Fundamentals of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Exams of Biology

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ASU BIO 340 Exam 1 with correct

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selective breeding (artificial selection) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the process of developing organisms with specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Amateur botanist who published an explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred to as the "father of genetics" modern genetics - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics bacterial transforming principle - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat- killed virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one. Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔biological researchers who identified DNA as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment. Hershey and Chase (1952) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Edwin Chargaff - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA). Frederick Griffith (1928) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically

genome - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the complete set of genetic information carried by a species vertical transmission - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔gene transmission between organisms without parental reproduction horizontal transmission - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔gene transmission from parents to their offspring through reproduction (aka person-to-person) DNA replication - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. transcription - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template mRNA (messenger RNA) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein hereditary material - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the information which is passed from one cellular generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans). Pauling and Corey (1951) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔biological researchers who provided the basis for research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic acid) Watson and Crick (1953) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of DNA nucleotide - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. genes - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

chromosomes - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. nucleoid - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. diploid - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n) haploid - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n) gametes - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes homologous chromosomes - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism Chargaff's Rule - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔A=T and C=G locus - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔position of a gene on a chromosome Meselson and Stahl (1958) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Bacterial cells were grown in a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N All the DNA incorporated 15N Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals central dogma - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

translation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain initiation of translation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG template strand - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule nontemplate strand - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The un-transcribed partner of the template strand of DNA used in transcription. RNA polymerase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template. polypeptide - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔long chain of amino acids that makes proteins amino acids - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔building blocks of proteins triplet codon - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for specific amino acid start codon - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein (AUG) stop codon - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA sequences. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔English naturalist who postulated a theory of evolution by natural selection. Alfred Wallace (1823-1913) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔"Father of Biogeography," was the first to propose that animal species have "geographies"

natural selection - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. descent with modification - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a random error in gene replication that leads to a change silent mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. missense mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid. nonsense mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. frameshift mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide insertion - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. deletion - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed. genetic drift - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

gene flow (migration) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔movement of alleles from one population to another nonrandom mating - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis point mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides. degeneracy - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔redundancy of the genetic code; that is, most amino acids are encoded by several codons conditional mutation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a mutation that results in a characteristic phenotype only under certain environmental conditions. assortative mating - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the type of mating that occurs when an organism selects a mating partner that resembles itself dissassortative mating - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔phenotypically different individuals mate, producing an excess of heterozygotes genetic variance - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population inbreeding - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔breeding from closely related people or animals, especially over many generations. analogy - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins (e.g. wings of a fly, moth and bird) homoplasy - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution

phylogenetic tree - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms cladistic approach - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a method for constructing a phylogenetic tree that is based on identifying the unique traits of each monophyletic group. clades - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, according to the principles of cladistics. monophyletic group - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a taxonomic grouping that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. ancestral characteristics - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent derived characteristics - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members maximum parsimony - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔"Occam's Razor" a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts. In Griffith's experiments, what made the harmless R cells grow capsules when exposed to heat-killed S cells? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔DNA In the Hershey-Chase experiment radioactive Sulfur was used to: - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔Be incorporated into the phage protein coat because some amino acids contain sulfur The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that: - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Radioactive phosphorus was found inside the cell

If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27 percent of adenine (A), what would be the percentage of cytosine (C)? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔23 percent Four nucleic acid samples are analyzed to determine the percentages of the nucleotides they contain. Which of the following DNA sample(s) could be double- stranded DNA? Sample 1: A(22%), G(28%), T(22%), U(0%), C(28%); Sample 2: A(30%), G(30%), T(0%), U(20%), C(20%); Sample 3: A(18%), G(32%), T(0%), U(18%), C(32%); Sample 4: A(29%), G(29%), T(21%), U(0%), C(21%) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Sample 1 Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________.

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔inside the nucleus, DNA A nucleotide is made of _______. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil Which of the following does cytosine pair with? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Guanine Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔double-stranded circular; double stranded linear How long would the peptide be that is translated from this mRNA sequence: 5'- AUGGGCUACCGA -3'? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔4 amino acids What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔DNA->RNA->Protein Where does transcription take place in human cells? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Nucleus

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔Cytoplasm Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'- ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3' - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3' In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Mutation and gene flow Mutation can be defined as the addition of genetic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of a population. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔True If an allele has a frequency of 1: - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔It is found in 100% of the population When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of a new pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Gene flow When closely related individuals mate with each other, or inbreed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individuals. Why? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes. Which statement about analogies is correct? a. They occur only as errors. b. They are synonymous with homologous traits. c. They are derived by similar environmental constraints. d. They are a form of mutation. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔C What do scientists use to apply cladistics? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔homologous traits What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade?

a. They all share the same basic characteristics. b. They evolved from a shared ancestor. c. They usually fall into the same classification taxa. d. They have identical phylogenies. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔B Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔to decipher accurate phylogenies Alternate forms of a gene are called _______. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔alleles Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______.

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔phenotype Why do your chromosomes come in pairs? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father. How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand. The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔phenotype In guinea pigs coat color is determined by a single gene with two alleles. A guinea pig from a true-breeding black strain is mated with a guinea pig from a true-breeding white strain. The F1 progeny are all black. Two of the F1 progeny are mated with each other. What proportion of the F2 progeny is expected to be white? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔1/ In guinea pigs coat color is determined by a single gene with two alleles. A guinea pig from a true- breeding black strain is mated with a guinea pig from a true-breeding white strain. The F1 progeny are all black. Two of the F1 progeny are mated with each other.What proportion of the black F2 progeny is expected to be homozygous?
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔1/

The presence of short hairs on leaves is controlled by dominant allele H. Plants with genotype hh have smooth leaves. Two parental plants with unknown genotype were crossed. What are the parental genotypes if F1= 32 Hairy and 11 smooth?

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Hh x Hh The presence of short hairs on leaves is controlled by dominant allele H. Plants with genotype hh have smooth leaves. Two parental plants with unknown genotype were crossed. What are the parental genotypes if F1= 0 Hairy and 24 smooth?
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔hh x hh Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a gene with two alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed. You have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip?
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔50% If a student randomly guesses at five multiple-choice questions during a BIO 340 exam, find the probability that the student gets exactly three correct. Each question has five possible choices. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔P= 0. What is the probability of having 4 girls in a row? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔1 in 16 In a cross between two heterozygous plants (Tt x Tt), what is the probability of a plant being homozygous given that it is tall? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔0. What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring? TTRrYy x TtRrYy -> TTrrYY - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔1/ John has alkaptonuria; it "runs in the family". John and his grandmother are both homozygous for alkaptonuria. John's grandmother has two brothers and a sister. One of the brothers had alkaptonuria and his daughter is John's mother. Based on this

information, John's parents are: - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Both heterozygous for the alkaptonuria gene. If John marries someone who is heterozygous for alkaptonuria, then which of the following statements is true? Remember alkaptonuria is a recessive disorder.

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔All of the children will inherit at least one copy of the alkaptonuria gene. Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔segregation Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔These genes are inherited independently of each other. A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔homozygous What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔AB, Ab, aB, ab How many different types of gametes could an organism with the genotype AABbCc produce? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔ 4 Genetic inheritance is being studied in a certain species of plant in which orange flower color (O) is dominant to white (o) and round leaf shape (S) is dominant to oval (s). A true-breeding orange-flowered, round-leaved male plant (Plant A) is mated with a true-breeding white-flowered, oval-leaved female plant (Plant B) to produce dihybrid offspring plant (Plant C). Assuming normal Mendelian genetics and independent inheritance of these two traits, which gametes might be produced by Plant C?
• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Both OS and oS probability - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔likelihood that a particular event will occur

experiment - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a planned operation carried out under controlled conditions event - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔any combination of outcomes Addition Rule of Probability - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Used to determine the probability that at least one of two mutually exclusive events will occur. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB) multiplication rule - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities. P(A,B)=P(A)P(B) Conditional Probability - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the probability of an event ( A ), given that another ( B ) has already occurred. Binomial Distribution - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The probability distribution of X with parameters n and p true-breeding - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate hybridization - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms parental generation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the adults used in the first experimental cross of a breeding experiment Mendel's Postulates - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔1) Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs in individual organisms.

2. One unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive.

3. During formation of gametes, the paired factors separate or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.
4. During gamete formation, segregation pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other. reciprocal cross - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a pair of crosses between a male of one strain and a female of another, and vice versa. dominant trait - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor recessive (masked) trait - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited phenotype - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔physical characteristics of an organism genotype - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. homozygous - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait heterozygous - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait Law of Dominance - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔For a gene that is expressed in a dominant and recessive pattern, homozygous dominant and heterozygous organisms will look identical and the recessive allele will only be observed in homozygous recessive individuals. Law of Segregation - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor.

law of independent assortment - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur. When fertilization occurs between two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic, the process is called a ________. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔monohybrid cross Punnett Square - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross test cross - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔a way to determine whether an organism that expressed a dominant trait was a heterozygote or a homozygote autosomal inheritance - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The inheritance patterns that occur when genes are located on autosomes rather than on sex chromosomes. autosomal dominant inheritance - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔inheritance of a dominant gene mutation on an autosome Autosomal Recessive Inheritance - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔two recessive alleles must be present for trait to be displayed cell cycle - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo to produce two new daughter cells G1 phase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions (little change is visible). S phase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. sister chromatids - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S phase

mitotic spindle - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis G2 phase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔stage of interphase in which the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation To make two daughter cells, the contents of the ______ and the ______ must be divided

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔nucleus and cytoplasm Mitosis - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides Prophase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus Prometaphase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. kinetochore - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. Metaphase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Anaphase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔chromosomes reach the opposite poles and begin to decondense. The mitotic spindles are broken down into monomers that will be used to assemble cytoskeleton components for each daughter cell. Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes.

Cytokinesis - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Division of the cytoplasm during cell division to form two separate daughter cells cleavage furrow - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate Daughter cells produced by mitosis _______. a. are genetically identical to the parent cell b. are only created in females c. divide the cytoplasm into four parts d. cause cancer - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔A Besides growth, what must happen before a cell divides? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔DNA replication The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two new cells is called?

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔cytokinesis Which of the following is the correct order of events in mitosis?

1. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate.
2. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides.
3. The kinetochore becomes attached to the cohesin proteins. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The kinetochore breaks down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides.
4. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔ 4

Meiosis - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms Recombination (crossing over) - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis Meiosis 1: Prophase 1 - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes as the nuclear envelope breaks up chiasmata - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred. crossing over - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Meiosis 1: Prometaphase 1 - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the attachment of the spindle fiber microtubules to the kinetochore proteins at the centromeres. Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1 - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔homologous chromosomes are arranged in the center of the cell with the kinetochores facing opposite poles. The homologous pairs orient themselves randomly at the equator. Meiosis 1: Anaphase 1 - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the microtubules pull the linked chromosomes apart. The sister chromatids remain tightly bound together at the centromere. The chiasmata are broken in anaphase I as the microtubules attached to the fused kinetochores pull the homologous chromosomes apart. Meiosis 1: Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔nuclear membranes form, the cell separates into 2 cells Meiosis II - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two

Meiosis produces ________ daughter cells. - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔four haploid If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔ 16 Which of the following events is unique to prophase I of meiosis? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔Pairing of homologous chromosomes. At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures?

• .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Chiasmata In which nuclear division process do sister chromatids segregate? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔In mitosis and meiosis II. SRY gene - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔the sex determining region of the Y chromosome in males. Encodes the testis-determining factor, which turns the primordial gonads into the testes hemizygous - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔The single set of genes that males acquire from their mother's X chromosome. A genetic occurrence when an organism has only 1 allele for a trait. In humans, males with only one X chromosome. Recessive X-linked trait - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔normal copy on one X chromosome masks the recessive disease allele on the other X chromosome carrier - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔A person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but does not express the trait. X-linked dominant - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔when an abnormal allele for a gene that occurs on the X chromosome is dominant over the normal allele

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔All offspring with red eyes. In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔All male offspring with white eyes. What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene. Congenital generalized hypertrichosis is an X-linked dominant disease. If an affected male marries an unaffected female, what is the probability of passing the hypertrichosis gene to his offspring? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊✔✔p=0.5, all daughters will be affected. Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the "X" chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia? - .......ANSWERS 🔷🖊 ✔✔50% of the boy children.