Fundamentals of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics, Exams of Nursing

Download Fundamentals of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

MIS 301 SHAUL EXAM 1 SDSU questions

with verified solutions (6)

Descriptive Statistics - correct answer ✔✔The process of organizing and summarizing data Inferential Statistics: - correct answer ✔✔Using probability to determine how confident we can be that our conclusion is correct Probability - correct answer ✔✔tool used to study randomness Population - correct answer ✔✔collection of people or things Sample - correct answer ✔✔a portion of the population that is to be studied to gain information about the entire population Statistic - correct answer ✔✔a number that represents a certain property of the sample Parameter - correct answer ✔✔a number characteristic of the population that can be estimated by a statistic Qualitative Data - correct answer ✔✔data relating to attributes of the population that are characteristics (often called categorical data) Quantitative Data: - correct answer ✔✔deals with numerical values of the population (height, weight) Discrete data: - correct answer ✔✔the result of counting (whole numbers, ex: the number of phone calls you get in a day) Continuous data - correct answer ✔✔results of measurements (lengths, time)

Simple Random Sample - correct answer ✔✔any group of individuals has the same chance of being chosen for the test group (usually chosen through a computer) Stratified Sample: - correct answer ✔✔Divide the population into groups called strata based on characteristic and take the same amount of people from each strata Cluster Sample: - correct answer ✔✔divide the population into clusters and sample everyone from a single cluster Systematic Sample - correct answer ✔✔select a starting point and take every Nth person to be part of the sample Convenience Sampling - correct answer ✔✔using results based on convenience like interviewing customers Without Replacement: - correct answer ✔✔Someone may be chosen only once for a sample or survey (you don't replace someone after they have been chosen) With Replacement: - correct answer ✔✔Someone can be chosen multiple times because once they are done they go back into the population to perhaps be picked again Nominal Scale: - correct answer ✔✔qualitative (categorical) data only, not ordered/order doesn't matter or change anything of substance (care model, major) Ordinal Scale: - correct answer ✔✔qualitative, but order does matter and affects the outcome (top 5 national parks) the ranking scale is not equal to the attribute Interval Scale: - correct answer ✔✔has a definite ordering but there are differences among data, data can be measured but does not have a starting point, equal scale differences (calendar time, IQ scale) Ratio Scale: - correct answer ✔✔ratio data has a 0 point and ratios can be calculated (exam grade out of

100. equal scale distances

dependent variable - correct answer ✔✔The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. independent variable - correct answer ✔✔variable that is manipulated lurking variable - correct answer ✔✔a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable Benefits of Sampling - correct answer ✔✔Saving time and money Increase accuracy Increase practicality Reduce monotony Burdens of Sampling: - correct answer ✔✔Sampling bias Misuse of data security/privacy issues Reliability of the data training/understanding Ripple effect of taking a sample - correct answer ✔✔1. Samples affect the test type

2. Samples affect the power of a test
3. Samples affect the test form
4. Samples affect the confidence of an inference
5. Samples affect critical values Properties of Binomial Distributions: - correct answer ✔✔WITH REPLACEMENT Two possible outcomes:

• P = probability of success
• Q = probability of failure

Independent Trials Finite Number of Trials Bernelli Takes the shape of a normal distribution Properties of Geometric Distribution: - correct answer ✔✔Two possible outcomes (p and q) Independent trials Trials stop at the first success Theoretically, the geometric distribution is infinite (you keep going until you get success) Appears skewed Mean - correct answer ✔✔average is weighted same for both the sample and population is affected by outliers Median - correct answer ✔✔the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it not affected by the magnitude of the data not affected by outliers divides the distribution in half Mode - correct answer ✔✔the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution (the one that got the most votes in Nominal data) highest point on the graph you can have more than one mode Most appropriate measure for ordinal data - correct answer ✔✔median

Most appropriate measure for nominal data - correct answer ✔✔mode most appropriate measure for interval or ration level data - correct answer ✔✔mean range - correct answer ✔✔highest value - lowest value median equation - correct answer ✔✔.5(n + 1) In a normal distribution... - correct answer ✔✔the mean, median, and mode are all the same properties of Standard Deviation - correct answer ✔✔equal to or greater than 0 measure of average distance in the same scale as the original data influenced by outliers Properties of a Hypergeometric Distribution - correct answer ✔✔WITHOUT REPLACEMENT Finite population of two groups Sampling without replacement Trials are dependant Probability of success changes across trials Properties of the Normal Distribution - correct answer ✔✔Continuous (above 3 are discrete data) Symmetrical bell shape The Law of large numbers - correct answer ✔✔1. As the number of trials increases, the actual value is drawn towards the expected value

2. As the sample size increases the observed statistic value is drawn towards the true parameter. Undue influence: - correct answer ✔✔collecting data/asking questions in a way that influences responses

Non-response: - correct answer ✔✔collected responses may no longer be representative of the people Causality - correct answer ✔✔relationship between 2 variables doesn't mean once causes other to occur Self-interest studies - correct answer ✔✔study performed by person/organization in order to support claim Misleading use of data - correct answer ✔✔improperly displayed graphs, incomplete data, or lack of context Confounding - correct answer ✔✔effects of multiple factors on responses can't be separated