Fundamentals of Dog Training and Behavior, Exams of Nursing

Download Fundamentals of Dog Training and Behavior and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CPDT-KA EXAM 2023 Operant Conditioning - Skinner Answer - learned by association -works with VOLUNTARY behaviors - applying reinforcement or punishment AFTER the behavior Creator of this method considered a "reinforcer" something that made a behavior occur more frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it wasn't a reinforcement. Formula: Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence Classical Conditioning - Pavlov Answer - Learned association between 2 events: 1 event is neutral and 1 event elicits an unconditioned response. Works with INVOLUNTARY/automatic behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (like ringing a bell) BEFORE it. Learning Answer - a change in behavior that lasts for a long time Performance Answer - the doing of a behavior, doesn't mean that something was learned Discriminative Stimulus Answer - Your command Temporary Criteria Answer - the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing a command that is new to the dog Reward Based Training Answer - uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative punishment (removing something the dog likes - i.e. your attention) Primary Reinforcer Answer - food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Food activates parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, & result in training process being enjoyable Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer Answer - Clicker, saying "yes", . . . marks a behavior as rewardable and promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting, clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. ALL OF THESE ARE LEARNED THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. Tertiary Reinforcer Answer - cues the dog knows and enjoys doing. the doing is the reinforcer One of the most important points about reinforcement Answer - Do not feed or reinforce unwanted behaviors during training Shaping Answer - rewards dog for successive approximations of the behavior Luring Answer - lead the dog into the behavior by tempting with a treat Prompting Answer - Much like luring only the animal can't see the treat Chaining Answer - method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Doing this from the last step to the first step is usually the most efficient way - with the last behavior trained first, followed by a reward. Then teach the behavior that will preceed that one, etc, etc. Free Shaping Answer - No instruction, cues or input is given, except for the clicker. Stimulus Control Answer - how a dog responds to cue Under stimulus control Answer - when dog does not: 1. refuse to give behavior when cued to do so 2.give the behavior if not cued to do so 3.give the behavior for a different cue 4. give a different behavior on the cue Superstitious Behavior Answer - some irrelevant behavior that the dog performs along with the desired one thinking that it's required to earn the reward. Usually the result of an accidental reinforcement VSR Answer - Variable Schedules of Reinforcement - for fluency Differential Reinforcement Answer - A type of VSR where we look for the best examples of the behavior to reward & ignore other offers Limited Hold Answer - (VSR) Reward is available only for a certain length of time. It rewards the SPEED of response. Operant conditioning Answer - Majority of dog training is this type Habituation Answer - A decrease in the strength of a naturally elicited behavior that occurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. The reason for varying rewards Answer - Because dogs can habituate to rewards resulting in slower, less vigorous responses Sensitization Answer - reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly CER Conditioned Emotional Response Answer - i.e. dog rides in car, hears backfire, now associates ride in car with loud scary noises and doesn't want to ride in cars. Very resistant to extinction Adaptation Answer - Involves the physical process of training. Sometimes confused with habituation but has nothing to do with learning. It's the tiring of sensory neurons to perceive the stimulus. Innate behavior Answer - automatic behavior - i.e. nursing. Dog doesn't have to learn it. What percentage of chromosomes do dogs inherit from each parent Answer - Dogs inherit half their chromosomes from father and half from the mother Instinctive Drift (Breland Effect) Answer - Instincts, drives, and fixed action patterns might come back in spite of training Instinct/Drive Answer - motivation toward self-preservation, reproduction, food acquisition, or defense Critical Period where dog has greatest capacity to learn particular skills and responses Answer - 3 - 16 weeks of age Engrams Answer - specific neural pathways in the brain that store messages regarding movement/familiar motor actions so they become fluid RAS - Reticular Activating System Answer - Attention center of brain where activities in world outside are perceived, processed and acted upon. Also "tunes out" what isn't important - learned irrelevance. Jacobson's Organ Answer - Vomeronasal - scenting organ located in roof of mouth At what age are dogs capable of breeding? Answer - as early as 6 months How many times a year does female go into heat and for how long? Answer - Two times per year for 2 days to 20 days Limbic System and how training affects it. Answer - Involved with emotions such as fear. When this is active, cerebral cortex is inhibited. We over ride it by giving dog rewards for obeying. Cerebral Cortex Answer - cognitive functions such as learning & problem solving occur in this part of the brain. Opposition Reflex Answer - Thigmotaxis - if you pull one way, the dog's natural reflex is to pull the opposite way Social Hierarchy Answer - Is flexible, affected by variables such as context and physical state of the dog and those around him. Social relationships are established over time by numerous interactions. Dilated Pupils / eyes appear very black Answer - Eyes appear this way when dog is fearful or defensive Dog's lips retract vertically - only the front teeth are showing. (C shape mouth) Answer - The dog's mouth in an Offensive threat Dog's lips retract horizontally - you can usually see all the teeth, even the back ones. Answer - Dog's mouth when showing teeth defensively Baseline Posture Answer - Normal body posture for a dog. Tail down, head up, mouth relaxed, body not stiff. Ambivalence Answer - In conflict, unsure, may be confused. Dog's body language may show offensive and defensive positions. Displacement Behaviors Answer - Shows that the dog is unsure of himself and trying to hold it together. List of several displacement behaviors Answer - yawning, lip licking, scratching - out of context behaviors. Language of Dogs Answer - sight, sound, smell Critical Zone Answer - Dog's personal space dependent on environment and stress levels Calming Signals Answer - yawning, turning away, blinking, averting eyes, etc. produce pacifying effect on animal exhibiting them and possibly the animal they're signaling to. Greeting behavior Answer - mutual curving nose to tail, somewhat relaxed body and wagging tail. If dog is unsure, body will be stiff and high, wagging slowly Agonistic Answer - combative Options dogs use to resolve social or competitive disputes Answer - Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission The main trigger of threats and aggression Answer - Fear a reaction to a situation, not a personality trait Answer - Dominance Best neutralizer when you see a dog with conflicted emotions or threatening aggression Answer - Space. A secondary one is keeping the dog focused on a rewarding task. Social Faciliation Answer - Pack mentality. i.e. One dog becomes aggressive and others around him follow suit toward a particular dog. One dog gets a drink of water and many others do. etc. Predatory Drift Answer - dogs getting along fine and suddenly something causes heightened arousal, triggers limbic response, making one dog regard the other as prey Predatory Behavior Answer - Directed toward objects moving away - intent is to obtain food - has nothing to do with malice Level 1 Bite Answer - Air snap - no contact Level 2 Bite Answer - Skin not punctured, may be red mark or slight bruise Level 3 Bite Answer - 1 to 4 holes from single bite, puncture no deeper than 1/2 length of canine tooth Level 4 Bite Answer - 1to 4 holes from a single bite, deeper than 1/2 length of teeth, severe bruising, could be slashes in both directions Level 5 Bite Answer - Multiple level 4 bites Level 6 Bite Answer - Victim dies What level bites should be referred to dog bite specialist? Answer - Levels 3, 4, and 5 Percentage of bites that are level 1 through 3 Answer - 99% - when referring to dog bites Includes both Reward Based Training and Compulsive Training methods Answer - Operant Conditioning includes what types of training? CER - Conditioned Emotional Response Answer - dog rides in car, hears loud backfire and it scares him. Now he's afraid to ride in cars thinking he'll hear that scary noise. What kind of response is this? Thorndike Theory Answer - What is reinforced will occur more often and what is punished will occur less often. Punishment Answer - seems to increase the variability of the behavior. ABC's of Learning Answer - Antecedent - stimulus present in environment BEFORE the behavior Behavior - anything the dog does responding to that stimulus Consequence - anything that happens to the dog as a result of that behavior Antecedent Answer - Any stimulus present BEFORE the behavior occurs consequences Answer - This is what influences/drives the dog's behavior (R+) Answer - Positive Reinforcement - a reward is added (P-) Answer - Negative Punishment - a reward is subtracted (P+) Answer - an aversive is added (R-) Answer - an aversive is subtracted Socialization Stage Answer - 3 to 12 weeks - critical for socialization - lasting effect on future behaviors. Learning bite inhibition. Weaning process starts. First Fear Period Answer - 8 to 11 weeks. Shouldn't be exposed to scary events such as being shipped across the world or undergoing elective surgeries. Juvenile Period Answer - Permanent teeth come in, short attention span, heightened exciteability. Second Fear Stage Answer - 4 to 6 months of age CCPDT - Certification Counsel of Professional Dog Trainers Answer - Independent certifying body whose ethics and code must be followed as a certificant Humane Hierarchy Answer - A position statement and code of conduct to guide certificants in the dog training process and behavior modification 5 steps of Humane Hierarchy for modifying behavior Answer - 1. health, nutrition, physical factors 2. Antecedents - environmental mgmt to prevent behavior from occurring 3.Positive Reinforcement, Classical Conditioning 4. Live with or Manage the Behavior, Negative Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Consult Another Professional (not listed in order of pref) 5.Positive Punishment Dog Training & Behavior Intervention Practices Answer - Governs the practices in which a CCPDT certificant may not engage Behaviors suggesting the desire to increase distance Answer - Loud, deep barking/growling lunging piloerection stiffness hard stare snapping Behaviors suggesting the desire to decrease distance Answer - barking/whining lunging play bow full tail wag eyes soft body fluid 4 behavioral systems Answer - fear submission investigation play What age should dog start puppy class Answer - 8 weeks Targeting Answer - Applying an object the dog has already been taught to interact with Hookworms Answer - contracted from larvae on ground through skin or infected mother. Feed on blood in lining of small intestine. Symptoms: black, tarry feces, lethargy, anemia, pale gums. Zoonotic but don't inhabit human intestines. Migrate under skin and cause itchy, red rash that often goes away by itself. Parvovirus Answer - Can be deadly to puppies. Symptoms: Lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea Resting pulse rate of dog greater than 50 pounds Answer - 70 - 120 bpm Resting pulse rate of dog 25 to 50 pounds Answer - 80 - 120 bpm Resting pulse rate of dog 10 to 25 pounds Answer - 90 - 140 bpm Resting pulse rate of toy breeds Answer - 100 - 160 bpm whipworms Answer - Contracted from infected eggs. Worms live in dog's colon. Symptoms: Diarrhea with blood or mucus. Tapeworms Answer - Contracted by fleas. Symptoms: itchy bottom, scooting, white grains of rice around anus or in feces. Considered "reactive" traits in a dog Answer - Any behavior - fearful, aggressive, friendly - that goes beyond the behavior of a normal dog in frequency, duration, or intensity. 4 important considerations for reinforcement Answer - Timing Criteria Rate Value When it comes to criteria, what 3 things are most owners looking for? Answer - Physical Response - dog performs the cue Latency of Response - how fast he performs Duration of Response - how long he'll stay in position normal body temperature for a dog Answer - 100.2 to 102.8 Thomas Gordon's Active Listening Technique Answer - Repeating in your own words what the client has told you Another term for Secondary Reinforcer Answer - Conditioned Reinforcer Blocking Answer - Stimulus becomes irrelevant if it is presented together with an already familiar stimulus. i.e. trying to teach commands in another language after he already knows the command in English Continuous Reinforcement Answer - Behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. The Pros & Cons of Continuous Reinforcement Schedule Answer - Pros: increase in rate of behavior is rapid Cons: dog responds until he's satiated another name for secondary reinforcer Answer - Conditioned reinforcer Flehmen Response Answer - flicking the tongue in and out of the mouth to recieve olfactory info from their environment Red cones Answer - dogs are missing these in their eyes Puppies most commonly born with these types of worms Answer - roundworms and hookworms The Punishment statement that IS supported by the CPDT Answer - American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (AVSAB) Punishment statement What is the AVSAB position Statement on use of punishment? (in your own words) Answer - Punishment (like choke chains, pinch collars, etc.) should not be used in early treatment for behavior problems. Instead focus on reinforcing desired behaviors, removing reinforcers for poor behaviors, and addressing emotional and environmental conditions. What are the potential adverse effects of using punishment in training per the AVSAB? Answer - Inhibition of learning, increased fear-related and aggressive behaviors, and injury to animals and people interacting with animals. Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement Answer - 2 CATEGORIES of training that involves the use of aversives, force, coercion or physical corrections to modify behavior. They also fit the public's description of punishment. How does Negative Reinforcement work? Answer - the aversive should stop as soon as the animal starts to behave appropriately. AVSAB Answer - American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction? Answer - Variable schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to _______________________ These are types of which kind of reinforcement schedule? Random, Differential, Limited Hold, Jackpots Answer - Types of Variable Schedules of Reinforcement Blending Answer - A process by which people get along better by emphasizing the similarities between them.