Fundamentals of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Exams of Nursing

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BIO 256 EXAM 1- all 179 answers

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Which of the following would not be a necessary life function? - ANSWER-decay The purpose of negative feedback is - ANSWER-to prevent sudden and severe changes within the body. Any water not contained within the cells is said to be part of the body's ____ compartment. - ANSWER-extracellular Why does your brain require a constant blood flow, even during stress, such as with intense exercise? - ANSWER-to maintain consciousness If you add a small amount of vinegar (a weak acid) to a buffer, the buffer's pH will - ANSWER-stay the same A molecule that is a mirror image of another, having a key functional group oriented in a different direction, is called _____ of the other. - ANSWER-a stereoisomer Which is the unit molecule of glycogen? - ANSWER-glucose Mono saturated fatty acids have ______ double bond(s). - ANSWER- 1 The overall molecular shape of a globular protein consisting of a single polypeptide strand is known as its - ANSWER-teritiary structure Contractile proteins of muscle consist mostly of - ANSWER-fibrous protein Which is NOT a function of proteins? - ANSWER-provides genetic code Which is made using the energy in good molecules and used to do work? - ANSWER- ATP If transport through a cell membrane requires the expenditure of energy, it is called - ANSWER-active transport Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will - ANSWER-crenate If you were to administer a drug that blocked the activity of the sodium/potassium pump, what effect would you expect that to have on the cell's ability to absorb glucose (which

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is absorbed by sodium co-transport)? - ANSWER-decreased glucose transport into the cell When stress limits resources for organs, which organ receives top priority for receiving blood? - ANSWER-brain Which is an inorganic molecule? - ANSWER-O A solution resisting changes in H+ concentration and tending to maintain a stable pH is called a _____ solution - ANSWER-buffer The molecule central to all metabolism is - ANSWER-glucose Which of the following proteins is composed of four polypeptide and has quaternary structure - ANSWER-hemogoblin Translation produces - ANSWER-protein Transfer RNA anticodons pair complementary to the _______ of mRNA. - ANSWER- codons If you see polyribosomes when you observe a cell using an electron microscope, the cell - ANSWER-is making a lot of a certain protein Muscle growth in response to training causes cells to grow larger. This is an example of

• ANSWER-hypertrophy The rate of an enzymatic reaction can be affected by all of the following except - ANSWER-osmotic pressure An atom or molecule has been oxidized when - ANSWER-it has lost some of its electrons When glucose is catabolized under ______ conditions, pyruvates will lose a carbon. then the acetate made will cross the mitochondrial wall and enter the Krebs cycle. - ANSWER-aerobic Ion channels in a cell membrane permit the selective passage of - ANSWER-Na+ and K+ A deficiency of protein in the blood caused by liver disease such as cirrhosis, where the damaged liver is unable to produce adequate amounts of the protein albumin, leads to - ANSWER-edema

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The membrane of a resting cell leaks sodium and potassium ions, but the _____ compensates for this and maintains potential near to constant value. - ANSWER- sodium/potassium pump Cellular receptors on muscle and nerve cells control the opening and closing of - ANSWER-ion channels In a negative feedback loop used to maintain homeostasis, which of the following terms is NOT likely to be used? - ANSWER-hypothesis Which is the fluid found between cells in your blood? - ANSWER-plasma Which is an organic molecule? - ANSWER-C6H12O The universal solvent of life is - ANSWER-water A salt such as NaCl becomes forms ______ when dissolved in water. - ANSWER- electrolytes Which releases H+ in water? - ANSWER-acids A solution that does not change pH with small additions of acid or base is called a - ANSWER-buffer Glycogen is a - ANSWER-carbohydrate The components of sterols include - ANSWER-four carbon rings with a hydrocarbon tail Polyunsaturated fatty acids have ____ double bond(s). - ANSWER-2 or more Some proteins, like hemoglobin, consist of more than two polypeptide chains. the way these polypeptide chains interact with each other is referred to as the protein's - ANSWER-quaternary structure Which consists of a single strand of nucleotides? - ANSWER-RNA Anticodons would be found in - ANSWER-tRNA Transfer RNA molecules come to the ribosomes in the order directly dictated by _____.

• ANSWER-mRNA Within mammalian cells, the "universal energy carrier" is - ANSWER-adenosine triphosphate

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is - ANSWER-coenzyme Which of the following processes involve the extension of pseudopods to enclose a bacterium causing an infection? - ANSWER-phagocytosis Red blood cells placed in hypotonic solution will exhibit - ANSWER-hemolysis Cell A and cell B are located side by side within the same tissue but are not in direct contact with each other. Cell A releases a chemical messenger. In order for cell B to respond to this chemical messenger - ANSWER-cell B must have receptors specific for the paracrine regulator Phebob is a newborn, just diagnosed with phenylketonuria, an inborn error of metabolism. Why do her parents have to monitor her diet to be sure she doesn't consume too much phenylalanine? - ANSWER-Phebob is missing the enzyme that converts phenylalnine to tyrosine, so the phenylalanine builds up and is converted to phenylpyruvic acid, which can cause mental retardation. Limiting dietary phenylalanine prevents this problem. When the body is under stress, including during heavy exercise, blood must continue to flow to vital organs. The two most vital organs are the - ANSWER-brain and heart Programmed cell death, an important part of development, is called - ANSWER- apoptosis Which statement is not true regarding necessary life functions? - ANSWER-each organ system is isolated from all other body systems A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be - ANSWER-Ovaries produce estrogen with leutinizing hormone (LH) stimulation, estrogen stimulates more pituitary LH secretion When an organ regulates its activity by mechanisms entirely within organ itself, this is called - ANSWER-intrinsic regulation Which is the fluid found inside the cells of your urinary bladder's muscular layer? - ANSWER-intracellular fluid Which organ would get the least blood flow during the running of a marathon? - ANSWER-small intestine Which is a major element of the human body? - ANSWER-oxygen Which is an inorganic molecule - ANSWER-NaCl

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Cations have a _____ charge and are formed when they have ______ an electron to/from an anion. - ANSWER-positive, donated Which release OH- in water? - ANSWER-bases The normal pH for human blood is near 7.4. This is - ANSWER-slightly alkaline When molecules have the same chemical formula, arranged in the same sequence, but differing only in their spatial orientation of key functional groups, producing D-isomers and L-isomers, they are called - ANSWER-stereoisomers Which is the unit molecule of starch? - ANSWER-glucose There are 20 amino acids in proteins and they differ by their - ANSWER-side chain (-R) The secondary structure of a protein is formed by - ANSWER-hydrogen bonds between components of nearby amino acids. Which nitrogenous base is NOT found in DNA? - ANSWER-uracil The RNA type that moves through nuclear pores to direct synthesis of new protein molecules at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, is - ANSWER-mRNA During translation, the growing peptide is directly attached to - ANSWER-tRNA Polyribosomes are seen in cells - ANSWER-making a lot in one certain protein Which describes the function of an enzyme? - ANSWER-it increases the rate of chemical reaction Any oxidation reaction must be coupled to - ANSWER-a reduction reaction Cellular respiration produces - ANSWER-ATP Crenation of blood cells occurs when they are placed in an - ANSWER-hypertonic solution Water passes from the tissue fluids into the blood capillaries mainly because the - ANSWER-blood has a higher protein concentration than the tissue fluids. In a resting cell, - ANSWER-Na+ and Ca++ are lower in cytosolic concentration than in the activated state.

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Second messengers turn on and off enzymes - ANSWER-inside the cell making them Sobob has sickle cell anemia. His red blood cells sickle in low oxygen conditions. His hemoglobin has one amino acid different from normal adult hemoglobin. How few differences in Sobob's DNA could cause his genetically inherited disease? - ANSWER- just one When a hormone stimulates a target cell, it binds receptors. This binding produces a second messenger inside the cell. The "first" messenger is - ANSWER-the hormone Which is NOT an individual's survival need? - ANSWER-reproduction Which would be a normal measure of arterial blood pH? - ANSWER-pH 7. Positive feedback loops are usually part of a larger ________. - ANSWER-negative feedback loop This fluid compartment is subdivided into blood plasma and interstitial fluid. - ANSWER- extracellular Which is a less common element of the human body? - ANSWER-calcium Water absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature. This is important in - ANSWER-maintenance of body temperature Which pH would be considered alkaline? - ANSWER-pH 9. When molecules have the same chemical formula, arranged in the same sequence, but differing only in their spatial orientation of key functional groups, producing D-isomers, they are called - ANSWER-stereoisomers Fatty acids and glycerol are parts of - ANSWER-phospholipids Which of the following is a polysaccharide? - ANSWER-starch The components of phospholipids include - ANSWER-glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate group. Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces stabilize the - ANSWER- tertiary structure of proteins Antibodies made in response to infections and found dissolved in plasma are - ANSWER-globular proteins

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RNA is made by ______; protein is make by _______. - ANSWER- transcription;translation The RNA type characterized by folding on itself to form a twisted cloverleaf structure with attached amino acid is called - ANSWER-tRNA All but one of these is required to allow genetic information to dictate a protein's primary sequence. Which is NOT directly involved in getting genetic information from DNA t a protein being made? - ANSWER-DNA polymerase What could you observe in a cell making a lot of one certain protein, if you used an electron microscope? - ANSWER-polyribosomes in the cytoplasm Formation of a cancerous tumor by cells doing uncontrolled mitosis is an example of abnormal - ANSWER-hyperplasia Which is NOT a function of the membrances? - ANSWER-storage of triglyceride If the products of a chemical reaction contain more total energy than the reactants, the reaction must be - ANSWER-endergonic The rate of an enzymatic reaction increases as the temperature rises, up to point. Above 40 C or so, however, the reaction rate begins to decline because the - ANSWER- enzyme changes shape at high temperatures Phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs when there is - ANSWER-a hereditary defect in the enzyme Which of the following represents the reduced form of a coenzyme? - ANSWER-FADH Which of the following statements describes the role of the electron transport chain? - ANSWER-the electron transport chain produces NAD Where does the Kreb's cycle occur? - ANSWER-in the mitochondrial matrix The catabolism of fatty acids to produce energy occurs through the process of - ANSWER-beta oxidation The ______ is the organ with an absolute requirement for blood glucose as its major energy source. - ANSWER-brain When a gated channel opens in response to a stimulus, allowing sodium ions to flow with their concentration gradient into a cell, this is an example of - ANSWER-faciliated diffusion

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Which of the following statements is most correct regarding diffusion? - ANSWER-The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? - ANSWER-the cells swell and ultimately burst Which requires ATP? - ANSWER-active transport Intracellular and extracellular fluids are separated by - ANSWER-plasma membranes Which is the fluid found inside the cells of your urinary bladder's muscularis layer? - ANSWER-intracellular fluid Which is an organic molecule? - ANSWER-DNA Which best describes water? - ANSWER-high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization Which would form an electrolytic solutions when dissolved in water? - ANSWER-sodium chloride Which is NOT a part of an amino acid? - ANSWER-ribose RNA molecules called ribozymes have some specialized catalytic activity, but as a general rule, all enzymes are - ANSWER-proteins All of the following are inborn errors of metabolism except - ANSWER-benign prostatic hypertrophy A high density of microvilli is to be expected on the surface of epithelial cells located in the - ANSWER-small intestine If you put your blood cells in a hypotonic solution, they would - ANSWER-swell and lyse Second messengers, such as cyclic AMP, - ANSWER-activate or inactivate intracellular enzymes The molecule an enzyme binds and changes is its - ANSWER-substrate Which is an INCORRECT pairing of a cell structure with its function? - ANSWER- Ribsomes-protein degradation Which is a less common element of the human body? - ANSWER-iodine

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Anions have a ____ charge and are formed when they have ____ an electron to/from a cation. - ANSWER-negative, gained If solution A has 100 times the hydrogen ions as solution B and solution B has a pH of 6.0, then solution A will have a pH equal to - ANSWER-4. milk sugar, lactose, is composed of - ANSWER-glucose & galactose The coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix is referred to as the: - ANSWER-secondary structure The process of cloning animals includes taking the nucleus of an animal's somatic cell and putting it inside another animal's egg,which contains cytoplasm only. Often, cloned animals have a shorter life span than animals created through natural reproduction. What could be the reason for this? - ANSWER-Mature somatic cells have shorter telomeres than germline cells. Which contains your genetic inheritance from your parents - ANSWER-DNA What causes two different cells in one individual to display different characteristics? - ANSWER-different genes are expressed which is not a function of membranes? - ANSWER-storage of glycogen To obtain metabolic energy from glycogen, you must first - ANSWER-break the molecule into glucose units The number of molecules diffusing through a membrane per unit time (rate) depends on all of the following except the - ANSWER-availability of ATP Your physiological status would be greatly improved if you were to remove all cholesterol from your body. - ANSWER-false What is the major cause underlying the rapid aging disease, Progeria? - ANSWER-A single nucleotide change in the LMNA gene sequence leads to an error in mRNA splicing and a defective nuclear protein. Inborn errors of metabolism can be particularly hazardous to the human body because - ANSWER-they cause the accumulation of toxic intermediates. Which is a difference between mitosis and meiosis? - ANSWER-Mitosis makes diploid daughter cells, and meiosis makes haploid daughter cells.

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Which would be a normal measure of protein in venous blood? - ANSWER-6.9g/100mL water does NOT - ANSWER-dissolve triclycerides The components of triglycerides include - ANSWER-glycerol and fatty acids Saturated fatty acids have ___ double bond(s). - ANSWER-no One of structural subunits of an amino acid is the - NH2 functional group, also called - ANSWER-an amino group Which model of enzyme active site/substrate interactions is the most accurate? - ANSWER-induced fit model Which of the following molecules is the final electron acceptor for all fuel molecules broken down to carbon dioxide and water within our mitochondria? - ANSWER-oxygen Where does the transition reaction occur? - ANSWER-starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondrial matrix Which organs can obtain metabolic energy from lactic acid? - ANSWER-heart and liver Proteins manufactured in the cytosol - ANSWER-have a destination in the cytosol, which is narrowed down by information in the protein leader sequence. Enzyme allosteric sites can be important to the overall outcome of a metabolic pathway because - ANSWER-they can serve as a regulator of the active site, leading to the possibility of negative or positive feedback in a pathway Most often, the integrating center in the feedback loop will be located within the - ANSWER-central nervous system Albumen is a - ANSWER-protein Table sugar, sucrose, is composed of - ANSWER-glucose and fructose a steroid may be best described as - ANSWER-lipid consisting of four carbon rings and various functional groups the sequence of different amino acids in a protein is referred to as the protein's - ANSWER-primary structure collagen is a _____ protein - ANSWER-fibrous

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When contrasting the complete metabolic breakdown of one molecule of glucose vs. fat, you find that - ANSWER-fat metabolism results in up to 10 times more ATP per unit molecule than the metabolism of glucose Which would be a normal measure of sodium in venous blood? - ANSWER- 135 - 145 meq/L Which would be a normal measure of total lipids in venous blood? - ANSWER- 400 - 800 mg/100ml One example of positive feedback is: - ANSWER-Oxytocin release during childbirth Which best describes the membranes of your cells? - ANSWER-phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol How can defects in the same metabolic pathway result in different symptoms in different individuals? - ANSWER-different enzymes may be defective in the same metabolic pathway, resulting in different diseases. The favored fuel of resting skeletal muscle is... - ANSWER-fatty acids Cells continually generate CO2 and must get rid of it. The mechanism by which CO moves out of the cell is... - ANSWER-simple diffuision Enzymatic reactions in the body are important because.. - ANSWER-they speed up the rate of reactions that would occur too slowly to sustain life Which of the following statements is most correct in reference to homeostatic imbalance? - ANSWER-it is considered the cause of most diseases Which would be a normal measure of oxygen in arterial blood? - ANSWER-18. ml/100ml Which would be a normal measure of fasting glucose in venous blood? - ANSWER- 98 mg/100 ml Which body fluid compartment drains fluid from between cells, returning it to the blood?

• ANSWER-lymph Which is a trace element of the human body? - ANSWER-copper A base is defined as any molecule that can - ANSWER-remove protons from a solution as they react with OH- released.

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The normal pH inside your stomach is acidic, and thus, - ANSWER-lower than 7 Although we hear about the evils of cholesterol, it is very important serving as the - ANSWER-precursor molecule from which the male and female sex hormones are made When you obtain energy from glucose, you break it down into H2O and CO2. This is - ANSWER-catabolism Which is NOT a reason why you and your cells age? - ANSWER-genes shorten until they no longer function Messenger RNA carries genetic information from chromosomes to the ______. - ANSWER-ribosomes Which of the following processes does notoccur as an acetyl unit ("acetate") enters the mitochondrion, promoting one complete circuit of the Krebs cycle? - ANSWER-one molecule of O2 is combined with carbon to form CO When cells move substances into vesicles in the cytoplasm, it is called - ANSWER- endocytosis How do the active sites of enzymes contribute to the catalysis of a chemical reaction? - ANSWER-Active sites bring substrates together, and may also strain the chemical bonds of the substrates, both helping a reaction to proceed more quickly by decreasing the activation energy.