Fundamentals of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Exams of Nursing

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LATEST UPDATED BIOLOGY 1406 FINAL EXAM

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What is homeostasis - Answ the process whereby living organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions What are the characteristics of living things - Answ 1. Cells and Organization

2. Energy use and metabolism
3. Response to environmental changes
4. Regulation and homeostasis
5. Growth and Development
6. Reproduction
7. Biological Evolution atom - Answ the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element molecule - Answ Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. macromolecule - Answ many molecules bonded together to form a polymer such a polypeptide (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are examples) cell - Answ the simplest unit of a living organism, composed of molecules and macromolecules, form larger structures such as membranes tissue - Answ association of many cells of the same type

organ - Answ two or more types of body tissues combined to perform a common function organism - Answ a living thing that maintains an internal order that is separated from the environment population - Answ group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and can interbreed with one another community - Answ an assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time ecosystem - Answ the biotic community of organisms in an area as well as the abiotic environment affecting the community biosphere - Answ the regions on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change - Answ Vertical descent and horizontal gene transfer vertical descent - Answ Progression of changes in lineage (a series of ancestors). Occurs from generation to generation. New species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of mutations (natural selection) horizontal gene transfer - Answ A process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism What are the three domains - Answ Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya What are the four kingdoms - Answ animalia, fungi, plantae, and protista bacteria - Answ single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes archaea - Answ Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh conditions eukarya - Answ Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

protista - Answ single-celled organism with nuclei (algae, protozoans) plantae - Answ A classification kingdom made up of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that have cell walls made mostly of cellulose, that have pigments that absorb light, and that supply energy and oxygen to themselves and to other life-forms through photosynthesis animalia - Answ Kingdom of the most complex organisms; multi-cellular, heterotrophic, lack rigid cell walls, mobile, tissues in internal organs, sensory organs, nervous system taxonomy - Answ the science of naming and classifying organisms binomial nomenclature - Answ a system for giving each organism a two- word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name genomes - Answ the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes proteomes - Answ the complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism can make scientific method - Answ a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized Five Stages of Scientific Method - Answ Observations, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Data & Analysis, Accept/Reject Hypothesis metabolism - Answ All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism biological evolution - Answ Changes in the genetic composition of a population through successive generations. theory - Answ a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence; makes valid predictions hypothesis - Answ a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon based on previous observations or experimental studies

discovery-based science - Answ the collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis subatomic particles - Answ protons, neutrons, and electrons where are subatomic particles located - Answ Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons are found in the electron shell protons - Answ positive- found in nucleus- same number as electrons neutrons - Answ neutral- found in nucleus- number can vary electrons - Answ negative- found in orbitals- same number as protons why are atoms electrically neutral - Answ they have an equal # of protons and electrons orbitals - Answ Regions within electron shells where electrons orbit the nucleus s orbitals - Answ sphere shaped; hold 2 electrons p orbitals - Answ 3 dumbbell/propeller shaped orbitals (2p); can hold 4 pairs of electrons 1st shell - Answ holds a max of 2 electrons; 1 spherical orbital (1s) 2nd shell - Answ 1 spherical orbital (2s) & 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals (2p) can hold up to 8 electrons What is the atomic number of an atom - Answ The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom atomic mass - Answ total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units molecules - Answ Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

ions - Answ electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons ionic bonds - Answ bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another covalent bonds - Answ A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons polar covalent bond - Answ when two atoms with different electronegativites form a covalent bond; the shared electrons are more likely to be in the outer shell of the atom of higher electronegativity rather than the atom of lower electronegativity nonpolar covalent bond - Answ a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge hydrogen bond - Answ A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. which is the strongest chemical bond - Answ covalent bond occurs between atoms whose outer electron shells are not full; can share up to three pairs of electrons - Answ covalent bonds occur because the distribution of electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or difference in electric charge, across the molecule - Answ polar covalent bond bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities - Answ nonpolar covalent bonds cations - Answ net positively charged ions anions - Answ ions with a negative charge occur when a cation binds to an anion - Answ ionic bonds

what type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of DNA- - Answ hydrogen bond isotope - Answ multiple forms of an element, differ in the number of neutrons make up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms - Answ hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen octet rule - Answ States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons in their outer shell chemical reaction - Answ a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products chemical properties - Answ a property or characteristic of a substance that is observed during a reaction in which the chemical composition or identity of the substance is changed properties of water - Answ 1-Universal Solvent (Dissolves all hydrophillic molecules) 2-Cohesion (sticks to itself) 3-Adhesion (sticks to other substances) 4-Heat capacity (water can absorb a lot of heat and remove heat when evaporating due to breaking H-bonds) 5-Surface tension (Water striders can float on water surface) cell theory - Answ idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells response to environmental changes - Answ to survive living organisms must be able to respond to changes mutations - Answ Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity

natural selection - Answ the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations bioluminescence - Answ Produce and emit light by means of a chemical reaction in which chemical energy is converted to light energy reductionism - Answ reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study molecular biology - Answ study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression; molecular genetics anatomy and physiology - Answ structures and functions of plants and animals control group - Answ in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment experimental group - Answ A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested. element - Answ a pure substance made of only one kind of atom atomic nucleus - Answ An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. energy shells - Answ An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. energy - Answ the ability to do work or cause change valence electrons - Answ an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties daltons - Answ what atomic mass is measured in, also known as amu mole - Answ the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-

avogadro's number - Answ 6.022 x 10^23. The number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance radioisotope - Answ unstable isotope; lose energy by emitting subatomic particles and/or radiation trace elements - Answ present in extremely small quantities but still are essential for normal growth and function molecular formula - Answ shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound compound - Answ refers to a molecule composed of two or more different elements example: h double bond - Answ when atoms share two pairs of electrons electronegativity - Answ measure of its ability to attract electrons in a bond with another atom polar molecules - Answ molecules composed predominantly of nonpolar bonds enzymes - Answ molecules found in all cells that facilitate or catalyze many biologically important chemical reactions van der waals forces - Answ a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules if an atom or molecules gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires a net electric charge and becomes- - Answ ion free radical - Answ atoms or molecules with one or more unpaired valence electrons reactants - Answ the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

products - Answ the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction chemical equilibrium - Answ in a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction solute - Answ substances dissolved in liquid solvent - Answ the liquid in which solutes are dissolved the solvent for chemical reactions - Answ water solution - Answ solvents dissolve in a solvent to form a aqueous solutions - Answ solutions in which water is the solvent hydrophillic - Answ water loving, polar, dissolve in water, form hydrogen bonds hydrophobic - Answ "Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water amphipathic - Answ molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region such as a phosopholipid micelles - Answ formed when amphipathic molecules are mixed with water, polar regions on outside, non polar regions on inside concentration - Answ a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent molecular mass - Answ The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule molarity - Answ A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. What are the three states of water- - Answ 1. solid (ice)

2. liquid (water)

3. gas (water vapor) heat of vaporization - Answ the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram/mole of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state; this is caused by hydrogen bonds heat of fusion - Answ the amount of heat energy that must be withdrawn or released from a substance to cause it to change from the liquid to the solid state colligative properties - Answ properties that depend strictly on the total number of dissolved solutes, not on the specific type of solute hydrolysis - Answ Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water condensation reaction - Answ Two or more molecules combining to form one larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule dehydration reaction - Answ a molecule of water is lost during the reaction; a specific kind of condensation reaction evaporation - Answ water vaporizes at extraordinary temperatures; it still requires the same energy to change water from a liquid to a gas specific heat - Answ the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree Celsius (it takes considerable heat to raise the temperature of water) cohesion - Answ water molecules attracting to each other; due to hydrogen bonding adhesion - Answ the ability of water to be attracted to/adhere to, a surface that is not electrically neutral surface tension - Answ measure of the attraction between molecules at the surface of a liquid (allows insects to walk on water) hydroxide ions - Answ Negatively charged particles (OH) composed of oxygen and hydrogen atoms released from a base when dissolved in water

acids - Answ substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water strong acid - Answ An acid that ionizes completely in aqueous solution ex:hydrochloric acid weak acid - Answ an acid that does not completely ionize in water ex: carbonic acid base - Answ compound that absorbs hydrogen ions in a solution ex: sodium hydroxide; NaOH---> Na+ + OH- pH - Answ the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the H+ concentration neutral in pH because the concentration of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions are equal - Answ pure water The pH of a solution can affect... - Answ 1. The shapes and functions of molecules

2. The rates of many chemical reactions
3. The ability of two molecules to bind to each other
4. The ability of ions or molecules to dissolve in water Buffers - Answ composed of a weak acid and its related baseorg;a compound that accepts or releases H+ in response to pH change; help to keep a constant pH As acidity increases the pH... - Answ decreases Acidic - Answ pH 0- human stomach fluid- pH lemon juice-pH grapefruit juice-pH beer-pH tomato juice-pH urine-pH5 & 6 Neutral - Answ pH 7 milk, pure water, human blood

Alkaline - Answ pH 8- seawater-pH 8 baking soda-pH 9 milk of magnesia-pH 10 household ammonia-pH 11 bleach-pH 12- what is the OH- concentration at pH 8? - Answ 10-8M organic molecules - Answ Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Found in living things carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids organic chemistry - Answ the study of carbon-containing molecules Carbon forms _____ covalent bonds with other atoms. - Answ 4; because Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and needs 4 more hydrocarbons - Answ An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen; poorly soluble in water functional groups - Answ groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties isomers - Answ Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics structural isomers - Answ contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships stereoisomers - Answ Identical bonding relationships but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers cis-trans isomers - Answ Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds enantiomer - Answ pair of molecules that are mirror images

monomers - Answ (meaning one part) small molecules that link together to form polymers polymers - Answ (meaning many parts) formed by linking together many smaller molecules called monomers condensation reaction - Answ process by which two or more molecules combine to form polymers through a chemical reaction dehydration reaction - Answ results in removal of a water molecule;essential to the formation of polymers dehydration reaction - Answ essential for the formation of glycogen from glucose monomers; essential for the formation of triglycerides (fat) from glycerol and fatty acids hydrolysis reaction - Answ Breaking down polymers into monomers using water carbohydrates - Answ Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1; carbon containing compounds that are hydrated (contain water) monosaccharides - Answ simple sugars (glucose, galactose (from milk), fructose (from fruit)); very water soluable disaccharides - Answ two sugars; carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides starch - Answ polysaccharides found in plant cells glycogen - Answ polysaccharides found in animal cells cellulose - Answ A polysaccharide that provides structural support for plant cell walls chitin - Answ A polysaccharide; plays a structural role in the cell walls of fungi and in the exoskeletons of insects

glycosaminoglycans - Answ large polysaccharides that play a structural role in animals lipids - Answ hydrophobic molecules composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon atoms; nonpolar; insoluble in water ex: fats, phopholipids, steroids, waxes and oils The source of variation in fat molecules is ____. - Answ fatty acid composition Fatty acids can vary in number and ______. - Answ location of C-C double bonds Fatty acids vary in ____. - Answ length Can be liquid or solid in room temperature, depending on fatty acid composition- - Answ fats triglycerides - Answ long term energy storage molecules formed during condensation synthesis between 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol saturated fatty acid - Answ when all the carbons in a fatty acid are linked by single covalent bonds; all the carbons are saturated with covalently bound hydrogen unsaturated fatty acid - Answ a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail What is the main difference between a fat (triglyceride) and a phospholipid?

• Answ A phospholipid has 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol; a fat has 3 The tertiary structure of a protein is dependent on- - Answ the side chain composition of each amino acid within the protein Saturated fats have _____ melting points and tend to be _____ at room temperature. - Answ high;solid ex: animal fats (cooking a hamburger) Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature. - Answ liquid ex: olive oil

steroids - Answ lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused carbon rings phospholipids - Answ a lipid that is a structural component in cell membranes;with hydrophobic head and hydrophillic tail proteins - Answ polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur amino acids - Answ the building blocks of proteins cell - Answ simplest structure shared among all living organisms proteins involved in gene expression and regulation - Answ make mRNA from a DNA template; synthesize polypeptides from mRNA; regulate genes ex: RNA polymerase synthesizing RNA from DNA, transcription factor proteins involved in gene regulation motor proteins - Answ initiate movement metabolic enzymes - Answ increase the rate of chemical reactions cell signaling proteins - Answ enable cells to communicate with each other and with the environment ex: taste receptors in the tongue structural proteins - Answ support and strengthen structures ex: actin provides shape to the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells; collagen gives strength to tendons transporter proteins - Answ promote movement of solids across plasma membranes ex: glucose transporters move glucose from outside cells to inside cells where it can be used for energy peptide bond - Answ the covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

polypeptide - Answ A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. primary structure of a polypeptide - Answ The amino acid sequence, determined by genes secondary structure of a polypeptide - Answ helix & pleated sheet; flexible and can fold into a number of shapes helix - Answ a polypeptide backbone forms a repeating helical structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds along the backbone pleated sheet - Answ regions of the polypeptide backbone that lie parallel to each other; repeating zig zag quaternary structure of a polypeptide - Answ proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain protein subunits - Answ individual polypeptides; may be identical polypeptides or different multimeric proteins - Answ (meaning multiple parts) ex: hemoglobin Which factor is critical for the folding of proteins? - Answ -ionic bonds -hydrogen bonds -van del Waals forces -disulfide bridges Comparing solutions with a pH of 6 and and pH of 8 - Answ The solution with a pH of 8 has 100 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6 a nucleotide is composed of- - Answ -phosphate group -nitrogenouse base -carbon sugar Protein structure is influenced by several factors: - Answ -hydrogen bonds -ionic bonds and other polar interactions -hydrophobic effect

-van der Waals forces -disulfide bridges nucleic acids - Answ responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information deoxyribonucleic acid - Answ found in DNA ribonucleic acid - Answ found in RNA DNA strands are covalently held together by _____. - Answ phosphodiester linkages between adjacent phosphate and sugar molecules, with the bases protruding from the side of the phosphate-sugar backbone Purine bases - Answ adenine, guanine Pyrimidine bases - Answ cytosine, thymine DNA is composed of- - Answ purines and pyrimidines A pairs with- G pairs with- - Answ T C RNA - Answ consists of a single strand of nucleotides DNA - Answ consists of a double strand of nucleotides Ribose - Answ the sugar in RNA Thymine is replaced with Uracil in- - Answ RNA cell biology - Answ the study of cells cell theory - Answ 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cell are the smallest units of life
3. New cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division

microscopy - Answ enables researchers to study the structure and function of cells resolution - Answ a measure of the clarity of an image; ability to observe to adjacent objects as distinct from one another contrast - Answ the ability to visualize a particular cell structure may depend on how different it looks from an adjacent structure ex: using color dye magnification - Answ the ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size light microscope - Answ utilizes light for illumination; 1mm-1um measures: fish egg, plant and animal cells, nucleus, some bacteria, mitochondria electron microscope - Answ uses electrons for illumination; 100um-0.1nm measures: small bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids, small molecules, atoms transmission electron microscope - Answ an electron microscope that transmits a beam through a specimen, detecting its electrons and forming a highly magnified image on a screen scanning electron microscopy - Answ A process that utilizes an electron beam to produce an image of the three-dimensional surface of biological samples; the sample is coated with a thin layer of a heavy metal such as gold or palladium and then exposed to an electron beam cell structure is determined by 4 factors- - Answ 1. matter

2. energy
3. orgainzation
4. information protein-protein interactions - Answ the specific interactions between proteins; critical to cell structure and function genes - Answ contain the genetic material to create cells with particular structures and functions

plasma membrane - Answ double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins, forms an important barrier between the cell and its external environment cytoplasm - Answ region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane nucleoid region - Answ where the genetic material (DNA) is located ribosomes - Answ involved in polypeptide synthesis cell wall - Answ supports and protects the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm in plants, algae, and some bacteria (prokaryotic cells only) glycocalyx - Answ an outer vicous-covering surrounding the bacteria; traps water and keeps bacteria from drying out (prokaryotic cells only) capsule - Answ a sticky, gelatinous substance around the cell wall; allows cells to stick together or to the host cell (prokaryotic cells only) pili - Answ allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces and to each other and allows them to transfer DNA (prokaryotic cells only) flagella - Answ long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move (Prokaryotic cells only) organelle - Answ A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell (eukaryotic cells only) compartmentalization - Answ they have many membrane-bound organelles that separate the cell into different regions (eukaryotic cells only) cilia and flagella - Answ -involved in cell motility -require ATP to work -require motor proteins to work -composed of an internal structure call the axoneme metabolism - Answ sum of all chemical reactions by cells enzyme - Answ protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

catabolism - Answ breakdown of a molecule into small components anabolism - Answ Process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials cytoskeleton - Answ forms a network of protein fibers within the cytoplasm; provides cell shape, organization and movement microtubules - Answ hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell, composed of tubulin polymers centrosome - Answ area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell centrioles - Answ Structure: Small, cylindrical parts of the cytoskeleton. Function: Aid in cell division intermediate filaments - Answ are composed of several different proteins and they are thicker than microfilaments; found in parts of the cell subject to mechanical stress, they help stabilize positions of organelles such as the nucleus and help attach cells to one another actin filaments - Answ a thin type of protein filament composed of actin proteins that forms part of the cytoskeleton and supports the plasma membrane and plays a key role in cell strength, shape and movement motor proteins - Answ use ATP as a source of energy to promote various types of movement; consists of a head, hinge, and tail ex: muscle contraction Composed of microtubules, Intermediate filaments, and actin filaments- - Answ cytoskeleton nucleus - Answ The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell

endomembrane system - Answ A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. vesicles - Answ small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell nuclear envelope - Answ double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus nuclear pores - Answ pores which allows materials to move in and out of the cell nucleus chromosome - Answ in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein chromatin - Answ combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell nuclear matrix - Answ the nuclear skeleton, a shape-maintaining protein; serves to organize the chromosomes within the nucleus nucleolus - Answ small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of ribosomes begins endoplasmic reticulum - Answ a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids cisternae - Answ A space containing fluid, such as those occurring between the membranes of flattened sacs of the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, also between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope lumen - Answ The internal space of an organelle ER lumen - Answ the space inside the ER where proteins are folded, modified and prepared for transport to other locations in the cell or are tagged for export from the cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answ -covered with ribosomes Structure: A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell Function: sorting & synthesis of proteins; transportation system; attachment of carbohydrate to proteins and lipids glycosylation - Answ the attachment of carbohydrates to a protein or lipid, producing a glycoprotein or glycolipid smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answ -lacks ribosomes -Function: synthesis, modification of lipids, calcium balance, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism -the liver contains a lot of smooth er ex: alcoholics have an abundancy of smooth ER golgi apparatus - Answ stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum proteolysis - Answ the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds proteases - Answ an enzyme that cuts proteins into smaller polypeptides secretory vessicles - Answ Secrete substances outside the cell by exocytosis secretory pathway - Answ cellular pathway for synthesizing and sorting soluble and membrane proteins localized to the ER, Golgi and lysosomes; plasma membrane proteins; and proteins eventually secreted from the cell exocytosis - Answ the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out endocytosis - Answ process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

lysosomes - Answ Small organelles found in animals cells filled with enzymes; one function is to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food particles; may also break down old cell parts acid hydrolases - Answ Enzymes that degrade various macromolecules and that require an acidic pH to function properly. Acid hydrolases are found within the lysosomes of cells vacuole - Answ A fluid filled organelle that stores enzymes or water central vacuole - Answ in some protists and in most plant cells, a large, fluid-filled organelle that stores water, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials tonoplast - Answ membrane enclosing the central vacuole contractile vacuoles - Answ saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell phagocytic vacuoles - Answ a vacuole that functions in the degradation of food particles or bacteria peroxisomes - Answ Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals catalase - Answ Enzyme responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen glyoxysomes - Answ specialized peroxisomes found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds that have enzymes which convert fatty acids to sugars; used for energy until photosynthesis occurs to produce its own sugar membrane transport - Answ The movement of ions and molecules across biological membranes cell signaling - Answ the molecular mechanisms by which cells detect and respond to external stimuli and send messages to other cells

cell adhesion - Answ A role of the plasma membrane, critical for animal cells to properly interact to form a multicellular organism; allows cells to recognize each other mitochondrian - Answ organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated cristae - Answ an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that house the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP chloroplasts - Answ organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts- - Answ -both are surrounded by a double membrane -both make ATP -both have their own DNA and ribosomes -similar in size semiautonomous organelles - Answ Organelles that can grow and divide to reproduce themselves, but they are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal components ex: Mitochondria and chloroplasts A eukaryotic cell is a system with four interacting parts- - Answ 1. nucleus

2. endomembrane system
3. cytosol
4. semiautonomous organelles Endomembrane system is composed of- - Answ 1. network of membranes enclosing the nucleus
5. endoplasmic reticulum
6. golgi apparatus
7. lysosomes
8. vacuoles
9. plasma membrane plasma membrane - Answ function: membrane transport in and out of the cell

-selectively permeable -cell signaling using receptors -cell adhesion Increase in number via binary fission, or splitting in two- - Answ mitochondria & chloroplasts endosymbiosis - Answ a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another plastids - Answ a family of closely related plant organelles (includes chloroplasts) Pathways for protein sorting in a Eukaryotic cell- - Answ Rough ER-->Golgi Apparatus-->vesicles-->plasma membrane cytosol - Answ central coordinating region for many metabolic activities of Eukaryotic cells What is 9 +2 arrangement? - Answ In the cillia and flagella of most Eukaryotic organisms, the microtubules form- Microtubules and motor proteins facilitate movement involving cell appendages called- - Answ flagella and cillia Biological membranes - Answ a mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates phospholipid bilayer - Answ -framework of the biological membrane Composed of: plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside fluid-mosaic model - Answ exhibits properties that resemble a fluid because lipids and proteins can move relative to each other within the membrane Approximately ______ of all genes encode membrane proteins. - Answ 25%