Fundamentals of Human Physiology and Immunology, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Fundamentals of Human Physiology and Immunology and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 1: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology | Review with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| A Grade - Rasmussen QUESTION Which ion is responsible for acid/base imbalance? Answer: Hydrogen QUESTION Which patient will be at higher risk of hypocalcemia? Answer: Patient with alcohol abuse QUESTION What is the term for the process of "cell eating"? Answer: Phagocytosis QUESTION What is the term for the process of "cell drinking"? Answer: Pinocytosis QUESTION What is the process where solutes move from high concentration to low concentration? Answer: Diffusion QUESTION What is the process where solutes are transported by "helper" carrier molecule? Answer: Facilitated Diffusion QUESTION If cells make protein-containing vesicles and expelling them to the outside it is called? Answer: Exocytosis QUESTION Which type of transport uses the sodium-potassium pump? Answer: Active Trans- port; uses ATP QUESTION Which type of solution will cause cell swelling? Answer: Hypotonic QUESTION Is carbon dioxide (CO2) an acidic or alkalotic byproduct of the cell? QUESTION Is fever a manifestation of local or systemic inflammation? Answer: Systemic QUESTION Proteins that are secreted by virus-infected cells? (Stops replication of the virus) Answer: Interpherons QUESTION What is our first barrier to any microbes? Answer: Skin & Mucous membranes QUESTION What autoimmune disease correlates with "butterfly rash"? Answer: Lupus QUESTION What autoimmune disease causes inflammation around the synovial mem- branes of the joints? Answer: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) QUESTION Patient's lab values show elevated neutrophil levels. What type of infection does this show? Answer: Bacterial Infections QUESTION Histamine is a ? Answer: Vasodilator; increases blood flow to certain area QUESTION Example of artificial active immunity? Answer: Vaccinations QUESTION Example of natural active immunity? Answer: When body is exposed to viral/bacterial infection and produces antibodies. QUESTION Example of artificial passive immunity? Answer: Infusion of immunoglobulins QUESTION Example of natural passive immunity? Answer: Breastfeeding, placenta QUESTION What type of cells are specialized and associated with the adaptive im- mune response? Answer: Lymphocytes QUESTION What type of cells are associated with innate immune response? Answer: - Macrophages QUESTION What are opportunistic infections? Answer: An infection that attacks a person with a weakened immune system. QUESTION A foreign body/agent that triggers the immune response? Answer: Antigen QUESTION Which electrolyte will be deficient if patient presents with Tetany, the Chvostek's sign, or Trousseau's sign? (Stored in bones!) Neuro, brain QUESTION Which system/organ is affected by potassium levels/changes? Answer: Cardiac, heart QUESTION Patient's potassium level is 1.5, what is a complication? Answer: Heart Arrhythmias; irregular heart beats QUESTION What can be a reason for Metabolic Alkalosis? Answer: Vomiting; reduces acid and raises pH in body. NOT RELATED TO LUNGS/RESPIRATORY QUESTION What is the movement of solutes/salts from low to high concentration using energy? Answer: Active Transport QUESTION Which type of IV solution can cause the fluid to shift from intracellular space, to extracellular space? Answer: Hypertonic QUESTION What is isotonic solution? Answer: The concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell. QUESTION What is the concentration of normal saline (isotonic)? Answer: 0.9% NaCl QUESTION Normal Range of Sodium (Na+)? Answer: 135-145 mEq/L QUESTION Normal Range of Potassium (K+)? Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L QUESTION Normal Range of Calcium (Ca++)? Answer: 4-5 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL) QUESTION Normal Range of Magnesium (Mg++)? Answer: 1.8-2.5 mEq/L QUESTION Normal Range of Phosphate (PO4^-3)? Answer: 2.5-4.5 mEq/L QUESTION Normal Range of Chloride (Cl-)? Answer: 98-108 mEq/L QUESTION Normal Range of pH? Answer: 7.35-7.45 QUESTION Normal Range of bicarbonate (HCO3)? Answer: 22-26 mEq/L QUESTION Normal Range of Carbon dioxide (CO2)? QUESTION Which type of immunoglobulin will be found in Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? Answer: IgE QUESTION Example of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? Answer: Peanut allergies, hives QUESTION Example of Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction (AKA Cytotoxic Hypersensitiv- ity Reaction) Answer: Hemolytic Disease of Newborn AKA Erythroblastosis fetalis; Mother's antibodies doesn't recognize fetus, begins to attack it. QUESTION Which lab test will be increased during inflammation? Answer: ESR QUESTION Example of Type 4 hypersensitive reaction (AKA Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction)? Answer: Poison Ivy & Mantoux Test (TB Test) QUESTION Which type of immunoglobulin will be found in Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction? Answer: IgG or IgM QUESTION Cell lysis occurs due to activation of and Answer: - Complement , Phagocytosis QUESTION Type 3 hypersensitivity (Immune complex-mediated) Answer: Circulating anti- gen-antibody complexes accumulate in tissue, triggering inflammation. QUESTION Example of Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction? Answer: Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis QUESTION When body is exposed to chronic stress, what do we exhibit? Answer: High BP, Rapid HR, High Blood Sugar, Depression QUESTION T/F Antibodies are considered adaptive immune response. Answer: True QUESTION Which cells are affected by HIV/AIDS? Answer: CD4 T helper cells QUESTION What is the difference between primary and secondary disease? Answer: Primary deals with genetic make-up. Secondary deals with anything other than genetic/from the body. (Medication, dis- ease caused by other underlying diseases) QUESTION What are the three stages in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? Answer: - Resistance, Alarm (epinephrine), Exhaustion QUESTION What is the function of T cells in cell mediated immunity? Answer: Attach to antigen, "marks/labels" it, and creates response for White Blood Cells. QUESTION QUESTION Shingles / Herpes Zoster are vesicles due to viral infections that follow (nerves). Answer: Dermatomes QUESTION In psoriasis, what type of cells are rapidly proliferating? Answer: Keratinocytes QUESTION If patient has a burn that is very superficial, what degree is that? Answer: 1st degree burn QUESTION How do hemangiomas look like on the skin? Answer: Looks like red papule, "straw- berry", formed by blood vessels. (Benign growth) QUESTION Types of bacteria most commonly seen causing skin infection? Answer: Strepp and Staph QUESTION Regarding lice causing pediculosis, what do they feed on? Answer: The host's blood, cannot live away from the host. QUESTION How do patients develop pressure ulcer/injury? Answer: Pressure on skin over bony prominence, due to immobility. QUESTION If patient is athletic and have problem with itching of the feet, what infection is this? Answer: Tinea QUESTION Decrease/little to no melanin in the skin and hair is known as? Answer: Albinism QUESTION What autoimmune disease that destroys melanocytes? (Causes patches in skin color) Answer: Vitiligo QUESTION If a patient has a burn that displays blisters, what degree is that? Answer: 2nd Degree Burn QUESTION When evaluating a skin lesion, what does ABCDE stand for? Answer: A- Asymme- try B- Border C- Color D- Diameter E- Evolution/Enlargement QUESTION Which areas of the skin are more at risk for skin cancer? Answer: Areas most exposed to the sun, mainly arms. QUESTION Newborn has bluish/grey patch on lower back. What is this called? Answer: Mon- golian Spots QUESTION Other than hair, skin and eye color, Albinism also affects? Answer: Vision; Optic nerve is affected. QUESTION If patient has skin lesions, cone-shaped papules, small and pink, due to pox virus infection, what is this called? Answer: builds QUESTION Osteoclasts bones. Answer: Destroy QUESTION What causes Osteoporosis? Answer: Imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. QUESTION What is it called when there is a concavity/curvature of the lumbar spine?- Answer: Lordosis QUESTION What is it called when the spine has lateral curvature? Answer: Scoliosis QUESTION What do we call an infection (inflammation) of the bone? Answer: Osteomyelitis QUESTION When a patient has history of fracture after surgery/ open fracture, and are complaining of shortness of breath, what are they at high risk for? Answer: Fat embolism QUESTION What is it called when there is an impairment in the blood supply due to edema under a cast? Answer: Compartment Syndrome QUESTION Patient with Compartment syndrome gets a cast removed, and the mus- cles are smaller, what is this called? Answer: Muscle Atrophy QUESTION If an adult patient has Vitamin D deficiency, what does this put them at risk for? Answer: Osteomalacia (Softening of bones) QUESTION If child patient has Vitamin D deficiency, what does this put them at risk for? Answer: Rickets (Softening of bones) QUESTION When two bones are separated by their joint, what is this called? Answer: Dislo- cation QUESTION When you have an anaerobic bacteria, it causes a gangrene. What is this gangrene called? Answer: Gas gangrene QUESTION A tear in the tendon (deals with muscles) is known as ? Answer: Strain QUESTION A tear in the ligament (deals with bones) is known as? Answer: Sprain QUESTION What happens in a herniated disc? Answer: Compression of discs; pain, weakness and impaired nerve conduction QUESTION Spiral Fractures Answer: Fracture that twists around the bone shaft, bone is still intact QUESTION Compression Fractures Answer: Fracture where bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces QUESTION Open or Compound Fractures Answer: Fractures where skin is broken, and bone fragments/edges may be angles and protrude outside of the skin QUESTION Pathologic Fractures Answer: Fractures resulting from a weakness in bone structure, secondary to conditions. Such as an osteoporosis patient falling. QUESTION Hematoma forms when Answer: Increased blood flow pools at the injury site. QUESTION What are the 5 P's of the Compartment Syndrome? Answer: Pain Pallor Paresthesia (Tingling/Prickling feeling) Paralysis Pulselessness QUESTION Which body system is affected by deformities in the spine? Answer: Respiratory System QUESTION T/F Systemic lupus is up to 9x more common in men. Answer: False; systemic lupus is up to 9x more common in women. QUESTION T/F Weight bearing exercises decrease pain in osteoarthritis patients. Answer: - False; Weight exercises increase pain in osteoarthritis patients QUESTION T/F Weight bearing exercises decrease pain in osteoporosis patients. Answer: - True; Weight exercises are encouraged in osteoporosis patients. QUESTION Osteoporosis is correlated with which type of spinal deformity? Answer: Kyphosis QUESTION What is Sciatica? Answer: Pain, weakness, and numbness that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve. (Lower back, hips, buttocks and down each leg) QUESTION What are the symptoms/signs of fluid excess? Answer: Edema, Bounding pulses, Tachycardia, Excess jugular extension QUESTION What are the symptoms/signs of fluid deficit? Answer: Thirsty, weight loss, lethar- gic, Tachycardia QUESTION What does the Renin-Angitensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) regulate?- Answer: Regulates blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption, water retention, and vascular tone. QUESTION Example of systemic alteration in homeostasis? Answer: Fever QUESTION What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum contain and what do they do? Answer: Ribo- somes, make proteins QUESTION Which electrolytes are found extracellular? Answer: Sodium & Chloride QUESTION Which electrolyte is being regulated by Aldosterone and the Kidneys? Answer: Sodi- um QUESTION Which organelle within cells contain genetic information? Answer: Nucleus QUESTION Which organelle within cells is responsible for sorting and packaging proteins? Answer: Golgi apparatus AKA Golgi Complex QUESTION Which organelles digest the fatigued organelles/material within the cell?- Answer: Lysosomes QUESTION Which structure in the cell is a semipermeable lipid bi-layer? Answer: Cell Mem- brane AKA Plasma Membrane QUESTION Which process involves 1 cell dividing into 2 genetically identical and equal daughter cells? Answer: Mitosis QUESTION Which type of tissue is made of tightly packed cells and acts as a barrier?- Answer: Epithelial Tissue QUESTION What term do we use when we talk about uncontrolled proliferation with loss/no differentiation? Answer: Anaplasia QUESTION What can be a cause of Edema? Answer: Hydrostatic Pressure QUESTION What actions may cause fluid volume deficits? Answer: Vomiting & Diarrhea