FTCE Professional Education Exam -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025, Exams of Nursing

Download FTCE Professional Education Exam -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! FTCE Professional Education Exam -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025 2000 Q&A Which of the following tests relates an individual's test performance to standards rather than to the performance of others? criterion-referenced Sharon, a 3rd-grade student, received the following scores on a formal reading assessment: identifying main idea - raw score of 18/25 recalling details - 70th percentile making inferences - 30% correct determining author's purpose - grade equivalent of 4.5 A teacher who interprets these data can accurately conclude that Sharon scored higher than 70% of students who took the same test in recalling details, and above grade level in determining author's purpose. Which of the following is the most appropriate assessment for measuring student mastery of content in a high school algebra class at midyear? teacher-made test A teacher is assessing a student's oral reading skills. Which of the following assessment tools is the most appropriate? running record A science teacher uses the phrase, "My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas" to help the students remember the order of the planets. This phrase is an example of a mnemonic device. A teacher asks, "How was the Grand Canyon formed, Patty?" Patty answers, "There is a river at the bottom." The teacher then says, "Patty, tell us how the river affected the formation of the Grand Canyon." What technique is the teacher using in her last statement? probing While a student is giving a report to the class, the teacher smiles, nods, leans forward, and listens attentively. Her behavior best demonstrates nonverbal positive acknowledgement. Mr. Robinette is a new teacher who teaches high school algebra courses. He has difficulty maintaining student interest in instruction and has an excessive number of disciplinary referrals. What strategy would be the best first step to address this situation? discussing problems with a mentor teacher to identify strategies for reducing the number of discipline problems As part of her planning process, Mrs. Smith is concerned about the levels of reading comprehension in her class. Which of the following would provide the richest source of data for the beginning analysis of her class? student test records Which of the following situations is the best example of a teacher promoting middle school students' creative thinking after reading a given fiction selection? students rewrite the ending of the selection to change the resolution of the plot Identify the classroom practice that best encourages a positive learning climate for all students. The teacher includes all students in class discussions, showing equal respect and sensitivity to each student. A group of 5th-grade students collected information on how many kindergarten students like chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry ice cream. What is the best format for an initial presentation of results to the kindergarten students? stacks of three different colored cubes representing each student's choice A teacher reviews a student's cumulative scores on a comprehensive fluency progress monitoring measure at midyear. Based on the data presented above, what is the most appropriate method of differentiating instruction for this student? intensive instruction in phoneme segmentation fluency Which of the following is an example of a classroom that has been best arranged to facilitate student safety? furniture placed to accommodate traffic patterns Which procedure should a middle school teacher follow at the beginning of a class? Assign students to complete "Do Now" activity already written on the board when the class starts. In a middle school classroom, the teacher observes that many students are calling out answers during large group discussions, even after being reminded of the posted classroom rules. What would be the best strategy for the teacher to follow next? Have students brainstorm ways to participate in large group discussions and amend the classroom rules as necessary. Before the teacher has had a chance to explain the school's procedure for fire drills, the fire alarm sounds. Which of the following procedures would be most appropriate in this situation? Have students line up quickly and quietly and lead them out of the building; review procedures upon returning to the classroom. A high school teacher wants students studying the Civil War to understand the attitudes of the soldiers on both sides. Of the following, which activity would best help meet this objective? Role-playing: based on class reading, have each student write a letter to a family member about war experiences from the perspective of first a Northern and then a Southern soldier. Students will read the letters out loud. A 4th-grade teacher has a group of students with mixed abilities. As he plans his unit on early Florida settlers, he should pay special attention to varying the delivery models of instruction to compensate for different reading levels. A 7th-grade student is frequently tardy for 1st-period class. The teacher questions the student and discovers that the student has been left in charge of his younger siblings while his parents are "working things out" with their marriage. Which of the following should the teacher suspect? child neglect The social studies teachers in a middle school are seeking ways to interest their students in local history. Which of the following would be an effective means of achieving this goal? Have students create a documentary in which they interview local residents about the community's past. A 4th-grade teacher notices that one of her students is wearing clothing that is inapproriate for the season. This appears to be an attempt to cover up bruising on his arms. The teacher speaks privately with the student and he becomes noticeably upset and tells her "mind your own business." Based on information the student has given the teacher in the past, the teacher suspects that the student may be fighting with his father. Which of the following actions should the teacher take? Call and report what she suspects to the Florida Abuse Hotline. A teacher receives a request for information on a middle school student from an independent psychologist. What procedures should the teacher follow? Share the request with the administration and follow their guidelines. The teacher's role in meeting with parents in the academic improvement plan is to inform the parents of the student's strengths and weaknesses and recommend remediation. A teacher would like to use software to create an instructional slide show for a large group. Which type of software would be the most appropriate? presentation John just received his 4th-grade FCAT writing score of 5. His teacher wants to interpret the result to his parents. His teacher can say that John is An English language learner placed in the 4th grade has had a strong educational background in his native country. His English is at an early production stage. His teacher plans to have the class learn the names and order of the planets in the solar system by reading and answering questions. This student would most likely be successful at this assignment because it is based upon low context and low cognitive demand. What type of curriculum is a teacher using when students are confronted with a scenario and asked to generate hypotheses and solutions? problem-based An instructional strategy in which students work in small, peer-assisted groups is cooperative learning. When a teacher reads aloud to students, which of the following strategies is the teacher using? modeled reading An elementary mathematics teacher uses the phrase "My dear Aunt Sally" to teach the order of operations. This phrase is an example of a mnemonic device. According to Bloom's taxonomy, what is the lowest level of question in the cognitive domain that the teacher could use? knowledge To ensure that ALL students are aware of the assignments required for a semester-long chemistry class, the teacher should create a course outline and distribute a hard copy to each student. A student is capable of completing assignments but often lacks the motivation to do so. Which strategy would address the problem directly? creating an academic contract between the student and teacher Which of the following is an example of a teacher employing a nonverbal communication strategy? using enthusiastic hand and eye gestures to introduce a unit on Florida history To ensure that a new student feels welcome, the teacher should assign a responsible peer buddy to assist the new student. Which of the following situations is the best example of a teacher promoting a climate of openness, respect, and inquiry in the classroom? promoting student cultures that are studied, shared, and celebrated A beginning teacher notices that students are having difficulty mastering the properties of light on a science test. The best next step for the teacher to take would be seeking input from a peer teacher. In a community-centered approach to teaching, a teacher plans classroom activities that require students to assist others in solving problems. A teacher has students use their background information to make predictions about a story. This lesson would most likely be representative of a(an) learner-centered environment. During the introduction of a new mathematics lesson, several students appear uninterested in the lesson. To determine if the behavior is content related, the teacher should ask students concept questions. A math teacher is in the initial stages of planning a unit. The teacher realizes homework will play an important role in student success. The teacher examines the following research table that displays the effectiveness of various approaches to assessing homework assignments. What approach to assigning homework will have the greatest positive impact on student performance? assigning select problems and grading them with specific feedback A class has students from various cultural backgrounds. The teacher notices that students of like cultures are exhibiting similar skills and knowledge that differ from students of other cultures. This could be due to the impact of cultural knowledge on transfer Which of the following teaching strategies would best show sensitivity to English language learners' language challenges? encouraging safe times to use academic English in class. A teacher is preparing students for a statewide assessment. The teacher asks the students to underline the bold type in the questions on the practice test. This test- taking strategy is known as recognizing the key words. A teacher instructs students to read a selection and then retell the information from the selection. The students are using the study skill of summarizing Teachers who conduct action research might: Videotape their lessons to reflect on instructional strategies. A student-centered classroom uses reciprocal teaching to analyze a selection of text. The 4 basic steps that are used in reciprocal teaching are: Predicting, questioning, clarifying, summarizing. What type of test could a school district use to determine if state standards were being effectively taught? Criterion-referenced test Which of the following is the best example of a cognitive objective? Students will complete a two-digit multiplication skills test with 85% mastery. An educator signed up for a paid online professional development session that required watching short video segments and personally reflecting on their content. The educator let the videos run in the background, and quickly clicked through the acknowledgments without completing the reflections. What portion of the Code of Ethics does this violate? The obligation to the profession. Learning activities should always be based on: specific objectives. An elementary reading teacher wants to get parents reading nightly with their children. The most effective way to do this while fostering parent communication is to: Invite parents to a "reading night" where student and parents meet to read and share favorite poems. Which of the following statements from a teacher would be considered classroom management through use of negative reinforcement? "If you would start turning in your homework, I wouldn't have to call your mother every afternoon!" In order to practice effective behavior management, classroom rules should be followed by all students and be consistently enforced. Which of the following would be a responsibility of a school advisory council? Developing a school improvement plan Which of the following would be an example of negative reinforcement? The teacher stops complaining about the messy floor after the students clean it up. A teacher has discovered and implemented a new online behavior- management program that is improving student behavior while providing an easy way to communicate with parents. The teacher should Meet with the principal to discussing sharing the new product at the next professional development day. The best tool for a teacher to use to keep a running, averaged record of student scores throughout the year is Spreadsheet Do nothing. This was a minor traffic violation. A convergent question has a simple, short answer and requires the use of lower-order thinking skills. Shared classroom materials should be easily accessed, assembled prior to beginning the lesson, and safe for student use. Drill and practice is primarily used to re-teach a skill that a student has failed to master. A teacher is arrested for domestic violence, but does not report the incident because it was unfounded. The teacher will be terminated as soon as the State of Florida learns of the offense. A teacher notices that a student has lost her appetite and has difficulty walking or sitting. She also seems to be behaving in a sexually sophisticated manner. The teacher should immediately contact the Florida Abuse Hotline (DCF). Teachers that meet regularly to reflect on instructional methods are members of a reflective learning community. When planning a unit, a teacher must ensure that the lessons activate prior knowledge and ensure coherence throughout the unit. Who is responsible for implementing the school improvement plan? The principal and staff A teacher's professional development goals should be relevant, measurable, and based on student needs. Which of the following professional development classes would be most beneficial to a teacher wanting to focus on general instructional practices? Action Research- How to Do It What type of question elicits a written, pictorial, or graphic response from a student? Constructed response An intermediate science teacher wants to develop a lesson that would teach her students to categorize items like a scientist while appealing to students with a naturalistic intelligence. Which plan would best meet her objective? Plan an outdoor trip and have students gather items, then work in groups to sort them based on their categories. Learning communities provide educators an opportunity to Meet with other educators to discuss and study more effective instructional practices. A high-school English teacher reviewed data from a benchmark review and determined that the results showed that the students had not mastered a key concept. The teacher feels that she could improve her instructional practices and is looking for a scientifically-based approach to improve her teaching methods. How should she do this? Attend a learning community meeting to discuss her instructional practices with other teachers with the same goal. A first-grade teacher has students change the beginning letters of words to make new words (b-at, c-at, v-at), then has them switch the ending sounds on words (c-at, c-ar, c-ake). The teacher is having the students manipulate onset-rimes What would be the best way for a teacher to prepare her students for the state mandatory criterion-referenced test that is administered every year? Make sure that the students have been taught the standards and are familiar with the test format. A 6th grade history classroom is set up with desks facing each other in clusters of students mixed gender, ability, and cultures. Students are working on document-based questioning about Valley Forge. The teacher moves throughout the classroom, ready to offer guidance if necessary. What type of activity is the class performing? enlarge one copy of the test for the visually impaired student. When testing for mastery, students may retest on a skill until they demonstrate that they mastered it. Teachers can bring rigor to their classrooms by incorporating critical-thinking assignments A high-school teacher responds to a student's solution by asking the class if they agree or disagree with the answer. The teacher is using a redirect Which is more effective for improving fluency, reading aloud or reading silently, and why? Reading aloud, because students tend to skip words they do not understand when reading silently rather than making the effort to decode them. The most appropriate time to give feedback on an assessment is 24 to 48 hours later. What is the advantage of analyzing case studies? -They present scenarios that teachers can study and apply to their own classrooms. -They allow teachers to anticipate possible situations that may someday occur in their classrooms and prepare to respond accordingly. -They provide teachers with the opportunity to discuss possible solutions to actual problems that have occurred in other classrooms. If a teacher asks a complex question and the student gives a brief response, the teacher can... continue to ask follow-up questions of the same student to elicit a more thorough answer. A 4th grade teacher notices that students bump into each other on the way to the pencil sharpener. Before changing the layout of the classroom, the teacher should consider traffic flow patterns. When would a teacher ask a follow-up question? -When the original answer was too brief -When the original answer contained a misconception -When the teacher is trying to elicit higher-order thinking skills from the student A student in the pre-production stage of 2nd language acquisition will participate in a "silent period" where the language is heard but not spoken. Which of the following accommodations would be appropriate for any student to use, regardless of their learning abilities? The use of highlighters to mark text. When a teacher notices burns, bites, or bruises on a student and notices that the student withdraws at the approach of adults, the teacher should contact the Florida Abuse Hotline Which of the following is NOT an element of classroom instruction that can be differentiated by the teacher? Standards A classroom teacher has a student that needs extra practice with multiplication tables. The class has a single copy of a practice program, but the teacher doesn't want to risk losing it. What should the teacher do? Never copy software since there are no situations where this is legal. In addition to using audio or videotapes to conduct action research, teachers should also use students' scores on assessments A classroom teacher that understands how to differentiate instruction plans in advance should provide tiered activities that allow students of all levels to understand the concepts but perform at different levels with necessary support. is a series of activities across the curriculum that focuses on one theme that addresses multiple standards in the same context. A teacher asks a question, then pauses to call on a student even though many hands are waving in the air. The teacher is using wait time. Which type of learning experience develops peer interaction skills? Cooperative Learning A local reporter asks a teacher her opinion on the new curriculum that has been implemented by the state. The teacher should decline to comment Which of the following gives the school districts the right and responsibility to establish programs for English language learners? The No Child Left Behind Act A classroom teacher needs to document a student's lack of focus in the classroom in order to develop accommodations to assist the student's academic achievement. The teacher should begin by completing behavior inventory The disadvantage of using drill and practice math programs on classroom computers is that most classrooms do not have enough computers for the entire class. A classroom teacher can foster higher-order thinking skills by asking students -Follow-up and divergent questions -To elaborate on a question that was already answered by classmates A teacher uses extinction when she is ignores negative behavior so that students don't receive positive reinforcement by gaining the teacher's attention. Which of the following describes a student-centered learning environment? -Students work together on a jigsaw activity in cooperative learning groups. -Students use a collaborative approach to research and develop a solution to a real-world problem. -Students analyze multiple sources to develop their list of loaded words in persuasive articles as the teacher acts as a facilitator. Which of the following would not be used by a kindergarten teacher to develop phonemic awareness in her students? Having students spell the words as they sound them out. Project-based learning, problem-based learning, and inquiry-based learning all require inductive reasoning and would be appropriate for a student- centered learning environment. Running records are used to document reading performance. Which of the following does not describe 1 of the 5 big ideas in beginning reading? Semantics Which of the following is not a text feature? Copyright date and city of publication During a science lesson, a 6th grade science teacher shares with her students how an invasive species of a plant is choking out a native species. She asks them to generate a hypothesis and possible solutions to the problem. What type of activity is this? Problem-based A high-school American History teacher conducts a 15 min. lecture about how triangular trade operated in the colonies. The teacher was using direct instruction According to Webb's Depth of Knowledge, the most complex cognitive level is the metric divisions of kilo-,hecto-,deka-,base,dec-, centi-, milli-, they are increasing retention through use of a mnemonic. A student' academic grades on report cards are derived from scores on tests, homework, and assignments. According to Piaget, most children are capable of completing assessment problems that require logical thinking by what age? 8 Which of the following is the best way that a teacher can improve student retention of new material? Outlining the material to be covered at the beginning of the unit then reviewing it at the end. Homework is appropriate for practicing previously learned skills. While the rest if the class is working silently on a personal narrative, 2 students in the back of the classroom begin chatting and giggling. The least disruptive way to deal with this off-task behavior is to use proximity control Which of the following activities would require using critical-thinking skills? Drawing conclusions after reading an article about global warming. Select the learning that best promotes 2nd language acquisition? Preparation, evaluation, & meta cognitive strategies. A teacher notices that students seem disinterested in a class topic. The teacher wants to liven up the discussion portion of the lesson to increase student's participation. What is the best procedure for the teacher to follow? Ask questions that require students to show, explain, or describe. Which of the following class characteristic will be assessed only by direct observation? Amount of student time on task. Maintaing anecdotal records of effective instructional strategies offers teachers practice in the skill of? Reflecting Which teacher action is a part of the communication technique for active listening? The teacher re-states the student's message. The most efficient use of computer lab time for an elementary class orientation when each student has access to a computer is to? Allow individual student time to explore the computer. Which technique will most effectively establish a 9th grade teacher's expectation for an assignment? A list of due dates of each assessment for the grading period. For a 6th social studies class for both native speakers of English and ESOL students who are to study mythology, the teacher's best app. is to Have a competition to see which student had the most creative way of meeting the lesson objective. What is the best way to help students who are shy and insist on being near the teacher whenever possible? Assign the student tasks to help other students. What principle is illustrated by conducting a 20 min. review session each Monday during a class? A periodic review enhances long term memory. The purpose underlying the enactment of the consent decree (META) was to? Understand and successfully meet the various linguistic and cultural need for the non English speaking students. Which of the following tests relates an individual's test performance to standards rather than to the performance of others? criterion-referenced Sharon, a 3rd-grade student, received the following scores on a formal reading assessment: identifying main idea - raw score of 18/25 recalling details - 70th percentile making inferences - 30% correct determining author's purpose - grade equivalent of 4.5 A teacher who interprets these data can accurately conclude that Sharon scored higher than 70% of students who took the same test in recalling details, and above gradelevel in determining author's purpose. A teacher is preparing students for a statewide assessment. The teacher asks the students to underline the bold type in the questions on the practice test. This test-taking strategy is known as recognizing the key words Which of the following would require inductive reasoning? Students are presented with the question, "How does competition for resources affect population growth in an ecosystem?" then are asked to research the topic to find possible answers. A student is doing a cold read, and the teacher documents that the student is reading at a 75% accuracy level. After reading the selection, the student takes a multiple-choice quiz on the material and scores 60% correct. What does this mean? The student is reading at a frustration level and the teacher needs to select a more level-appropriate text. Who elects parents to the school advisory council? The principal and vice-principal According to the Code of Ethics of the Education Profession in Florida, what is a professional educator's primary concern? The student and the development of the student's potential. If a high-school science teacher wants to ensure that guessing has a minimal effect on the students' grades, what type of test acquisition should be avoided? True/False A classroom teacher is frustrated when an English language learner refuses to make eye contact when speaking to adults. What is the teacher failing to take into account? Making eye contact with adults is considered disrespectful in some cultures. A history teacher begins the unit on he Civil War by asking his students to brainstorm a detailed list of what they think motivated the southern states to seceded. Why would the teacher start the lesson this way? To activate and access prior knowledge in his students. At the end of a lesson, an elementary mather teacher has students complete an exit ticket that includes one thing that they learned and one thing that still confuses them. The exit ticket is used to gather data that can be used to assess the effectiveness of instruction. A student is having difficulties sounding out words then immediately comprehending the meaning of the words. The teacher develops a variety of letter-sound recognition activities to help the student improve their reading skills. On what skill is the teacher focusing? decoding Why would a teacher use the fishbone diagrams? to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships A teacher wants to make sure that her students understand and remember the classroom rules. The best way to accomplish this is to present them to the class, clearly post them, then review them periodically A teacher wants to build a spirit of community and peer-support in a student-centered classroom. Which of the following would best meet the objective? The teacher would put them into mixed-ability, cooperative learning groups, then give them tasks that require them to work to meed a common goal. knowledge transfer due to sharing a similar cultural experience Which of the following accommodations are NOT available for English language learners who are taking state-mandated, end-of-course exams in math or science? The student can take the test in his or her native language A student with an IEP is permitted to use a speech-to-text program to make notes in class. This is an example of an accommodation Why would a teacher use anecdotal records? to conduct action research A well-designed lesson is built around state standards, starts with an attention getter, and reviews prerequisite skills before presenting new material. What is the most effective way to present instructional videos to the class? The teacher should stop about every 10 minutes to review important content. Teachers regularly take time after teaching a lesson to evaluate the effectiveness of the instruction. After teaching a unit and grading related assessments, the teacher reviews the data and determines that more time needs to be spent on a specific concept. This teacher is practicing reflection Effective teachers do not stick to tried-and-true instructional practices, despite their results A teacher suspects that a current curriculum may be lacking in certain areas. What would the teacher use to very his suspicions? his grade book Which of the following offenses is NOT punishable by revocation of your teaching credentials in the state of Florida? Failure to report a traffic ticket for running a red light Which of the following is the most appropriate use of homework? To review previously acquired skills Due to limited time and funding, professional development opportunities should focus on addressing disaggregate student performance in the classroom ANI Academic Needs Identification; 1st and 2nd year students AMAOs Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives As students experience cultural assimilation, they must as students experience cultural assimilation, they must balance the social norms of their native culture with the customs of their classmates. BICS Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills -day to day experiences -6months to 2 yrs CALLA Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach -contecnt focused while language skills are acquired in context as needed CALP Cognitive Academic Language -demands are higher than social situations -contextual support(gestures) cannot be counted on --5to 7 yrs LY The code for a student enrolled in an ESOL class; k-12 classes specifically designed for ELLs LZ former ELL student who exited program more than 2 yrs ago MBE Maintenance Bilingual Education META Multicultural Education, Training, Advocacy NCLB 2001 ELL can receive testing accommodations including but not limited to... - teacher to explain instructions - native language dictionary - extended time NEP Non English Proficient SALA Bureau of Student Achievement through Language Acquisition SLA Second Language Acquisition TPR Total Physical Response; Asher; uses commands and physical activities to increase retention and understanding; "stand up" ZZ In Florida, the code used for a non-ELL is____ proficiency The Florida Consent Decree specifies that he main goal of the ESOL program is to develop sudent's ___________in English and academic potential Parent Leadership Council a group that provide parents an opportunity to be involved in and participate in their students' educational program. The majority must be parents of ELLs. -consulted prior to submission of district ell plan Home Language Survey Survey that is given to all Florida students at the time of enrollment ELL (LEP) Students -not born in us or non native english -other language has impact on English proficiency(Native American) -insufficient english skills to learn successfully Assessment Procedure test given within 20 days to potential ELLs -must score at or above 33rd percentile to be placed as ZZ Basic ESOL using enlgish language a medium of instruction- speaking, listening, reading, and writing ELL student plan document that identifies student, instruction, schedule, date of ELL id, assessment data, date of exit District ELL plan approved procedures and methodologies by district for serving ELLs- Stage 1: Pre-production - silent period - know up to 500 words but not ready to attempt oral communication Level II: Cognitively Undemanding + Conext Reduced ordering food over telephone; reading a letter Level III: Cognitively Demanding + Context Embedded solving math problems using graphs hands-on science experiment; playing interactive computer simulation game Level IV: Cognitively Demanding + Context Reduced proving math thermos; writing a research report; listing to presentation on unfamiliar topic ESOL Sheltered-Instruction/ Structured Submersion -subject classes included only ELLs; instruction ing English; adapted to proficiency levels and contextually supported ESOL Mainstream/Inclusion Instruction - subjects taught along non ELL students but provided support Home Language/Maintenance Bilingual Education - subjects taughat in native language by bilingual teacher; aim to build on and preserved native language skills as they learn English Dual Language (Two-Way) composed of both ELLs and non ELLs; both groups become proficient in both languages Language Experience Approach students can produce language form firsthand experiences; experience, depict, write, share, read The Natural Approach (Krashen) in accordance with stages of acquisition and how children acquire language naturally Whole Language Approach integration of listening, speaking, reading, and writing Integrated Language Teaching - language learning interwove with instruction in content area; not isolate topic Storytelling/Retelling telling or reading predictable stories that make regular use of patterns that can be acted out Code Switching alternate use of two languages: Good, hijo (son) Dialect variation of language used by a particular group of people Expressive Language Skills productive language skills; speaking and writing False Cognates words in different language that are similar in appearance but different in meaning instrumental function of language to satisfy wants an needs of others regulatory function to control behavior of others interactional function to exchange information with others personal function to maintain contact with others use of language in social context receptive language skills listening and reading register form of language determined by setting and relationship semantics study of the meaning of words submersion placing ells in regular classroom syntax systematic arrangement of words in a sentence target language 2nd language being learned Strategies for Building a Culturally Responsive Relationship - inviting parents in the learning environment - asking sensitive questions about a student's native background - allowing students to share their stories to find commonalities within the group Accomodations A change in the way a studet learns new material. Teachers use accomodated teaching methods when directed to do so by a student's individual educational program (IEP). Achievement Test A standardized test desinged to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and/or skill a person has acquired, usually as a reult of clasroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm. Acquisition-Leasrning Hypothesis Students can acquire language in two ways: they can acquire it (acquisition) by steadily absorbing it in a natural manner through meaningful interactions or they can learn it by intentionally studying vocabulary and grammar. These two methods work in tandem, and both are necessary for second-language acquisition. Action Research A reflective process of researching instructional methods based on student scores and the teacher's observations. Adolescent Literacy Support Framework A literacy structure focused on motivation, literacy strategies, "across the curriculum," and organizational support. Alphabetic Principle Also called graphophonemic awareness, it refers to the fact that each individual sound has a graphical representation of individual letters or letter blends. The second part is the correspondence betwen sounds and letters that leads to reading. Analytic Scoring A type of rubric scoring that separaters the whole into categories of criteria that are examined one at a time. Student writing, for example, might be scored on the basis of grammar, organization and clarity of ideas. This is useful as a diagnostic tool. Anecdotal Records A type of informal evaluation. A teacher records observations of student performance and over time they can see patterms of growth. Assessment In an educational context, the process of observing learning; describing, collecting, recording, scoring and interreting information about a student's or one's own learning. Tradiationally, student assessments are used to determine placement, promotion, graduation, or retention. In the context of school reform, assessment is an essential tool for evaluating the effectiveness of changes in the teaching-learning process. Assistive Technology Bullying Using superior strength or social stature to intimidate or influence the decisions of another person. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS) The academic language that an English language learner must learn to successfully understand and communicate the content of academic texts. Choral Reading Students read together, aloud and in unison with the teacher to practice fluency. Classroom Management Planning and implementing methods to ensure that the learning environment of the classroom provides an effective venue for learning. Code of Ethics The set of standards that apply to ethical decision-making within the field of education in the state of Florida. Cognates Words from different languages that have the same meaning and similar pronunciation and spelling. Cognitive Objective A learning objective that has thre main components: condition, behavior, and degree. Competency Test A test intended to establish that a student has met established minimum standards of skills and knkowledge and is thus eligible for promotion, graduation, certification, or other official acknowledgement of achievement. Connotation The implied meaning of a word based on its context. Constructive-Response Questions A question that requries students to construct or create something to answer the question rather than choosing from a given list. Convergent Questioning A type of question that requries a student to "converge" on the answer. An example of a onvergent question is, "What is 4+2?" Generally, this type of questioning requires lower-level thinking skills. Cooperative Learning A student-centered learnking approach in which heterogeneously grouped students work cooperatively to accomplish a shared task. Correlational Research The statistical association between two or more variables that is used to determine the relationship between the variables. Creative Thinking The process students use to devlep ideas that are unique, useful, and worthy of further elaboration. Criterion-Referenced Test A test in which the results can be used to determine a student's progress toward master of a content area. Performance is compared to an expected level of mastery in a content area rather than to other students' scores. The scores have meaning in terms of what the student knows or can do, rather than how the test-taker compares to a reference or norm group. Criterion-referenced tests can have norms, but comparison to a norm is not the purpose of the assessment. Critical Thinking The process students use to reflect on, assess and judge the assumptions underlying their own and others' ideas tand efforts. Cummins, Jim Famous fo his work with second-language acquisition, Cummins coined the terms Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALPS). Curriculum Alignment The degree to which a curriculum's scope and sequenece matches a testing programs's evaluation measures. Elaboration The ability of a student to develop critical thinking skills which lead to the skill of developing ideas. Encapsulation The process of stating ideas in a concise, precise form. Encoding Turning messages into symbols which could include something as simple as translating spoken language into text or as advanced as converting math word problems into an equation. Essay Test A test that requires students to answer questions in writing; responses can be brief or extensive. Evaluation Both qualitiative and quantitative descriptions of progress towards and attainment of project goals. using collected information (assessments) to make informed decisions about continued instruction, programs and activities. Expermental Research Research in which an independent variable is manipulated and its effect on one or more dependent variables is measured. In a true experimental design, the researcher randomly assigns the participants who are being studied (also called the subjects) to two or more comparisons groups. Sometime the comparison groups are referred to as treatment and control groups. Participants in the treatment group receive some type of treatment, such as a special reading program. Extinction The practice of ignoring an undesired behavior in the hopes that it becomes extinct on its own. For instance, a child that makes noises to gain the teacher's attention may cease if the teacher ignores the behavior. Extrinsic Motivation Motiviation through the use of external rewards. Behaviorists contend that extrinsic motivation can be effectively used to manage student behavior. Flexibility The ability of a student to categorize ideas. Florida Abuse Hotline The communication tool utilized by educator to report suspected abuse. Fluency The ability to read with preciasion, speed and the proper intonation. Formative Assessment Assessment occurring during the process of a unit or a course. Graphic Organizer A visual tool for organizing knowledge. Graphophonemic Awareness Also called the Alphabetic Principle, refers to the fact that each individual sound has a graphical representation of individual letters of letter blends. The second part of the correspondence between sounds and letters that leads to reading. High-Stakes Testing Any testing program whose results have important consequences for students, teachers, schools. and/or districts. Such stakes may include promotion, certification, graduation, or denial/approval of services and opportunity. High-Traffic Areas Paths that students oftentravel in the classroom, such as where they line up to leave the room and the path they take to frequently used supplies. Holistic Method In assessment, assigning a single score based on an overall assessment of performance rather than by scoring or analyzing dimensions individually. The product is considered to be more than the sum of its parts, and so the quality of a final prodjct or performance is evaluated rather than the process of dimension of performance. Individualized Education Program A type of teacher-centered direct instruction where the teacher gives information while the students take notes. Limited English Proficiency (LEP) A term to describe students who are not native English speakers and struggle with speaking, listening, reading, or writing in English. Mainstream/Inclusion An ESOL program where the students who are learning English are grouped with students who are fluent in English. Instruction is only in English and students are supported in basic core/subject areas through the use of ESOL strategies. Mastery Test An assessment that shows mastery of a given skill or concept. If a sutdent struggles to pass, he or she may be lacking a prerequisite skill. Mean One of several ways of representinga group with a single, typical score. It is figured by adding up all the individual scores in a group and dividing them by the number of people in a group. This is also known as the average, and ti can be affected by extremely low or high scores. Measurement Quantitative descriptions of students learning and qualitative description of student attitude. Median The point on a scale that divides a group into two equal subgroups. The median is not affected by low or high scores as is the mean. Metacognition The knowledge of one's own thinking processes and strategies, and the ability to conscously reflect and act on the knowledge of cognition to modify those processes and strategies. Mind Mapping A method of visual note-taking that helps students organize information in unique and personal ways. Modeled Reading A method wherein the teacher reads aloud a book which is above the students' reading level. Students may or may not have a copy of the text with which to follow along. The purpose of modeled reading is to deomonstrate a skill or ability such as fluency or a fix-up strategy. Modality Preference The way a child prefers to learn. Students may be auditory, visual, kinesthetic or mixed modality learners Modification A change in the curriculum's learning requiements due to a student's inability to master the required state standards. Monitoring Hypothesis A hypothesis developed by Krashen that states if a student can learn the grammatical rules of a new language, he or she will be able to monitor written and spoken language in the future. Multicultural Education An educational approach that focuses on five key areas: content integration, knowledge construction, equity pedagogy, prejudice reduction, and empowerment of school culture. Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner of Harvard University defined seven distinct intelligences which relate to the learning environment. Multipl intelligences is a theoretical framework for defining, understanding, assessingg and developing learner's different intelligence factors. Through Gardner's research, one can easily see that teachers must create learning environments based on a avariety of intelligences. Native Language Any language that is spoken regularly in the home. Natural Order Hypothesis States that second-language acquisition will follow a predicatable pattern, and that certain grammatical structures will be acquired before others. Krashen contends that for this reason, educators should follow a specific order of grammatical instruction. Students work in pairs, taking turns reading aloud a selection of texg in order to build fluency skills. This is commonly called buddy reading. Pavlov, Ivan A Nobel Prize-winning Russian psychologist known for his work in classical conditioning: the relationship between behavior and direct rewards. His work greatly influenced behaviorism. Percentile A ranking scale ranging from a low of 1 to a high of 99, with 50 as the median score. A percentile rank indicates the percentage of a reference or norm group obtaining scores equal to or less than the test-taker's score. A percentile scofe does not refer to the percentage of questions answered correctly; it indicates the test-taker's standing relative to the norm group standard. Performance-Based Assessment Performance-based assessment is a test of the ability to apply knowledge in a real-life setting. Assessment of the performance is done using a rubric or an analytic scoring guide, to aid in objectivity. Performance Criteria The standards by which student performance is evaluated. Performance criteria help assessors maintain objectivity and provide students with important information about expectations, giving them a target or goal to strive for. Phonemes The smallest units of sound, which are blended to create words. Phonemic Awareness A subset of phonological awareness. A child with phonemic awareness can hear, identify and mainpulates phonemes, the smallest units of sound. Phonological Awareness The ability to detect individual sounds in a spoken word. It is a critical first step in learnng to read and provides the foundation for phonics. Planning The process of designing the method of instruction used to teach a learning objective, and the way to assess the mastery of the objective. Portfolio A systematic and organized collection of a student's work that exhibitis to others the direct evidence of a student's efforts, achievements, and progress over a period of time. The collection should involve the studen in selection of its contents, and should include information about the performance criteria, the rubric or criteria for judging merit, and evidence of student self-reflection or evaluation. Portfolio Assessment Portfolios may be assessed in a variety of ways. Each piec may be individually scored, or the portfolio might be assessed merely for the presence of required pieces, or a holistic scoring process might be used and an evaluation made on the basis of an overall impression of the student's collected work. Positive Reinforcement Anything that is added in order to cause in increase in a behavior. This can be a tangible reward or verbal praise. Scolding a child can cause positive reinforcement of a negative behavior if receiving attention enforces an undesired behavior. Pragmatics How context contributes to the meaning of a word. prosody Reading with a natural rhythm and pace. Premack Principle Pairs undesirable behaviors with desireable acts, and is employed friequently to induce studets to engage in the former. An example is telling students they can go outside to play kickball, a desired outcome, after clean ing the art station, an undesirable task. Principles of Professional Conduct The set of principles which outline the appropriate conduct, parameters and repercussions for educators in the state of Florida. Print Concept The realization that books have front and back covers, that the words start at the top of the page and progress from left to right and that as you finish Realia Concrete abjects that are used to gie meaning to a lesson. Use of these objects from the real wordl help deepen student understanding. Reflective Practitioner An educator who reflects on instructional practice and self-evaluates the effectiveness of the instruction that is being provided. Reliability The measure of consistency for an assessment instrument. The instrument should yield similar results over time with similary populations in similar circumstances. Rime The ending phoneme in a word. For example, in the word brim, the sound made by the ending 'im is the rime. Use of onsets and rimes are an important compoent of phonemic awareness. Rubric In general, a scoring guide used in subjective assessments. A rubric also can be an explicit description of performance characteristics corresponding to a point on a rating scale. Running Record A tool used to assess reading as a student reads from a benchmark book or selection. Scaffolding The practice of providing sufficient assistance to a student in order to facilitate learning. Scale Scores Scores based on a scale ranging from 001 to 999. Scale socres are useful in commparing performance in one subject area across classes, schools, districst and other large populations, especially in monitoring change over time. School Advisory Council An organization composed of the principal and a group of elected students, teachers, parents, and appointed community members, who develop the annual school improvement plan. School Improvement Plan A plan developed annually by the School Advisory Council and implemented by the principal and school staff to improve the school in a specific area, such as math scores. School Needs Assessment At least annually the school identifies professional learning needs through a classroom-by-classroom analysis of disaggregated student achievement data by content and skill areas, subgroups needing special assistance, and other school data. Scoring Criteria Rules for assigning a score or the dimensions of proficiency in performance used to describe a student's response to a task. May include rating scales, checklists, answer keys and other scoring tools. Segmenting A component of fluency in which a student breaks a word into phonemes, the samllest unit of sound. Self-Assessment The learner uses an assessment list or rubric and benchmarks to assess his or her own work. Self-Report Term which focuses on the responsibility of an educator to alert public authorities of an arrest. Semantics The study of words and their meanings. Sheltered English Approach A program for English-language learners where the classes include only Limited English Proficiency students (LEP) (hence the term sheltered). Students may have the same home language or many different home languages. Instruction is entirely in English, and students receive special instruction in English while being supported in basic core/subject areas through the use of ESOL strategies. Stages of Second-Language Acquisition The stages in which a second language is acquired. The four stages are pre-production, early production, speech emergent and intermediate fluency. Text Marking The practice of highlighting important details and main ideas in the text as a component of active reading. Thorndike, E.L. A behavioral theorist who focused on the law of effect and believed that behaviors which result in favorable consequences are likely to be repeated and that behaviors which result in unfavorable consequences are not likely to be repeated. Total Physical Response (TPR) A technique that pairs repetitive physical movement with vocabulary. Transfer The idea that students from the same cultural background may share common knowledge with each other. This knowledge would be unknown to students from other cultures. Transitions The times of switching from one classroom activity to another. Validity The degree to which a test measures the desired performance and appropriate inferences can be drawn from the results; a judgement that the assessment accurately reflects the learning it was designed to measure. Visualization An instructional strategy which opens up student thinking by using sensory information to stimulate imagination with both spoken and written words. Vygotsky, Lev An educational theorist known for his sociocultural theory that stresses the importance of social interaction on learning. Wait time The time between when a teacher asks a question then calls on a student to answer. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) The difference between the level at which a child can independently solve a problem and the level at which a child can solve a more difficult problem with adult guidance or the assistance of a more skilled peer. communication the process of sending and receiving both verbal and nonverbal messages in order to convey information, ideas, attitudes, or feelings vocal cues include such vocal elements as tone, pitch, tempo, loudness, and inflection eye contact an indication of a person's openness to communication facial expressions can send positive or negative nonverbal messages gestures this type of nonverbal communication includes movement such as pointing and illustrating with limbs or other body parts body language indicates the listener's respect for the speaker and interest in the speaker's message proximity refers to the physical distance separating individuals It is favorable to provide feedback to tests when? It is authentic and low-key and is used frequently Praise has been shown to be most effective when? When students repeat basic facts, spellings, and laws Choral chant? missing supplies, late to class. They are minor disruptions that can be minimized with procedures that are already in place. What are some examples of controlled interruptions? a student that a teacher is listening, but not making a judgment or pointing the conversation in a specific direction Non-directive statements show? Do not have the ability of understanding the language or to grasp complexities. Teachers should use simple language when working with these children. According to Piaget, children under the age of 8? derive concepts and definitions based on the information provided to them, (given to them) which can be fostered through personal-discovery activities In inductive thinking students... cognitive (memory and reasoning), affective (emotions), and psychomotor (physical abilities) Bloom classified educational objectives into a systems that was divided into three parts unlimited and permanent. Long term memory is said to be? divergent or creative thinking Spelling errors do not allow for? deductive reasoning Applying spelling rules or guidelines to improve spelling would be an example of what? A student learns a second language after mastering the first Sequential language acquisition occurs when? an abusive home environment, but is not required to report the abuse through the state of Florida code of ethics. The educator has legal obligations to protect a student from using a manipulative to teacher math for students under the age of 11. An example of cognitive learning theory in practice would be? removing a stimulus which causes a behavior to increase. All reinforcement increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again. According to the operant model in behavior theory, negative reinforcement is... physical growth Students diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder would not exhibit a delay in... the aspects of language proficiency strongly related to literacy and academic achievement Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency Test students acquire a new vocabulary through experiences and associations with words because the words are used in meaningful ways and contexts. The Natural Approach (ESOL) pre-production, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency Willig and Lee Four Stages of Development (ESOL)