Fundamentals of Molecular Biology and Cell Structure, Exams of Nursing

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BIO 1610 SLCC Final Exam Questions and Answers What iimakes iisomething ii"living"? ii- iiAnswers ii--gas iiexchange -movement -interacts iiw iienvironment -can iireproduce -can iiadapt/grow/evolve 5 iiThemes iiin iiBook ii- iiAnswers ii--organiziation -information -matter&energy -evolution Taxonomy ii- iiAnswers ii-the iinaming iiand iiclassification iiof iiorganisms Species ii- iiAnswers ii-type iiof iiorganism Morphological iiSpecies iiConcept ii- iiAnswers ii-external iiform Biological iiSpecies iiConcept ii- iiAnswers ii-organisms iiwill iiinterbreed iiand iiproduce iinormal, iifertile iioffspring iithat iican iisurvive Systematics ii- iiAnswers ii-subfield iiin iibiology; iistudy iiof iievolutionary iirelationships Metabolism ii- iiAnswers ii-overall iiset iiof iichemical iireactions ii(or iienergy iiconversions) iithat iitake iiplace iiin iia iicell iior iiorganism Linnaeus ii- iiAnswers ii-person iiwho iicreated iiBinomial iiSystem How iito iidetermine iian iiorganisms iiname? ii- iiAnswers ii-underlined iior iiitalicized iiGenus, iispecies Hypothesis ii- iiAnswers ii-is iitested; iican iiaccept iior iireject Theory ii- iiAnswers ii-idea iithat iiis iibroadly iiexplanatory iiand iistudied iimany iitimes iiover iimany iiyears Atoms ii- iiAnswers ii-basic iibuilding iiblock iiof iimatter Elements ii- iiAnswers ii-cannot iibe iibroken iidown iiby iichemical iireactions Bohr iiModel ii- iiAnswers ii-inner, iimiddle, iiand iiouter iimost iishell iidiagram Protons ii- iiAnswers ii-(+), iiin iinucleus, ii1 iiAMU Electrons ii- iiAnswers ii-(-), iiin iiorbitals iior iishells, iimass iiis iinegligible Neutrons ii- iiAnswers ii-non-charged, iiin iinucleus, ii1 iiAMU Atomic iiNumber ii- iiAnswers ii-number iiof iiprotons iiin iinucleus Mass iiNumber ii- iiAnswers ii-# iiof iiprotons iiPLUS ii# iiof iineutrons Isotopes ii- iiAnswers ii-different iiforms iiof iian iielement iithat iidiffer iiby iithe iiMass iiNumber Ion ii- iiAnswers ii-a iicharged iiparticle iithat iiforms iiwhen iiatom iiGAINS iior iiLOSES iian iielectron Cation ii- iiAnswers ii-POSITIVELY iicharged iiion Anion ii- iiAnswers ii-NEGATIVELY iicharged iiion Ionic iiBond ii- iiAnswers ii-when iications iiand iianions iiattract iieach iiother Ionic iiCompounds ii- iiAnswers ii-compounds iiformed iiby iiIONIC iiBONDS; ii"salts" Covalent iiBond ii- iiAnswers ii-SHARING iiof iia iipair iiof iivalence iielectrons iiby iitwo iiatoms Molecule ii- iiAnswers ii-two iior iimore iiatoms iiheld iitogether iiby iiCOVALENT iiBONDS Single iiCovalent iiBonds ii- iiAnswers ii-ONE iipair iiof iielectrons iiare iishared Molecular iiFormula ii- iiAnswers ii-tells iius iithe iinumber iiof iithe iielement ii(H20, iiCH4, iiNH3) Double iiCovalent iiBond ii- iiAnswers ii-TWO iipairs iiof iielectrons iiare iishared Triple iiCovalent iiBond ii- iiAnswers ii-THREE iipairs iiof iielectrons iiare iishared Electronegativity ii- iiAnswers ii-the iiattraction iiof iia iiparticular iiatom iifor iielectrons iiof iia iiCOVALENT iibond ii(this iidiffers iifor iieach iielement) -used iito iibuild iicellular iimembranes -heads iiare iihydroPHILIC -tails iiare iihydroPHOBIC Steroids ii- iiAnswers ii--don't iicontain iifatty iiacids -4 iihydrocarbon iirings -examples: iicholesterol, iitestosterone, iiprogesterone Waxes ii- iiAnswers ii--nonpolar -hard iiat iiroom iitemp. -usually iiused iifor iiwaterproofing Carotenoids/Terpenoids ii- iiAnswers ii--many iitypes -examples: iiBeta-carotene, iilycopene Proteins ii- iiAnswers ii--macromolecules -polymers iiof iiamino iiacids -have iimany iipeptide iilinkages -polypeptides -very iiprecise -globular iishaped -many iifunctions -structurally iicomplex Amino iiAcids ii- iiAnswers ii--organic iimolecules iiincluding iian iiAMINO iigroup, iiCARBOXYL iigroup, iicarbon iiatom ii@ iicenter, iihydrogen iiatom, iiand iivariable iigroup ii(R) Denaturation ii- iiAnswers ii-changing iithe iishape iiof iia iiprotein ii(also iichanging iiits iifunction) Primary iiStructure ii- iiAnswers ii--amino iiacid iisequence iiof iia iipolypeptide/protein -maintained iiby iipeptide iilinkages -like iia iigrocery iilist Secondary iiStructure ii- iiAnswers ii--made iiby iithe iiregular iiCOILING/FOLDING iiof iipolypeptide/proteins iiinto iia iiAlpha iiHelix ii&/or iiBeta-pleated iisheet -maintained iiby iihydrogen iibonds Tertiary iiStructure ii- iiAnswers ii--produced iiby iithe iifolding iiof iiAlpha iiHelix/Beta-pleated iisheet iiinto iia iiglobular iiconfiguration -maintained iiby iivarious iibonds iisuch iias: iicovalent iibonds, iiionic iibonds, iihydrogen iibonds, iietc. Quaternary iiStructure ii- iiAnswers ii--produced iiby iijoining ii2 iior iimore iipolypeptides -maintained iiby iia iivariety iiof iiinteractions -functions iiinclude: iihormones, iirespiratory iipigments, iimembrane iistructure ii(transport iireceptors), iistorage, iitoxins, iicatalysts Enzymes ii- iiAnswers ii--lower iithe iiEa ii -take iireactions iito iia ii"transition iistate" -speed iiup iichemical iireactions iiwithout iibeing iiconsumed -control iimetabolism Nucleic iiAcids ii- iiAnswers ii--polymers iiof iinucleotides -macromolecules Nucleotides ii- iiAnswers ii-made iiof iiPentose iiSugar ii(DNA ii& iiRNA), iia iiPhosphate iiGroup, iiand iia iiNitrogenous iiBase Purines ii- iiAnswers ii-Adenine ii(A) ii& iiGuanine ii(G) Pyrimidines ii- iiAnswers ii-Cytosine ii(C), iiThymine ii(T), iiand iiUracil ii(U) DNA ii- iiAnswers ii--made iiof ii2 iipolynucleotides iiwound iiup iiimaginary iiaxis -forms iidouble iihelix -2 iisugar iiphosphate iibackbones -run iiin iiopposite ii5' iito ii3' iidirections ii(ANTIPARALLEL) -strands iiheld iitogether iiby iihydrogen iibonds iibetween iibases -LOCATED iiIN iiNUCLEOID -genetic iimolecule iiof iicell RNA ii- iiAnswers ii--made iiof iisingle iistrands -shape iidepends iion iitype ii(mRNA, iirRNA, iitRNA) -thymine ii(T) iiis iinot iipresent Common iiFeatures iiof iiALL iiCells ii- iiAnswers ii-plasma iimembrane, iicytoplasm, iicytosol, iiribosomes, iiDNA Prokaryotic iiCells ii- iiAnswers ii--small iiand iisimple -do iinot iicontain iiNucleus -Cell iiWall, iiPlasma iiMembrane, iiCytoplasm, iiCytosol, iiRibosomes, iiDNA, iiFlagellum Cell iiWall ii- iiAnswers ii--nonliving iilayer -Peptidoglycans ii(BACTERIA) -regulate iiwater iibalance iiand iiprovide iistructure Coccus ii- iiAnswers ii-spherical iishape iicommon iifor iibacteria iicell iiwall Bacillus ii- iiAnswers ii-rectangular iishape iicommon iifor iibacteria iicell iiwall Spirillum ii- iiAnswers ii-spiral iishape iicommon iifor iibacteria iicell iiwall Plasma iiMembrane ii- iiAnswers ii--bounds iithe iicytoplasm -phospholipid iibilayer -regulates iimovements iiof iisolutes iiin ii& iiout iiof iicell Cytoplasm ii- iiAnswers ii--living iistuff iiof iicell -site iiof iigeneral iimetabolism -includes iicytosol, iiribosomes, iiDNA Cytosol ii- iiAnswers ii-background iifluid iiof iicell Ribosomes ii- iiAnswers ii--tiny iisolid iiparticles iiformed iifrom iiproteins iiand iiRNA -contains iisubunits -site iiof iiTRANSLATION Flagellum ii- iiAnswers ii-threadlike iiextension iiof iicell iiused iito iigenerate iimovement iiwith ii"hook iiand iimotor" Eukaryotic iiCells ii- iiAnswers ii--large iiand iicomplex -DNA iiin iinucleus -complex iisystem iiof iiorganelles -complex iicytoskeleton Nucleus ii- iiAnswers ii--large iicompartment iiseparated iifrom iicytoplasm iiby iiNUCLEAR iiENVELOPE -control iicenter iiof iicell Nuclear iiEnvelope ii- iiAnswers ii--has ii2 iilayers iiof iimembrane iiperforated iiby iinuclear iiPORES -contains iimost iiof iicell's iiDNA -contains iilinear iistrands iicomplexed iiwith iiHISTONE iiPROTEIN ii(chromosome) Mitochondria ii- iiAnswers ii--large iiorganelles iibounded iiby ii2 iilayers iiof iimembrane -inner iimembrane iifolded iiinto iiCRISTAE -contains iiMatrix -site iiof iiATP iiformation iiby iiAerobic iiRespiration Matrix ii- iiAnswers ii--contains iismall iiloop iiof iiDNA ii(mtDNA) Plastids ii- iiAnswers ii--found iiin iiplants iiand iialgae -contain iiSTROMA -3 iimain iitypes: iichloroplasts, iichromoplasts, iiand iileucoplasts Chloroplasts ii- iiAnswers ii-contain iicomplex iimembrane iisystem iiconsisting iiof iiflattened iiSACS ii(Thykaloids) iiin iiSTACKS ii(Grana) iiand iiis iithe iisite iiof iiphotosynthesis Carrier iiProteins ii- iiAnswers ii-these iibind iiwith iisolutes iiand iichange iishape iito iirelease iisolute iito iithe iiother iiside iiof iimembrane Uniport iiCarrier ii- iiAnswers ii-moves iiONE iisolute iiin iiONE iidirection Antiport iiCarrier ii- iiAnswers ii-moves iiTWO iisolutes iiin iithe iiOPPOSITE iidirection ii(ex: iiSodium-Potassium iiPump) Symport ii- iiAnswers ii-moves iiTWO iisolutes iiin iithe iiSAME iidirection Primary iiActive iiTransport ii- iiAnswers ii-this iitype iiof iitransport iiuses iiATP iias iisource iiof iienergy Secondary iiActive iiTransport ii- iiAnswers ii-this iitype iiof iitransport iiuses iia iiconcentration iigradient iias iia iisource iiof iienergy Exocytosis ii- iiAnswers ii-materials iiare iireleased iifrom iithe iicell iiby iifusion iiof iivesicles iiwith iiplasma iimembrane Endocytosis ii- iiAnswers ii-materials iiare iibrought iiinto iicytoplasm iiwithin iivesicles iior iivacuoles ii(Phagocytosis iiand iiPinocytosis) Signal iiMolecule ii(Ligand) ii- iiAnswers ii-part iiof iicell iisignaling; iiorganic iimolecules iior iiinorganic iimolecules Reception ii- iiAnswers ii-part iiof iicell iisignaling; iican iibe iiion iichannel-linked, iienzyme- liked, iior iiG iiprotein-linked ii(Tyrosine ii& iiKinase) Signal iiTransduction ii- iiAnswers ii-part iiof iicell iisignaling iiinitiated iiby iibinding iiligand iiwith iireceptor iiand iichanging iiof iitransmembrane iiprotein ii(is iialso iia iipathway) Response ii- iiAnswers ii-part iiof iicell iisignaling iiresulting iiin iimodification iiof iienzyme iiactivity, iithe iicytoskeleton, iiand iithe iiaction iiof iitranscriptional iifactors Kinetic iiEnergy ii- iiAnswers ii-energy iiof iimotion Potential iiEnergy ii- iiAnswers ii-stored iienergy Thermodynamics ii- iiAnswers ii-Laws: iienergy iican iineither iibe iicreated iinor iidestroyed, iiwith iieach iienergy iiconversion iithe iiamount iiof iienergy iiavailable iito iido iiwork iidecreases Endergonic iiReaction ii- iiAnswers ii-energy iistoring Exergonic iiReaction ii- iiAnswers ii-energy iireleasing; iispontaneous Anabolic iiPathways ii- iiAnswers ii-pathway iiused iito iibuild iilarger, iimore iicomplex iimolecules iifrom iismaller, iisimpler iimolecules ii(ex: iisynthesis iipathways) Catabolic iiPathways ii- iiAnswers ii-pathway iimade iifrom iilarger, iimore iicomplex iimolecules iiinto iismaller, iisimpler iimolecules ii(ex: iidigestion, iicellular iirespiration) Induced iiFit iiModel ii- iiAnswers ii-model iiwhere iiactive iisite iihas iia iicertain iishape iithat iisubstrates iimay iiFIT iiinto Factors iithat iiinfluence iiEnzyme iiActivity ii- iiAnswers ii--Temperature -pH -Ionic iiCofactors -Coenzymes ii(FADH2, iiNADH, iiNADPH) -Prosthetic iiGroups -Enzyme iiInhibition Irreversible iiInhibition ii- iiAnswers ii-inhibitor iibinds iiwith iienzyme iiand iicannot iibe iidisplaced Reversible iiInhibition ii- iiAnswers ii-inhibitor iibinds iito iithe iienzyme iitemporarily iibut iiCAN iibe iidisplaced ii( iiCompetitive iiand iiNon-competitive) Competitive iiInhibition ii- iiAnswers ii-inhibitor iicompetes iiwith iisubstrates iifor iithe iiactive iisite Non-Competitive iiInhibition ii- iiAnswers ii-inhibitor iibinds iiaway iifrom iithe iiactive iisite, iichanging iithe iiconformation iiof iithe iienzyme Allosteric iiEnzymes ii- iiAnswers ii-large iiand iicomplex iienzymes iiwith iitwo iior iimore iidomains ii(Catalytic iiand iiRegulatory) iiused iito iicontrol iipathways Catalytic iiDomains ii- iiAnswers ii-these iidomains iiDO iihave iiactive iisites Regulatory iiDomains ii- iiAnswers ii-these iidomains iihave iisites iifor iibinding iinon iisubstrate iichemical iientities Aerobic iiGlucose iiDegradation ii- iiAnswers ii-*happens iiin iimitochondria* -Glycolysis -Transition iiReaction -Citric iiAcid iiCycle -Electron iiTransport ii& iiChemiosmosis Anaerobic iiGlucose iiDegradation ii- iiAnswers ii-*happens iiin iicytosol* -Glycolysis -Fermentation ii(Lactate iifor iianimals, iiEthanol iifor iiplants iiand iifungi) Redox iiReaction ii- iiAnswers ii-oxidation-reduction iireaction; iiOIL iiRIG Glycolysis ii- iiAnswers ii-glucose iiyields iiNADH, iiATP, iiPyruvate Fermentation ii- iiAnswers ii-Pyruvate iiand iiNADH iiyield iiLactate iiOR iiEthanol Substrate iiLevel iiPhosphorylation ii- iiAnswers ii-phosphate iiis iitransferred iito iiADP iito iiform iiATP iiby iiKINASE Oxidative iiPhosphorylation ii- iiAnswers ii-ATP iiis iiformed iiby iiChemiosmosis ii(ATP iiSYNTHASE) iipowered iiby iia iihydrogen iiconcentration iigradient iicreated iiby iiELECTRONTRANSPORT Transition iiReaction ii- iiAnswers ii-*happens iiin iithe iiMatrix* Pyruvate iiyields iiNAD, iiNADH, iiAcetate, iiand iiCO2 Citric iiAcid iiCycle ii- iiAnswers ii-*happens iiin iiMatrix* Acetate iiyield iiNAD, iiNADH, iiFADH2, iiFAD, iiADP, iiATP, iiand iiCO2 Electron iitransport ii& iiChemiosmosis ii- iiAnswers ii-*happens iiin iicristae* FADH2 iiand iiNAD iior iiFAD iiyield iiH2O, iiADP, iiand iiATP Dehydrogenase iiEnzymes ii- iiAnswers ii-these iienzymes iiremove iielectrons/hydrogen iiions iifrom iithe iisubstrate Photosynthesis ii- iiAnswers ii-light iienergy, iiH2O, iiand iiCO2 iiyield iiglucose iiand iiO2 Light iiDependent iiReactions ii- iiAnswers ii-these iireactions iitrap iilight iiby iiphotosynthetic iipigments iiand iilight iiis iiconverted iito iichemical iienergy ii(light iiand iiH2O iiyield iiNADP, iiNADPH, iiand iichemiosmosis) Light iiIndependent iiReactions ii- iiAnswers ii-these iireactions iiare iimade iiusing ii"carbon iifixing" ii(CO2, iiNADPH, iiNADP, iiand iienergy iiyield iiglucose) Primary iiPigment ii- iiAnswers ii-chlorophyll iiA Secondary iiPigments ii- iiAnswers ii-chlorophyll iiB, iicarotenoids, iiand iixanthophylls Antennae iiComplex ii- iiAnswers ii-mostly iichlorophyll iiA iiwith iisome iisecondary iipigments iiare iifound iihere Reaction iiCenter ii- iiAnswers ii-2 iispecialized iimolecules iiof iichlorophyll iiA iiare iifound iihere Photosystem iiI ii- iiAnswers ii-is iismaller iiwith iiP700 Hybrid iix iiMonohybrid ii(Aa iix iiAa) ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin ii3:1 iiratio Monohybrid iiTestcross ii(Aa iix iiaa) ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin ii1:1 iiratio Dihybrid iix iiDihybrid ii(AaBb iix iiAaBb) ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin ii9:3:3:1 iiratio Principle iiOf iiIndependent iiAssortment ii- iiAnswers ii-inheritance iiof iione iigene's iialleles iidoes iiNOT iiaffect iithe iiinheritance iiof iia iisecond iigene's iialleles Dihybrid iiTestcross ii(AaBb iix iiaabb) ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin ii1:1:1:1 iiratio Simple iiDominance ii- iiAnswers ii-dominant iiallele iidetermines iiPHENOTYPE iiand iirecessive iiallele iiis iinot iiexpressed Incomplete iiDominance ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin iiintermediate iiphenotype iisuch iias iipink iisnapdragons Codominance ii- iiAnswers ii-both iialleles iiare iifully iiexpressed Polygenic iiInheritance ii- iiAnswers ii-alleles iifor ii2+ iigenes iicombine iito iidetermine iithe iitrait iiin iian iiadditive iifashion ii(human iiheight) What iiseparates ii2 iistrands iiof iiDNA iiat iireplication iifork? ii- iiAnswers ii-Helicase What iiprevents iithe iistrands iifrom iireconnecting iiafter iiHelicase iiis iiused? ii- iiAnswers ii- Single-strand iiBinding iiProteins What iicuts iione iiof iithe iiDNA iistrands iito iirelieve iisupercoiling? ii- iiAnswers ii- Topoisomerase What iiforms iias iian iiRNA iiprimer? ii- iiAnswers ii-DNA iiPrimase What iiprimes iiDNA? ii- iiAnswers ii-RNA iiPrimer What iibinds iiwith iioriginal iistrand iiadjacent iito ii3' iiend iiof iian iiRNA iiPrimer? ii(also iiproofreads iiand iicorrects iimismatches) ii- iiAnswers ii-DNA iiPolymerase iiIII What iiremoves iithe iiRNA iiand iireplaces iiit iiwith iiDNA? ii- iiAnswers ii-DNA iiPolymerase iiI What iimakes iithe iilast iiphosphodiestes iilinkage iito iijoin iiOkazaki iifragments? ii- iiAnswers ii-DNA iiLigase What iirebuilds iithe iitelomere iiregion iion iithe iileading iistrand? ii- iiAnswers ii-Telomerase Transcription ii- iiAnswers ii-DNA iiacts iias iia iitemplate iifor iiformation iiof iicomplimentary iiand iiantiparallel iicopy iiof iiRNA Translation ii- iiAnswers ii-RNA iimolecules iiparticipate iiin iilining iiup iiand iijoining iiamino iiacids iito iiform iipolypeptides/proteins Structural iiGene ii- iiAnswers ii-portion iiof iiDNA iimolecule iicontaining iiinfo iifor iibuilding iipolypeptide Promoter iiRegion ii- iiAnswers ii-Transcription iibegins iihere Terminator iiSequence ii- iiAnswers ii-Transcription iiends iihere RNA iiPolymerase ii- iiAnswers ii-enzyme iiused iifor iiTranscription RNA iiTranscript ii- iiAnswers ii-this iibegins iiat ii5' iicap iiand iiends iiat iipoly iiA iitail Introns ii- iiAnswers ii-non-coding iisections iiof iiRNA Extrons ii- iiAnswers ii-these iisections iiare iispliced iiand iiencode iimatured iiRNA Alternative iiSplicing ii- iiAnswers ii-when iiIntrons iiand iiExterns iiare iispliced iitogether iiin iiEukaryotes Triplet iiCode ii- iiAnswers ii-3 iiDNA iinucleotide iibase iipairs iiare iirequired iito iicode iifor iieach iiamino iiacid mRNA ii- iiAnswers ii-the iicopy iiof iithe iigene iithat iiprovides iinucleotide iibase iisequence iiand iidictates iiamino iiacid iisequence iiduring iiTranslation rRNA ii- iiAnswers ii-made iiin iithe iiribosome iiduring iiTranslation tRNA ii- iiAnswers ii-binds iiwith iispecific iiamino iiacids iiand iimatches iithese iito iimRNA iicodons iiby iitriplets iicalled iiANTICODONS iiduring iiTranslation EPA iiSITES ii- iiAnswers ii-these iiare iilocated iiat iithe iibeginning iiand iiend iiof iimRNA iistrand iiin iiTranslation Release iiFactor ii- iiAnswers ii-the iiprotein iithat iisignals iithe iiend iiof iiTranslation Point iiMutations ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin iia iichange iiin iithe iinucleotide iibase iisequence iiof iia iisingle iigene Chromosomal iiMutations ii- iiAnswers ii-results iiin iia iichange iiof iithe iigene iisequence iiof iia iichromosome iiOR iichange iiin iithe iinumber iiof iichromosomes iiwithin iithe iicell ii(Polyploidy iior iiAneuploidy)