioral interview - Correct Answersis an interviewing technique which employers use to evaluate candidate's past behavior in different situations in order to predict their future performance. Define: Permanent products - Correct Answersrefer to the real or concrete objects or outcomes that result from a behavior Define: Observation data - Correct Answersis a valuable form of research that can give researchers information that goes beyond numbers and statistics. In general, observation is a systematic way to collect data by observing people in natural situations or settings. Define: Event Recording - Correct Answersa process for documenting the number of times a behavior occurs. Define: duration recording - Correct Answersa means of collecting information on the length of a specific behavior by noting the time the behavior begins and ends Define Latency recording - Correct Answersis a different type of duration recording that involves an observer measuring how long it takes for a behavior to begin after a specific verbal demand or event has occurred.

Define interval recording - Correct Answers(or Time Sampling) involves observing whether a behavior occurs or does not occur during specified time periods. Once the length of an observation session is identified, the time is broken down into smaller intervals that are all equal in length. Which type of graph is used most often for showing a set of collected data?

1. Bar graph
2. basic line graph
3. a ratio graph
4. a cumulative graph - Correct AnswersBasic line graph The purpose of a functional behavior assessment is to determine...
5. Why a behavior occurs
6. What the behavior is
7. When a behavior occurs
8. How a behavior occurs - Correct AnswersWhy a behavior occurs In conducting a functional behavior assessment of a student's problem behavior, what is an example of direct assessment?
9. interviewing the student who exhibits the problem behavior
10. interviewing the teacher of the student w/ the behavior
11. observation & recording of the behavior and conditions
12. giving behavioral scales, checklists, &/or questionnaires - Correct AnswersObservation & recording of the behavior & conditions When a student engages in a problem behavior, assessment can show its relation to a deficit. Which of the following is most related to student motivation?

1. Skill deficit
2. Performance deficit
3. one & two
4. None of the above - Correct AnswersPerformance deficit Positive behavioral interventions are most likely to...
5. control the problem behavior
6. suppress the problem behavior
7. replace the problem behavior
8. analyze the problem behavior - Correct Answerscontrol the problem behavior The ABC approach to behavior analysis stands for...
9. alphabetical classifying
10. analysis brings change
11. appropriate behavior choices
12. antecedent- behavior- consequence - Correct AnswersAntecedent- behavior- consequence Teachers who incorporate * positive behavior supports interventions (PBSI) * into their daily instruction find it very effective for teaching replacement behaviors. What is the name of the technique they are practicing?
13. Curricular integration
14. Curricular modification
15. Curricular sequencing
16. Curricular practice training - Correct AnswersCurricular integration

In normal receptive language, development, at what age do babies recognize the sound of your voice?

1. 3 - 6 months
2. 2 - 4 months
3. 0 - 3 months
4. Upon Birth - Correct Answers0- 3 months Between four & 6 months of age, what is a typical expressive language characteristic of normally developing babies?
5. babbling & vocal play
6. differentiation of criers
7. smiling, cooing & gooing
8. saying their first words - Correct AnswersBabbling & vocal play The component of language structure that involves the production & repetition of speech sounds is called...
9. Morphology
10. Phonology
11. Semantics
12. Syntax - Correct AnswersPhonology Misplaced modifiers, dangling participles, & lack of subject- verb agreement in a student's writing all pertain to errors of...
13. Morphology
14. Phonology

3. Semantics
4. Syntax - Correct Answerssyntax A student who has difficulty understanding spoken language has a deficit in...
5. expressive communication
6. receptive communication
7. verbal communication
8. social communication - Correct AnswersReceptive communication Which assistive technology is most appropriate for a student w/ a voice disorder that interferes w/ audible speech production?
9. speech-to-text computer software
10. text-to-speech computer software
11. voice recognition computer software
12. voice synthesizer computer software - Correct Answersvoice synthesizer computer software For a student w/ intellectual disabilities & cerebral palsy, including symptoms of spastic quadriplegia & hand contractures, which alternative communication system is most appropriate?
13. an electronic talking book
14. a notebook of communication symbols
15. a communication board & adapted pointer
16. a computer equipped w/ adaptive keyboard - Correct Answersa communication board & adapted pointer In core activities to teach phonological awareness, what would typically be introduced the earliest?

1. phoneme blending
2. phoneme segmenting
3. phoneme identification
4. phoneme substitution - Correct Answersphoneme blending Define Phoneme: - Correct Answersis a unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a particular language. Phonemic drills are most appropriate for re-mediating which of the following?
5. voice disorders
6. fluency disorders
7. language disorders
8. articulation drills - Correct AnswersArticulation drills Which of the following is true about reading
9. Students can best learn to read through reading to learn
10. students can learn to read & read to learn concurrently
11. Students cannot read to learn until after learning to read
12. students in early grades will not read unless it is to learn - Correct AnswersStudents cannot read to learn until after learning to read Which of the following reading activities features shared reading?
13. reader's theaters
14. book clubs
15. literature circles
16. literature focus groups - Correct Answersreaders' theaters

(definition: strategy for developing reading fluency. It involves children in oral reading through reading parts in scripts. In using this strategy, students do not need to memorize their part; they need only to reread it several times, thus developing their fluency skills.) What statement is true regarding literacy?

1. the same literacy skills in students apply across subjects
2. the literacy demands of society have changed over time
3. literacy required of pupils stays constant across grades
4. literacy is best taught in the schools in a separate lesson - Correct Answersthe literacy demands of society have changed over time Of the following, which is most typical of students with reading disorders?
5. their comprehension is poor whether reading silently or aloud
6. they often read rapidly but w/ poor comprehension
7. they read every word but do not understand all of them
8. they do not necessarily have problems w/ spelling - Correct Answerstheir comprehension is poor whether reading silently or aloud Which of these is true about frequent signs of reading problems?
9. decoding problems w/ sentences/paragraphs rather than w/ syllables/words
10. to recognize many vocab words is less of a problem than to decode words
11. the ability to identify vocab words on sight in reading text is usually limited
12. difficulty understanding rhymes or the order of sounds is less common issue - Correct Answersthe ability to identify vocab words on sight in reading text is usually limited Which of the following is correct about findings related to reading disabilities in children?

1. children with reading disabilities usually have normal speech-language development
2. children with reading disabilities & those with writing problems are in separate groups
3. children with reading disabilities & those with math problems are in separate groups
4. children with reading disabilities are found to have difficult w/ finger recognition - Correct Answerschildren with reading disabilities are found to have difficult w/ finger recognition (was found to have implications for writing b/c fine motor skill indicates such as finger tapping, finger succession, repetition & localization are all found to relate to writing.) Of the following, which statement is accurate regarding early activities w/ children to promote print awareness?
5. upper case letters, lower case letters, & sounds should be taught in combination
6. using mnemonics that incorporates letters into picture is effect for print awareness
7. when teaching children upper/lower case letters, teach upper case 1st
8. when teaching children, multiple sensory modes should be avoided as distractions - Correct Answersusing mnemonics that incorporates letters into picture is effect for print awareness Define print awareness: - Correct Answersunderstanding that print is organized in a particular way — for example, knowing that print is read from left to right and top to bottom. It is knowing that words consist of letters and that spaces appear between words. When advertising & other media use the word "LOOK!" w/ the two O's depicted as eyes, this association mimics which of Ehri's (1995) phases of sight word recognition*?
9. partial alphabetic
10. pre-alphabetic
11. full alphabetic
12. consolidated alphabetic - Correct AnswersPre-alphabetic

When students can recognize letter combonations such as /str/ or /ough/, that are found in the spelling of many words as patterns, they have reached which of Ehri's (1995) phases of sight words recognition?

1. partial alphabetic
2. pre-alphabetic
3. full alphabetic
4. consolidated alphabetic - Correct AnswersConsolidated alphabetic In which Ehri's (1995) phases of sight words recognition do students find it easy to differentiate among similarly spelled words like "mat", "mart", & "mate"?
5. partial alphabetic
6. pre-alphabetic
7. full alphabetic
8. consolidated alphabetic - Correct AnswersFull alphabetic Define partial alphabetic: - Correct Answersstudents read words by memorizing their visual features or guessing words from their context. Define pre-alphabetic: - Correct Answersstudents recognize some letters of the alphabet and can use them together with context to remember words by sight. Define full alphabetic: - Correct Answersreaders possess extensive working knowledge of the graphophonemic system, and they can use this knowledge to analyze fully the connections between graphemes and phonemes in words. They can decode unfamiliar words and store fully analyzed sight words in memory. Define consolidated alphabetic: - Correct Answersstudents consolidate their knowledge of grapheme-phoneme blends into larger units that recur in different words.