Fundamentals of Canine Behavior and Training, Exams of Nursing

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CPDT Study Questions. Terry Ryan,

Sophia Yin, Pryor, Reid 100% Correct!!

Variable Schedule of Reinforcement - ANSWERS"Simply means that sometimes you reinforce a behavior, sometimes you don't." - Karen Pryor Relationship between shaping, extinction bursts and reinforcement schedules - ANSWERSDog hits a plateau while shaping. I'm reinforcing less. Dog experiments. Frustrations leads to faster and more vigorous responses (mini-extinction burst). Now trainer has something to choose from! What are "High Drive Dogs"? - ANSWERSDogs that are "hot" for moving object reinforcers. What is D.T.P. and what is it's limit as a motivator? - ANSWERSDesire to Please. It can't be an exclusive motivator. What is, "Establishing operation"? - ANSWERSTrainers deliberately using deprivation to increase motivation. (Like not feeding until training session or keeping dog isolated). Bad thing ends - ANSWERSNegative reinforcer Good thing starts - ANSWERSPositive reinforcement Good thing ends - ANSWERSNegative punishment Bad thing starts - ANSWERSPositive punishment Operant conditioning is deliberately manipulating the [A] to control the dog's [B]. - ANSWERSA. Consequences B. Behavior In operant conditioning, animals can change what happens by __________. - ANSWERSResponding in a certain way Behavior is always under the control of its.... - ANSWERSConsequences. Classical Conditioning is the tip off to [A], both [B], allow animals to [C] for the [D]. - ANSWERSA. Important events B. Good and nasty C. Prepare themselves D. Inevitable

Classical conditioning is the strengthening of the [A] power of something that has previously had none, by consistently putting it [B], usually, [C]. - ANSWERSA. Predictive Power B. Ahead of something else C. Something important What does "conditioning" mean? - ANSWERSStrengthening When a dog sits it is called a [A]. An individual [A] is called a [B]. One instance of an [A] plus reinforcer is called a [C] A series of 5 to 10 [C's] is called a [D]. A series of [D's] is called a [E]. - ANSWERSA. Response. B. Rep. C. Trial. D. Set. E. Session. What is a bite/fear threshold? - ANSWERSMultiple stimuli combined to elicit a bite or reaction. (Strange men/night-time/food bowl). What are the four F's for which play and rough housing are a rehearsal? - ANSWERSFighting, fleeing, feeding, f#&king. Agonistic behavior - ANSWERSRitual conflict/resolution encounters between dogs -as a substitute for flat-out attacking. (Stares, growls, snarls, snaps, reduced-force biting). What is the best way for a puppy/dog to obtain a cushion of habituation to any category of people? - ANSWERSWhile it is a puppy, hand feet it! What is "bounce back"? - ANSWERSResilience in character. The more puppies encounter novel situations, and it initially is spooked, the more it gets over it. It habituates. According to "Culture Clash", what is the best time period for socialization? - ANSWERS3 to 5 months. But lots of dog people say it is 7 to 11 weeks. Sophia Yin says something different. What is a definition of "socialization using another common term? - ANSWERSHabituation, or getting used to environental eleents through exposure to them. Add something to increase behavior - ANSWERSPositive Reinforcement Remove something to get behavior I like - ANSWERSNegative Reinforcement Add something to decrease behavior - ANSWERSPositive Punishment Remove something to decrease behavior - ANSWERSNegative Punishment CRF - ANSWERSContinuous Reinforcement Schedule: Every occurance of the response is followed by a reward. Best for first teaching a behavior.

PRF, AKA ______ - ANSWERSPartial Reinforcement Schedule, or, Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule. Responding is rewarded only after certain responses have been completed. Umbrella term. There are many types. FR - ANSWERSFixed Ratio. It is a type of PRF/IRF. a reward is given after every set number of responses. On a FR-5 schedule, every 5 responses receive a reward. Very high and steady response rate except for the post-reinforcement pause after the reward. VR - ANSWERSVariable Ratio. A type of PRF/IRF. The number of responses for a reward changes from one reward to another. On a VR-5 the average will be 5 responses. Response is high and steady with minimal post-reinforcement pause. "Ratio strain" happens is the VR average is increased too fast. RR - ANSWERSRandom Reinforcement. A type of Partial/Intermittent reinforcement schedule. Similar to Variable Ratio. FI - ANSWERSFixed Interval. Another type of Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule. A reward is given only after a specific interval of time has elapsed from the previous reward. On an FI-5 the reward comes only if a response occurs after 5 seconds from the last reward. Fixed Interval Scallop - ANSWERSWeak responses after rewards during a Fixed Interval reinforcement schedule. VI - ANSWERSVariable Interval. Another type of PRF/IRF. The interval that is required to elapse in order to get the reward changes fro one reward to another. On a VI-5 the average is 5 seconds but it can be 10 seconds once and 1 second the next time, etc. DRF - ANSWERSDifferential Reinforcement Schedule. Only certain rates of certain types of responses are reinforced. This is an umbrella term, there are many types. DRH - ANSWERSDifferential Reinforcement of High Rates of behavior. The response has to happen within a certain time after the last response. DHR is a type of DRF. DRL - ANSWERSDifferential Reinforcement of Low rates of behavior. The response has to happen only after a certain time after the last response. It is a type of DRF schedule. DRO - ANSWERSDifferential Reinforcement of Other behaviors. Reward is given to behaviors that are different from one specific behavior. DRO is a type of DRF schedule. DRI - ANSWERSDifferential Reinforcement of Incompatible behaviors. Only responses that cannot happen while doing another (unwanted) behavior are being reinforced. A type of DRF schedule.

DRE - ANSWERSDifferential Reinforcement of Excellent behavior. Very important for dog training! We reward those behaviors that are better than the ones already accomplished. We reward the best sit, best down, etc. DRS - ANSWERSDuration Reinforcement Schedule. Responses must be maintained for an entire interval for a reward to be given. An umbrella term. There are 3 types. FD;VD;RD. FD - ANSWERSFixed Duration. Maintain a behavior for a fixed time to get a reward. Stay exercise is a good example. This is a type of DRS. VD - ANSWERSVariable Duration. Maintain a behavior for a changed period of time (occurring in averages). A type of DRS (Duration Reinforcement Schedule). RD - ANSWERSRandom Duration. Similar to Variable Duration. Response must be maintained for a randomly occurring time allotment for a reward to be given. It's a type of DRS. Ratio Style - ANSWERSA kind of intermittent reinforcement schedule. Rep based. Reinforcement for every X amount of discrete instances of behavior. (More relevant than Interval style in dog training). Interval Style - ANSWERSA time based intermittent reinforcement schedule. Reinforcement for every X amount of time on the clock. What are the four main kinds of intermittent reinforcement schedules? - ANSWERSFixed Interval (FI) Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Interval (VI) Variable Ratio (VR) What shall we do with mistakes? - ANSWERSInterrupt and redirect. Pilley's definition of operant vrs classical conditioning. - ANSWERSClassical conditioning involves creating an association between two stimuli in order to elicit an involuntary response from an animal. In operant conditioning an animal learns to associate a given voluntary behavior with a given consequence. Pryor says to memorize the following statement, it is the secret to good training. Hint: It's a definition of Reinforcer - ANSWERSA reinforcer is anything that, occurring in conjunction with an act, tends to increase the probability that the act will occur again. By ________ weeks of age, most puppies should be able to make it through a 7 hour night without pottying. - ANSWERS12 weeks

What 2 major purposes do crates serve indoors? - ANSWERSTo support the dog while protecting your home and furnishings from curious teeth, and as an aid to teach the proper toileting area. What dimensions proportionate to a dog's body should the crate be? - ANSWERSJust large enough for the dog to lie down, turn around and sit when full grown. What type of stats are ideal to have before adding the verbal cue in front of the hand signal? - ANSWERSFive out of five reps, in four out of five sessions. In training for a longer sit, stay or down/stay, why is it recommended to often give the release cue and do nothing - no reward - for the dog? - ANSWERSBecause we will start giving rewards DURING the sit or down. We get what we pay for and we want the dog to be rewarded for a long sit. We don't want her to be rewarded for being released from a sit. Release (from a stay) and reward are _____. - ANSWERSTwo different things! Targeting is a type of.... - ANSWERSShaping. Shaping an animl to touch a target with a part of its body. Mimicry - ANSWERSLearning by observation Modeling - ANSWERSPushing the subject manually through the action we want the subject to learn. What type of reinforcement schedule is the "heart of the shaping procedure"? - ANSWERSDiferential/selective schedule of reinforcement. "Selectively reinforcing some responses rather than others, so that the response improves little by little, until it reaches a new goal." Pryor's "Methods Versus Principles." "There are two aspects to shaping. The Methods, that is, the [A] that are to be developed and the [B] used to develop them - And the Principles, or [C] governing [D, E, and F] those [A] are [G]. Methods seem proven over time. Principles allow one to play it by ear, situation to situation. - ANSWERSA. Behaviors. B. Sequence of steps. C. Rules. D,E,F. How, When and Why. A. Behaviors. G. Reinforced. B.F. Skinner defined punishment as: - ANSWERS"...what happens when a behavior results in the loss of something desirable, or when the bevavior results in teh delivery of something undesirable." Bribery - ANSWERSAttempts to reinforce behavior that hasn't occurred yet. Reinforcing too early is ineffective.

Interim Reinforcing Stimuli - ANSWERSA signal to the trainee "That's right, keep going", "You got it". Muted whistle (for example). Different than final signal signifying the end of the behavior. Unless you want your dog to use and indoor toilet full time, it's best to skip [A] training and teach him to toilet outside from the beginning. - ANSWERSNewspaper. Teach children not to bother your dog while it is in its crate. Why? - ANSWERSBecause we want to dog to feel safe and secure in his special place. 1/4 cup white vinegar to 1 cup water. - ANSWERS"Nature's Miracle A home-made anti- smell remedy. What are 6 broad classifications of dog barkets? - ANSWERSL.O.U.D.E.R: Libby (look at me); Owen (offensive); Utah (underemployed); Dallas (defensive); Elizabeth (enthusiastic); Reno (reduce my dependency). What is a "Limited Hold"? - ANSWERSIt is a limited amount of time during which a dog can be rewarded for a certain behavior. Present the cue - if the dog does not respond within a few seconds cue is removed and/or the opportunity is over. Helps the dog be speedy and attentive. When is neutering typically performed? - ANSWERSSix months of age. What percentage of dogs hit by cars are males that have not been neutered? - ANSWERS80% What is the technical term for when a dog eats feces? - ANSWERSCopropagia. What are possible causes of coprophagia? - ANSWERSMalabsorption - poop contains partially undigested food, appears to be food to the dog. Or...Dog not fed enough or fed shitty food. What are the "six hats" of learning type, good to keep in mind while teaching a class or solving your problems? - ANSWERSWhite Hat: Facts obtained. Neutral, objective. Red Hat: Emotions, hunches, impressions, opinions. Black Hat: Logical, negative, stuck in usual way, pessimist. Yellow Hat: Logical-Positive, focus on benefits, bright, optimist. Green Hat: Creative, Change, new alternatives. Blue Hat: Define and Summarize. Plan the Program. What are 3 factors that can create fear in dogs/all beings? - ANSWERS1.Genetic. 2. Early Developent. 3. Learning and experience. Conditioned Aversive Signal - ANSWERSCommunicates, "What you are doing is not good, and something bad will happen unless you stop."

Exception to Variable Reinforcement: When an animal is learning [A or B], you'll have to reinforce each time so it knows it selected correctly. - ANSWERSA. Puzzle/Test or B. New Behavior. Long Duration Behavior (It is an example of an exception to variable reinforcement). - ANSWERSSubject must work for a predetermined length of time or accomplish a predetermined number of behaviors for each duration. (It's basically training for delayed gratification). What is an "accidental pairing"? - ANSWERSAnother word for superstitious behavior, accidental reinforcement. When a behavior is in fact unrelated to the consequence, but the subject still exhibits the behavior as if it were required to earning a reinforcer. What is another name (and definition) of "Successive Approximation"? - ANSWERSShaping. Consists of taking a very small tendency in the righ direction and shifting it, one small step at a tie, towards an ultimate goal. Fundamental Skills of Training - ANSWERSThe ability to recognize a reinforceable response (criteria setting); The ability to obtain that reinforceable response (prompting and shaping); and the ability to immediately reinforce it once it is obtained (timing). Short answer: Criteria setting; prompting and shaping; timing. Deep chested dogs have a higher incidence of what medical problem? For this reason we should discuss with a veterinarian before manipulating what? - ANSWERSGastric dilatation/volvulus. Feeding Schedules. What are two heightened risks facing dogs whom are obese? - ANSWERSCardiovascular disease and pancreatis. What is the ideal shape and rib scenario in a dog? - ANSWERSHourglass shape when viewed from the top. Ribs should be felt but not prominently seen. What is the normal body temperature for a dog? - ANSWERS99.5 to 102.5 fahrenheit. It is a fever when it reaches 103.5. What is the medical term for a fever? - ANSWERSPyrexia. In dogs, 103.5 fahrenheit. What is CDS? How does it affect dogs? - ANSWERSCognitive Dysfunction Syndrome. Age related changes in mental function/behavior. Sturctural brain changes associated with disorientation, social interaction changes, changes in sleep/wake cycle, loss of "rule" associated with problems like house soiling. Dogs may startle more eaily due to loss of vision or hearing.

What type of medications may actually increase reactivity by disinhibiting aggression? - ANSWERSSome tranquilizers and corticosteriods. Especially Benzodiazepine. Dog appears to overreact to stimuli previously tolerated. What is Cushing's Disease? Most cases occur in what aged dogs? - ANSWERSIt's when the body produces too much cortisone, which can contribute to irritability and increased reactivity. Mostly affects middle-aged to older dogs. Hyperthyroidism - ANSWERSOveractivity of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism - ANSWERSUnderactivity of the thyroid gland. What type of thyroid disorder is more common in dogs? - ANSWERSHypothyroidism Signs of Hypoglycemia depend on [A] and [B]. - ANSWERSA. How low the blood sugar is. B. How fast it dropped. Young puppies and toy breeds are subject to hypoclycemia if they are subject to [A, B and C] - ANSWERSA. Improper nutrition. B. A heavy parasite load. C. Stress. Hepatic encelopathy is most obvious within a few hours of eating what type of meal? - ANSWERSOne that contains large amounts of protein. What are post-meal signals of hepatic encelopathy? - ANSWERSPacing, mental dullness, increased irritability and aggresssion, seizures. What are longer term signs of hepatic encelopathy? - ANSWERSLoss of appetite, vomiting, weight loss, increased water consumption and urine output. What is a portosystemic shunt? - ANSWERSIt is a congenital defect that sends the blood zipping past its usual target (the liver) and on to the rest of the body, so it isn't filtered. What types of breeds are most common to have a portosystemic shunt? - ANSWERSYoung purebred breeds. What is the name of the metabolic disorder that renders the liver unable to remove toxic byproducts that enter the blood from the gut, and renders the liver unable to produce amino acids and other factors necessary for neurotransmission? - ANSWERSHepatic encelopathy What is a psychomotor seizure? - ANSWERSA seizure resulting from epilepsy - that originates in the limbic or emotional areas of the brain and results in sudden episodes of aggression, salivation and hallucinations.

What type of therapy won't work for psychomotor seizures, and what type might help? - ANSWERSBehavior modification won't work. Anti-convulsant therapy may be helpful. When is the aversive of a "gentle spray" citronella anti-barking device not recommended? - ANSWERSWhen the barking is from fear or anxiety. Spaying a dog is a complete surgical_______ - ANSWERSRemoval of the uterus and ovaries. Castrating (neutering) a dog is a complete surgical______ - ANSWERSRemoval of the testicles. What are retractable leashes good for? - ANSWERSGreat for casual walks. They're safe and give dog room to explore without getting tangled. While training a dog ow to loose leash walk, it can be a signal that this is not a training session. When should one not use a retractable leash? - ANSWERSDo not use them during training sessions. Preserve the association that it is not time to worry about LLW when on these devices. What 2 types of leashes are recommended for training purposes? - ANSWERSLeather or fabric. Not bulky, easy to gather and shorten via knots. What 2 types of leashes are not recommended for training purposes? - ANSWERSChain and nylon. They can cut and hurt the human if the dog pulls. More difficult to knot. What length of training leash is recommended? - ANSWERS6 foot. What are dangers of belt-collars? - ANSWERSThey don't restrict at all when pressure is place on them, so it's easy to pull free. Especially for dogs with narrow heads and small ears, like Dobermans and Greyhounds. They can get caught on things (like any collar). Technically speaking, what type of collar is the pinch collar/German Collar? - ANSWERSLimited Slip. What is a limited slip collar? - ANSWERSCollars that restrict slightly when tension is placed on it. Prevents dog from pulling free, but loose enough to be comfortable with a slack leash. It has a safety loop to prevent further tightening. What are other names for limited slip collars? - ANSWERSHalf-check collars; Martingale collars. What part of the gentle leader should be fitted first? - ANSWERSThe neck band.

What are two ways to introduce the nose band of the gentle leader? - ANSWERS1. All at once - dog quickly realizes he might as well put up with it. 2. Little by little: over the course of several days. In the case start with the nose band, eventually conditioning to the neck band and nose band together. What type of collars do ethical dog trainers recommend? - ANSWERSBuckle collars, premier martingale collars and gentle leaders. What type of collars does CCPDT NOT recommend? - ANSWERSSlip collars, a.k.a. "Choke collars, training collars, choke chains". Also not recommended, Prong Collars,a.k.a. "Spike collars, Pinch collars and German Choke". What type of collar is a "keep safe"? - ANSWERSA break away safety collar with a segment that will come apart if undue force is applied to the collar. What type of a harness is a Gentle Leader "easy walk" harness? - ANSWERSIt is a type of "Control harness". What are the benefits of Contol Harnesses? - ANSWERSIt is designed to keep the dog from pulling forward. It has straps that pass under the dog's front legs - the dog walks into the harness and stops when tension is felt. What type of collar is a "Gentle Leader"? - ANSWERSIt is a head collar, or head halter. What are the benefits of a head collar or head halter? - ANSWERSDoes not put pressure on the dog's throat (fits up higher, rests in the jawbones). Controls the head, control the dog. Use of instinctual muzzle strap is like an extension of your leadership (similar to the way dogs show leadership via encircling the other dog's muzzle). What are 3 types of learning/teaching for lesson plans? - ANSWERSAuditory; Visual; Kinesthetic What are the average retention percentages for each type of learning? - ANSWERSAuditory = 10% retention Visual = 35% retention Kinesthetic = 50% retention What are the 6 stages of grief? Be aware of them as a dog/human trainer, since pet owner's inevitably show up experiencing these. - ANSWERS1)Denial 2)Guilt 3)Anger 4) Bargaining 5) Depression 6) Acceptance. What does the Legacy Acronym "STOP" mean, for dealing with our emotions while teaching? - ANSWERSS.T.O.P. S for Signal = Recognize body's early warning signals for becoming upset. T for Take = Take control of our own emotions. Can be via mental slogan, mantra, breath, humor.

O for Opposite = Do the opposite of what your signals do. Unclench teeth, etc. P for Practice = Practice this STOP technique! Cross Checks for Comprehension.

1. Do you have an [A]
2. What this [B]
3. Please tell me the [C] you will take to [D]
4. Will you show me how you will [E]?
5. At home this week the [F] will help you stay clear on this.
6. If you have any questions this week [G], we return all [H] promptly. - ANSWERS1. A: Questions. 2. B: Demonstration. 3. C. Steps. D. Take to perform this exercise. 4. E. Practice this week. 5. Handout (vid, link, etc). 6. G. Contact us. H. Calls and emails. This is a great quote by Terry Ryan. - ANSWERS"It's not what the message does to the listener, but what the listener does with our message that determines our success as communicators." -Terry Ryan What are five ways to thwart successful communication with clients? - ANSWERS1. Direct warning threats. "If you don't stop it will turn into a lawsuit". 2. Judging/criticizing/blaming.
7. Interrogating/Probing. 4. Abrupt ordering/Directing/commanding 5. Confrontation Why would a dog engage in repetitive behavior such as barking, sniffing, chewing, licking, biting, scratching? - ANSWERSIt's calming to dogs and hence a natural reward. What is the best thing to teach a dog what his name means? - ANSWERSMake happy eye contact with your owner. Attention is a basic element of your relationship and communication with your dog! Definition of "Heel" position - ANSWERSTo walk in the same direction as the owner, to stay very close to the owner's leg, giving the owner complete, polite attention. What's the position of the dog's nose and shoulder to the pant seem during heel? - ANSWERSThe dog's nose shouldn't fall behind the seem of your pant leg, and his shoulder shouldn't be ahead of the seem. What is fluency in dog training? - ANSWERSWhen a dog can perform, on cue, no matter what the circumstance. What tone of voice should be used when training "come" and "down" (and other cues for that matter)? - ANSWERSA medium tone of voice. Most people raise their voices and tones - unnecessary. If the dog is paying attention he'll hear you, What's a good common hand signal for come, to use from a distance or when it's loud out? - ANSWERSExtend the arm out away from your side at shoulder height, then bring it down into normal position. This shows your arm in contrast to the background.

Short version of the description of "Yes Train" acronym. - ANSWERSYield a little; Eliminate the trigger; Systematic Desensitization; Take away the reward; Reward for an incompatible behavior; Acclimate the dog - habituation; Improve the Dog's association - counter conditioning; Not much nasty stuff - minimal association with an unpleasant condition. What is an "opportunity come"? - ANSWERSTimes the dog is already focused on you and coming in a highly motivated way. As she rushes up to you, say, "Come." Helps teach positive association with "come". When teaching a separate hand signal from the one created by the motion of the lure - what is the proper sequence? - ANSWERS1) Lure first. Hand signal from lure.

2. add verbal cue before the faded lure signal.
3. Get rid of the lure signal - verbal only
4. Add the distinct new hand signal BEFORE the verbal cue (i.e., in front of the verbal cue). What are the "Four D's"? - ANSWERSDistance, distraction, Different environment, delivery of reward. (Sometimes, "distance, duration and distraction. The fourth D can be left out, it is referred to as the variable rate of reinforcement). "Aversive control" is a form of what type of conditioning? - ANSWERSOperant conditioning. It's another word for positive punishment or negative reinforcement. What is "fast mapping"? - ANSWERSIt is "thinking" in dogs as a process of elimination. When asked to fetch an unfamiliar item out of ten familiar items, it goes with the process of elimination. What is a "fundamental attribution error"? - ANSWERSWhen we assume that the behavior of others is based more on their disposition ("he's so stubborn!") than on other factors. (He hasn't learned to focus and he's distracted by other things). What is "shaping"? (From Culture Clash). - ANSWERSReinforce the dog's best efforts and then gradually raise the standard until the behavior is as you wish. "Whatever is above average is reinforceable and will, if reinforced enough, become the new average." What is a DRI? - ANSWERSDifferential Rate of Reinforcement of an Incompatible Behavior. Teaching a behavior mutually exclusive to the one you're trying to get rid of in a given context. What is "discrimination training"? - ANSWERSLearning to do things on cue. Dog learns such and such only works when done on cue. Dog knows what the cue means. L.I.M.A. - ANSWERSLeast Invasive Minimal Aversive

What is the universal stress hormone? - ANSWERSCortisol What hormone calms the brain? - ANSWERSSerotonin What happens when we or our dogs have too much of the brain calming chemical? - ANSWERSIt creates anxiety disorders. NRM - ANSWERSNo Reward Marker. A type of feedback, NRMs are conditioned negative punishers. A signal the dog has just lost a reinforcer or that his chances for that reinforcement just got to zero with the behavior he just offered. What is CRR (Not a schedule). - ANSWERSCue/Response/Reinforcement. Prompts - ANSWERSAnything which helps manufacture the behavior you are looking to reinforce. (Clapping, crouching, luring with hands, food, toys, sounds with lips, kissy sounds). Use sparingly! Fade quickly. Two traits and an example of a Fixed Action Pattern. - ANSWERS1) A particular trigger is needed to start the pattern. 2) Once it has begun it needs to go to completion before the animal stops. Example: Dog smells a rival dog's urine, lifts leg and marks over it, whether it has to go or not. When are the critical periods in a dog's life when it has a greater capacity to learn skills and form appropriate relations? - ANSWERSBetween 3 weeks and 16 weeks. (This differs from a different card in this set). Elsewhere it says 3 to 5 months and also 7 to 11 weeks). Instinctive drift. (The Breland Effect). - ANSWERSLearned, conditioned behavior drifts toward instinctive behavior, even to the delay or detriment of reinforcement. Ontogenic behavior. Give example. - ANSWERSBehavior that develops over the lifetime of the dog, as a result of environmental influences. Ex. Dog learns to run quickly to her human when hearing her name called, for a piece of food. Food Acquisition Sequence - ANSWERS1) Hear/See/Smell the prey. 2) Orient/Stare/Freeze. 3) Creep/Stalk/Run. 4) Grab/Hold/Shake. 5) Bring down. 6) Kill. 7) Dismember. 8) Eat. 9) Guard Phylogeny/Phylogenetic behavior - ANSWERSThe evolutionary history of an organism, developed over generations, naturally selected to maximize reproduction. Ex. Fear of fire and loud noises. Can phylogenetic behavior be modified? - ANSWERSYes. Fixed Action Pattern - ANSWERSSpecific examples of innate or phylogenetic behavior.

How young are dogs capable of breeding? - ANSWERS6 months At what age does the "crazies"of puberty kick in/independence increase? - ANSWERS months How many times per year is a female dog in heat (estrus cycles), and for how many days? - ANSWERS2 times per year, for 20 days. The science of the relationship between brain and behavior. - ANSWERSNeuropsychology What are engrams? - ANSWERSAnother name for "motor memory". Movement is learned through the development and storage of these familiar motor actions. Also called "neural pathways", they are like ruts through which messages travel. Which dispersed category of grey wolf was most likely to form a symbiotic relationship with humans? - ANSWERSOmega. Neotony? - ANSWERSThe retention of juvenile traits by adults. What branch of wolf is extremely close to the dog in mitochondrial DNA? - ANSWERSGrey wolf. Canis Lupus. What is the Latin name for dog? - ANSWERSCanis lupus familiaris. Approximately how many years ago did the branching off of gray wolves and dogs occur? - ANSWERS80,000 to 130,000 years ago. What is the difference between being tamed and being domesticated? - ANSWERSTamed animals can be wild animals who've undergone handling and socialization. Domestic animals are the result of many generations of taming (resulting in behavioral and biological changes). What is a key indicator of tameness? - ANSWERSReduced flight distance. Canine behavior is divided into these three categories? - ANSWERSReproductive behaviors, hazard avoidance, and food acquisition. What is the role of fear in social hierarchy? - ANSWERSDoesn't necessarily have a role. Dog can be subordinate but not fearful of other individuals. Dogs can be fearful without being threatening or aggressive. Fear behaviors are causes by experiences the dog considers risky. Reticular Activating System. - ANSWERSAttention center in the brain, key to "turning on the brain." Part where activities in the world are perceived, processed and acted upon.

Dogs (and people) can tune out the RAS, important info should be communicated clearly and concisely in meaningful terms. Limbic system - ANSWERSPart of brain that integrates instinct and learning. Conflicts between instincts and learning take place here. Creates emotions like fear, stress, anxiety. Cerebral cortex - ANSWERSPart of the brain involving cognitive functions, learning, problem solving. What's the problem between the limbic system and cerebral cortex? Solution? - ANSWERSWhen one turns on, the other turns off. We can override the limbic by giving rewards for what behavior we want to encourage. What's another name for opposition reflex, and what is it? - ANSWERSThigmotaxis. Opposition reflex in a dog. Body trying to maintain balance by opposing pressure. What variables affect dog social hierarchy? - ANSWERSContext; physical state of the dog; those around him. Which animals in the hierarchy spectrum initiate the most aggression? - ANSWERSThe middle animals. The dominance relationship between two animals is expressed by what? - ANSWERSThe degree of social freedom each animal allows itself during an encounter. Most dogs labeled as "dominant" by their owners really have what issue? - ANSWERSThey lack manners and training, or they are resource guarders. What is a better way to rank individuals rather than as a dominant hierarchy? Why? - ANSWERSCall it a "Subordinate hierarchy". Subordinate members show submissive behaviors to the dominant member more than the dominant members show his or her superior rank. It's obvious who's at the bottom. What are D.A.P.s? - ANSWERSDog Appeasing Pheromones.c Synthetic version of hormones from a lactating female, to lower anxiety in dogs, and produce sense of well being. When are anal glands, "expressed"? - ANSWERSWhen defecating, when frightened, and when dragging ass on the ground. Ears straining back could signify what? - ANSWERSDepends on the context. Appeasement and greeting OR fearful and defensive. Ears straining forward could signify what? - ANSWERSDepends on the context. Bold, offensive, or curious.

What is "whale eye"? - ANSWERSExtra white visible around a dog's eye when extremely frightened. Turns head away but strains eyes to watch for danger. When do dog's pupils dilate. - ANSWERSWhen dogs become fearful or defensive. Or when it is dark out. What is the color spectrum of a dog's eyes? - ANSWERSYellow-blue-green spectrum cones. Rods and cones are the light sensitive cells inside the eyes that react to color. No red cones. What color is it hard for a dog to differentiate from green? - ANSWERSRed. What's another name of personal space? - ANSWERSIt is also known as critical distance, or flight distance. What is the first sign of communication from a dog? - ANSWERSHardening of the face. What is the easiest part of the dogs face to watch for developing tension? - ANSWERSMovement of the whiskers. Watch position of the whisker beds. Which direction to the lips move during offensive threat? - ANSWERSVertically. Direction lips move while submissive. - ANSWERSHorizontal. Sometimes so huge they actually do show teeth! Like Ollie. What is the vemeronasal organ, or Jacobson's organ? - ANSWERSPrimitive scenting organ at the roof of the mouth where the teeth meet the soft palate. What is "Flehmen response"? - ANSWERSDogs and snakes extending their tongues and bringing them back to receive olfactory information. Dogs in conflict situations do this is a quick distinct motion. A wagging tail means what? - ANSWERSExcitement or arousal. Doesn't necessarily mean friendly. Could be happiness, anxiety, anger, hunger, or romance! How does a dominant dog hold its tail? - ANSWERSHigh, moving the tip back and forth only slightly. How does a subordinate dog hold its tail? - ANSWERSLower tail carriage, faster wag. What is the best way to begin to understand your dog's specific body language? - ANSWERSObserve its neutral position and then pay attention to the changes in the baseline in various contexts. Then compare that to the rest of the dog's communiation and get a larger picture.

Curving is a form of what type of greeting? - ANSWERSGreeting. What are two interpretations of the bow? - ANSWERSOne is a social facilitator, inviting to play, letting the other dog know not to take any following behavior the wrong way. The other is as evidence of the dog's inward state of confusion. Dog is ready to do something but not quite sure what. What is meta-communication? - ANSWERSSignals that qualify behaviors that follow. For example, a play bow signifies that what follows is just play. What is the name of it when fur from tail to forehead - along the spine - is raised. What does it mean? - ANSWERSThat hairline is called the hackles. The act of it raising is called piloerection. It eans the dog is aroused - good or bad - could be friendly, or not. What affects critical distance, or flight distance. - ANSWERSFactors affecting personal space: the circle can grow larger or smaller for the individual dog depending on factors such as environment, arousal level and overall stress threshold. Much of canine communication behavior is devoted to indicating tolerance of what? - ANSWERSHaving others approach. What are 7 common signs of stress in a dog? - ANSWERSPanting, drooling, trembling, sweaty paws, tense body, shedding/dandruff, change in eyes (wide eyes and dilated). What are two other names for variable schedules of reinforcement? - ANSWERSPartial reinforcement schedule and intermittent schedule of reinforcement. Jackpot - ANSWERSAn unusually large or valuable unexpected reward. It could be considered a type of Variable schedule of reinforcement. Best used sparingly. What is a random schedule of reinforcement - ANSWERSIt is a type of Variable Schedule of Reinforcement. A reward is not given each time the dog offers behavior. Trainer does not single out good or better respnses. It is immediately given in conjunction with behavior. Behavior is often learned. Often 2-fer; 3-fer (how many behaviors the dog must repeat to get the reward, but totally randomized). What is one of the biggest mistakes in reward based training? - ANSWERSFailure to wean your dog to a random reinforcement. People screw up by keeping the dog on a continuous schedule of reinforcement. Differential Reinforcement - ANSWERSIt is a type of Variable Schedule of Reinforcement. Instead of being truly random, it is rewarding the best examples of behavior we're going for (excellent, incompatible, other, high, low, duration). Work on only one clearly defined criterion and reward that.

What are the two different types of effects that male and female hormones have on dogs? - ANSWERSOrganizational and activational. The secondary reinforcer spans the time between [A] and [B]. - ANSWERSA. Marking behavior as rewardable. B. Delivering that promised reward. Conditioned reinforcers are especially helpful for what? - ANSWERSTraining dogs at a distance. All secondary reinforcers are learned through what type of conditioning? - ANSWERSClassical conditioning. What are examples of intentional and/or unintentional secondary reinforcers. - ANSWERSSound of a clicker; hand toward bait bag, smile; nod, car approaching; owner coming home. Limited Hold - ANSWERSA type of VSR, as a variation of differential reinforcement. Trainer concentrates on rewarding the criterion of speed of response. What is another term for getting behavior? - ANSWERSAcquisition. Dimorphic Behavior - ANSWERSBehavior associated with mating that differs between males and females. "Split, don't lump" and "Be a splitter, not a lumper" means what? - ANSWERSReduce complex behavior to smaller components. To determine those components, look a little pieces of sequential behavior. The term "secondary reinforcer" can be confusing because [A], while the primary reinforcer is delivered [B]. - ANSWERSA. It comes first. B. Second. A saying to help pet owners with the sequence of primary and secondary reinforcers. "Remember that the new thing..." - ANSWERS"Remember that the new thing always comes first to predict the old thing." Secondary, or conditioned, reinforcer. - ANSWERSAn event that marks a behavior as rewardable and promises the delivery of a reward in the near future. What are other names for "secondary reinforcer"? - ANSWERSConditioned reinforcer; bridging stimulus; bridge; promise; predictor; What does previewing the jackpot do? - ANSWERSIt can inspire the dog to try to "operate" the owner to figure out how to get it. What is another term fo "speed of response" in "Limited Hold" reinforcement schedule"?

• ANSWERSLatency.

What is the scientific name of flat-faced breeds? - ANSWERSBrachycephalic (like pug, pekinese, english bulldog). Problems that impair voluntary control of urination despite well-implemented training are often related to what? - ANSWERSCongenital or acquired abnormalities in the brain or brainstem. Hydrocephalus can cause these four problems. - ANSWERSLearning delays; Failures like slow or absent house training; Irritability; Aggression Congenital hydrocephalus is common in what sized breeds? - ANSWERSVery small breeds like chihuahua, yorkshire terriers and pomeranians. Also, flat-faced - brachycephalic - breeds like pug and english bulldog. What are health benefits females gain from being spayed? - ANSWERSDecreased threat of uterine cancer, pyometra (life threatening uterine infections). If spayed before their first heat cycle they have a decreased risk of mammary cancer. What are the health benefits males gain from being neutered? - ANSWERSReduced risk of infection and benigh overgrowth of the prostate. Risk of testicular cancer is eliminated. A prepubertal neutered dog will not go through puberty, so sexually [A] behaviors do not develop. - ANSWERSDimorphic. What are some sexually dimorphic behaviors in male dogs? - ANSWERSRoaming; urine marking; mounting; fighting with other males. Post-pubertal neutering may still reduce sexually dimorphic behaviors. Studies show that urine marking, mounting and fighting decrease by [A] percent? Roaming decreases after neutering by [B] percent. - ANSWERSA. 50% to 60% B. 90% Prepubertal neutering does prevent [A] effects. - ANSWERSActivational. A male puppy's brain is masculinized at birth and just like an unneutered male, a neutered male will rate slightly higer than a femal for traits like [A] and [B]. - ANSWERSA. Activity level. B. Playfulness Neutering does not affect the following four traits. - ANSWERSAthletic ability; Watchdog tendency; trainability; nor will it "calm the dog down". Excessive cerebrospinal fluid in the brain is called what? - ANSWERSHydrocephalus Congenital means what? - ANSWERSPresent at birth.

Describe the timeline of "organizational" versus the "activiting" effects of male and female hormones. - ANSWERSMale and female hormones act very early in a puppy's development to ORGANIZE the brain circuits (Generally masculinizing or feminizing the brain, whether the dog is neutered/spayed or not). These Circuits in the brain can then spring into action when ACTIVATED by hormone surges at puberty, resulting in the dimorphic behavior pattents of adult male and females. In current practices, at what are are dogs spayed or neutered? - ANSWERSAny time after 6 to 8 weeks of age. What is most likely to matter in terms of behavior in the timing of the neuter or spay surgery? - ANSWERSWhether it takes place before or after puberty. What is blocking? - ANSWERSWhen a previously learned cue conflicts with a newly learned cue. If both are presented simultaneously, the previously learned cue "blocks"the new cue. Premack Principle - ANSWERSA high probability behavior, something the dog loves to do, can be used to reward a low probability behavior. Opportunity to do something desired reinforces the behavior required to engage in the less likely activity. Intermittent Reinforcer - ANSWERSWhen the behavior is only reinforced some of the time. (Umbrella term, there's many types:VR, VD, FR, FD). Empirical description - ANSWERSA description of behavior in terms of the subject's body postures or movements. Fixed Ratio of Reinforcement - ANSWERSWhen reinforcers are presented at an intermittent ratio that is fixed. Extinction burst - ANSWERSThe initial increase in a particular behavior that may occur when a behavior that has been reinforced in the past is no longer reinforced. Desensitization (Yin) - ANSWERSPresentation of a stimulus (usually aversive) at a low level that the animal does not respond to, and gradually increasing the strength of the stimulus until the animal learns to ignore the full-force stimulus. Continuous reinforcement (Yin) - ANSWERSThe reinforcement occurs every time the behavior occurs. Conditioned stimulus (Yin) - ANSWERSWhen one stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus until it elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. Generalized stimulus control - ANSWERSConceptual understanding to recognize that certain events are signals, each signal means a different behaviour, and acquiring

reinforcers depends upon recognizing and responding correctly to signals. From then on, establishment of learned stimuli is easy. Heterogeneous behavior chains - ANSWERSConsists of various different behaviors only reinforced when the last behavior is completed. Primary reinforcer occurs at the end of the chain. Obedience/stimulus control - ANSWERSBehavior done with precision on cue. Not merely the acquisition of behavior, but a guarantee it will be executed when signal is given. "Bringing behavior under stimulus control." What is the build a house metaphor for instructional formatting? - ANSWERS1.Goal 2.Plan 3. Do it 4.Evaluate 5. Revision 6.Goal achieved? 8 pertinent questions to ask and document when troubleshooting behavior problems. - ANSWERS1. When does the behavior occur? 2. What's the duration of the behavior? 3. What's the intensity of the behavior? 4. What is the quality of the behavior? (Excited, worried, furious, boring, repetitious). 5. Where does the behavior occur? 6. Who is present when the behavior occurs? 7. Was dog rewarded in any way for the behavior, either by people or by the environment? 8. Which methods of behavior modification have been tried so far? What are three other names for the Law of Parsimony? - ANSWERSOccam's razor; The law of simplicity; the Law of economy. The best experts on dog behavior are... - ANSWERSThe dogs themselves. Get a notebook and document all details of what they show you. What are 5 general guides/ways to assign homework? - ANSWERS1. Goal oriented. 2. Time oriented. 3. Rep oriented. 4. Personal best. 5. Resource room option. 6 great alternatives to perimeter heeling/LLW exercises? - ANSWERS1. Double perimeter, with one going clockwise, other going counter clockwise. 2. heeling in rows.

3. Heeling between targets. 4. Tracing taped or chalk letters. 5. Block heeling 6. Chairs as targets. Space-wise, one of the more difficult exercises to manage in class is... - ANSWERSLeash work. To keep arousal levels low it is recommended to... - ANSWERSHave only a few dogs work at leash work at a time, and only literally for a few seconds. Have the other dogs be assisted in a stationary exercise. A few minutes here and there throughout session. Dogs that are overly nervous or challenged physically should be given a... - ANSWERSA safe home base. A safe place to call their own in class. No traffic behind it, a corner or stall created out of partitions where it will never be surprised.

What type of exercises should never be done in the first few classes? Why? - ANSWERSActive, moving exercises. Dogs should get a chance to settle down and get used to the environment. A workable compromise formula for individual versus group exercises in class? - ANSWERS1. Introduce and demonstrate the exercise. 2. Ask a volunteer to demonstrate again. 3. Split up the associate instructors to rotate so everyone gets to perform and receive some coaching. Emphasize that any waiters should watch and learn. 4. Do the exercise again as a group, all at once. What are the "Four I's" of coaching? - ANSWERS1. Identify the specific problem. 2. Isolate the weak link. 3. Improve, via a plan making process, targeting that weak link. 4. Integrate the improved bit back into the exercise. (These are part of the "Coach"of the PREDICTOR acronym. Behavior chains - ANSWERSA long series of connected behaviors, each leading to (acting as stimulus) to the next behavior. "Stimuli as reinforcers" -Pryor Anticipation - ANSWERSSubject so eager to offer the behavior, it acts before the cue has actually been given. Solution to Anticipation - ANSWERSUse 1 minute time-outs to reduce over-eagerness, by making over-eagerness the cause of delay. (P-) What does the acronym PREDICTOR stand for when it comes to remembering all the steps that are needed in teaching an exercise? - ANSWERSPlan. Revise. Explain. Demonstrate. Instruct. Coach. Train. Observe. Review. Homogeneous behavior chains - ANSWERSSame behavior over and over, reinforced when the last behavior is completed. (Like a horse going over many jumps). Aggressively obsequious - ANSWERSAn amazing display of a combination of appeasement behavior and assertiveness. Why is it recommended there are no dogs allowed in the first session of the beginner's class? - ANSWERSFor orientation. Give the owners a bit of knowledge about animal behavior: how dogs learn, communicate, ABC's of training, law of effect/rewards, aversives, etc. Systematic desensitization (Ryan) - ANSWERSThe problem-producing situation is presented to the dog at gradually increasing intensities. Don't proceed too quickly and overwhelm the dog. Used often in conjunction with counter conditioning.

Four important "dimensions"to consider before starting work on a training program. - ANSWERS1. Environment/lifestyle 2. The problem. 3. The dog (size, breed energy level) 4. The owner. What's it capable of? Comprehension? Four categories of Canine behaviors (Reid) - ANSWERS1. Useful (sit, stand. Make dog enjoyable). 2. Critical (come, stop. Lacking may endanger the dog) 3. Nuisance (unwanted. Chewing shoes) 4. Dangerous. Biting, chasing cars. What type of leash walking/heeling pattern is not the best choice for beginners? - ANSWERSPerimeter patterns. Because dogs chase and sniff if front, or distract and frighten from behind, and it creates traffic jams due to pace differences. Another great quote, not a quiz. - ANSWERSIn general, domestication doesn't lead to new behaviors, abnormal behaviors, or loss of behaviors. Instead, it changes the stimulus threshold for the behaviors. A few choices of agnostic behavior, and info. - ANSWERS1. Avoidance. Part of the flight subcategory. 2. Appeasement. Calming signals to turn off threats. 3. Submissions. Gestures of lower rank, similar to anxiety. Different than appeasement. Serotonin - ANSWERSNeurotransmitter in the brain that inhibits aggression. Levels are higher in domestic animals. Status vrs dominance vrs aggression - ANSWERSStatus=a position or rank. Dominance= priority access to preferred, limited resources (based on status). Aggression= an action intended to cause harm. Aggression and dominance are two completely different things. Learned helplessness - ANSWERSLack of control over an aversive (or continual aversive). The annual gets submissive and depressed. Corticosteroids - ANSWERSStress hormones. Lower levels of which delay flight response. Tameness - ANSWERSAn animal's willingness to approach humans; measured by the animal's flight distance. Tame animals have zero flight distance. Limited Hold - ANSWERSShort window of opportunity. Technique for getting a prompt response to a discriminative stimuli. (Like to decrease gap between the cue and the behavior). What's a good protocol for when there's two handlers and two dogs from the same household? - ANSWERSAsk them both not to be in the same class. The dogs may look to each other for comfort when the idea is to build the relationship between the dog and the person.

Bridging stimulus (Yin) - ANSWERSConditioned stimulus, or cue, that bridges the gap between the behavior and the unconditioned stimulus. It can either bridge the gap between the correct behavior and the food reinforcement (or other reinforcer) or it can bridge the gap in time between the inappropriate behavior and the conditioned punishment. Another name for "No reward marker" or "signal of no reward" - ANSWERSConditioned negative punisher Primary reinforcer - ANSWERSSomething the dog naturally values and will work to get. (Food, affection, play). Law of Parsimony - ANSWERSWhen two competing theories make the same predictions, the one that is simpler is more likely to be accurate." Hippocratic Oath - ANSWERS"First, do no harm". Longer: "Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future, practice these acts. As to diseases, make a habit of two things -to help, or at least to do no harm." Terry Ryan quote, spinoff of Hippocratic oath. - ANSWERS"With careful planning, anything we try that doesn't work, will at least not make matters worse." What is an important qualification of a reinforcer? - ANSWERSIts use increases behavior in frequency, duration and/or intensity. When a dog receives foods, it activates what system? - ANSWERSParasympathetic nervous system Bribing (Yin) - ANSWERSWhen the owner shows the potential reward to the animal before requiring the animal to perform the behavior. Targeting - ANSWERSTeaching an animal to touch its nose (or other body part) to a physical object, reinforcing, and then moving object around to shape behavior. Helplessness - ANSWERSAn animal absolutely giving up trying if there's no way of it to avoid aversive stimuli. Classical conditioning (Yin) - ANSWERSLearning by association. When a neutral stimuli (one that initially had no meaning to the animal) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus gradually comes to elicit the same responses as the unconditioned stimulus. Kinderpuppy classes provide ongoing assistance to puppy owners during the critical period of development, up to about [A] weeks of age. - ANSWERS16 weeks. For young puppies.

What age is ok for "puppy headstart" classes for very young puppies? - ANSWERSAs soon as vet approves, around 8 weeks old. First course of action in breaking up a dog fight. - ANSWERSMake a very loud, startling noise. Not yelling - dog might think you are cheering it on. Metal banging is good. What is required to break up a fight by the standard method of grabbing a dog by the hind legs? Why? - ANSWERS2 people. Each to grab a different dog. If you only have 1 person and pull a dog away, that dog may still be attacked by the other, unrestrained dog. What is safer than inserting a hand between two engaged dogs? - ANSWERSInserting a chair. What are cut-off signals? - ANSWERSAnother name for displacement signals but also including calming, appeasement and submissive signals. Meant to postpone or break off agonising conflict, or it's a compromise between fighting and fleeing. Not necessarily always a submissive gesture, but an opportunity to call a draw and walk away without loss or gain of status. Calming signals - ANSWERSA type of cut-off signal that produce a calming effect on animals exhibiting them, and may be mutually calming. Not necessarily of status significance, but to smooth over tensions. What should a pet owner do when noticing clusters of calming signals? - ANSWERSNotice is the cluster of cues is out of context. Observe carefully. Adjustments to the environment, such as increasing space, is in order. Back Chain (Yin) - ANSWERSTo train a series of behaviors by training the last one first and sequentially adding on additional behaviors that immediately precede the last one learned. Agonistic behavior - ANSWERSIn ethological terms, these are behaviors used in response to social conflict or competitive encounters. What are two general categories of agnostic behavior? - ANSWERSFight or Flight. But there are more options than that: avoidance, appeasement, submission. A few examples of fear behavior different than submissive signals? - ANSWERSFreezing, shaking, defecation. These can be fear-based, as a reaction to something environmental, not usually seen in submission. Examples of active submission as an agnostic response - ANSWERSTail down, body lowered, ears back, forehead smooth, licks mouth of superior dog, corners of mouth back, groveling movements.