Immunology and Vaccines: Key Concepts and Terms, Study notes of Microbiology

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Module 3 vocabulary Acellular vaccine Active Immunity Adaptive immunity Adhesins- molecules that attach pathogens to their target cells Adjuvant- chemical added to a vaccine to increase its ability to stimulate active immunity Adsorption- AIDS Allergy- an immediate hypersensitivity response against an antigen Antibody (immunoglobulin) - proteinaceous antigen-binding molecule secreted by plasma cells Antigen- molecule that triggers a specific immune response Antigen presentation- an antigen-presenting cell (APC) are monocytes, macrophages, and their close relatives that process antigens and activate cells of the immune system Antigenic mimicry Asymptomatic Infection- may go unnoticed because of absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests may reveal signs of disease Asymptomatic interval Attenuated virus- reducing vaccine virulence Bacteremia- the presence of bacteria in the blood; often caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae B-cell- B lymphocyte; lymphocyte which arises in the red bone marrow in adults and is found primarily in the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and Peyer’s patches of the intestines and which secretes antibodies BCR- B cell receptor; antibody integral to the cytoplasmic membrane and expressed by B lymphocytes Bordetella pertusis CCR5 CD4+ T-cells- distinguishing cytoplasmic membrane protein of helper T cells, which is the initial binding site of HIV CDC- Center for Disease Control Chemokines- an immune system cytokine that signals leukocytes to rush to the site of inflammation or infection and activate other leukocytes Chemotaxis- cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus Coagulase Colonization- microorganisms inhabiting an area Competitive exclusion- Complement- set of blood plasma proteins that act as chemotactic attractants, trigger inflammation and fever, and ultimately effect the destruction of foreign cells Complement protein C3b Complement proteinC5a CXCR4 Cytokine- proteins secreted by many types of cells that regulate adaptive immune response Cytoskeleton- internal network of fibers contributing to the basic shape of eukaryotic and rod- shaped prokaryotic cells Cytotoxic T cell- CD8 cell; in cell-mediated immune response, type of cell characterized by CD8 cell-surface glycoprotein that secretes perforins and granzymes which destroy infected or abnormal body cells Disease- any adverse internal condition severe enough to interfere with normal body functioning Disease vector- Emerging disease Endemic- in epidemiology, a disease that occurs at a relatively stable frequency within a given area or population Endotoxins- (lipid A); potentially fatal toxin released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram- negative bacteria Epidemic- in epidemiology, a disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given area or population Epitope- (antigenic determinant) - the three-dimensional shape of a region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system Escherichia coli Etiologic agent- agent which causes disease Exotoxin- toxin secreted by a pathogenic microorganism into its environment Fever- body temperature above 37 degrees Celsius GAG- Gamma Globulin Gastroenteritis- Glycoprotein Gnotobiotic- germ-free organism GP120- antigenic glycoprotein that is the primary attachment molecule of HIV Gram negative- bacterial cell having a wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan, an external membrane of lipopolysaccharide, and a periplasmic space between; appears pink after the Gram staining procedure Gram positive- bacterial cell having a wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan containing teichoic acids and retaining the crystal violet dye used in the Gram staining procedure, appearing purple HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)- a cocktail of antiviral drugs including nucleotide analogs, protease inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors Helicobacter pylori Helper T cell (TH cell) - in cell-mediated immune response, a type of cell characterized by CD4 cell-surface glycoprotein. It regulates the activity of B cells and cytotoxic T cells during an immune response Hemolysin ID50 Immunocompromised Immunodeficiency syndrome Immunoglobin (Ig) (antibody) – proteinaceous antigen-binding molecule secreted by plasma cells Inactivated virus Incidence- in epidemiology, the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time Index case- in epidemiology, the first instance of the disease in a given area or population Indicator organism- fecal microbe found in the environment that reveals potential contamination by feces Infection- successful invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism Infectious disease- Infectivity Inflammation Inflammatory Response Innate immunity- inborn resistance to pathogens conferred by relatively nonspecific barriers and chemicals Integrase- enzyme carried by the virions of HIV, which allows integration into a human chromosome