Fundamentals of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Exams of Nursing

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Bio 101 Final- Straighterline 120

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You are most likely to see hag fish, sperm whales, and viperfish inhabiting which of the following zones of the ocean? a. abyssal b. bathypelagic c. epipelagic d. mesopelagic - correct answer bathypelagic What was the first seed plant to appear? a. angiosperm b. bryophytes c. gymnosperm d. nonvascular plants - correct answer gymnosperm In a pedigree for an autosomal recessive disorder, which of the following will occur if two homozygous unaffected individuals mate? a. They will have affected offspring. b. They will have unaffected offspring. c. Cannot be determined based on the information given. d. There is a 25% chance they will have affected offspring. - correct answer They will have unaffected offspring. Both bacteria and archaea are which of the following types of organism?

a. eukaryotic b. prokaryotic c. nucleoplasmic d. multicellular - correct answer prokaryotic Which of the following accurately describes transcriptional control of gene expression in eukaryotes? a. Activators trigger sequences of DNA transcription factors to be expressed b. Dependent on interactions of mRNA sequences with ribosomes c. Promoters help transcription factors bind to RNA polymerases d. Transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to promoter sequences - correct answer Transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to promoter sequences Based on their chemical equations, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have which of the following relationships? a. equivalent reactions b. incomplete reactions c. opposite reactions d. unrelated reactions - correct answer opposite reactions Which of the following parts of a plant seed turns into the root system? a. cotyledon b. epicotyl c. hypocotyl d. radicle - correct answer radicle Which of the following equations is often used to show that an enzyme has formed a complex with its substrate? Select one: a. enzyme + product ⇒ substrate + enzyme ⇒ enzyme-substrate complex b. enzyme + substrate ⇒ product + enzyme ⇒ enzyme-substrate complex c. product + enzyme ⇒ enzyme-substrate complex ⇒ substrate + product

d. substrate + enzyme ⇒ enzyme-substrate complex ⇒ enzyme + product - correct answer d. substrate

• enzyme ⇒ enzyme-substrate complex ⇒ enzyme + product What type of muscle cell has branching, striated cells, each containing a single nucleus? a. cardiac muscle b. rough muscle c. skeletal muscle d. smooth muscle - correct answer cardiac muscle Which of the following cell structures is associated with cellular respiration? a. Golgi apparatus b. lysomes c. mitochondria d. vacuoles - correct answer mitochondria Male peacocks having more ornate plumage than their female counterparts is an example of which of the following features of ecological behavior? a. monogamy b. sexual dimorphism c. sexual selection d. territoriality - correct answer sexual dimorphism Which organic molecule is composed of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an R group? A. carbohydrate B. phospholipid C. amino acid D. nucleotide - correct answer amino acid Which step of the photosynthesis pathway produces a carbohydrate from CO2 in the atmosphere?

A. the light reactions B. ATP production C. the Calvin cycle D. the C4 pathway - correct answer the Calvin cycle Which step of the cellular respiration pathway produces 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 6 H+, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP? A. Glycolysis B. Fermentation C. Citric Acid Cycle D. Electron Transport Chain - correct answer Citric Acid Cycle Which membranous organelle, present in both animal and plant cells, is primarily used for storage? A. the vacuole B. the Golgi apparatus C. the lysosome D. the mitochondrion - correct answer the vacuole Plants are capable of growth throughout their entire lifespan because of specialized tissue known as the A. petiole B. cotyledon C. xylem D. meristem - correct answer meristem Which group of hominids had an appearance similar to modern man and hunted cooperatively using advanced stone tools? A. Homo habilis B. Homo floresiensis C. Cro-Magnons D. Neandertals - correct answer Cro-Magnons

To bypass the pulmonary circulation in the fetal heart, much of the blood entering the right atrium is shunted directly to the left atrium through the A. foramen ovale. B. vernix caseosa. C. fontanel. D. umbilical cord. - correct answer foramen ovale The phenomenon that occurs when two alleles of the same gene are expressed equally in a heterozygote is called A. incomplete dominance. B. polygenic inheritance. C. codominance. D. dihybrid - correct answer codominance Which members of an ecosystem occupy the first trophic level of a food web? A. Autotrophs B. Herbivores C. Omnivores D. Carnivores - correct answer Autotrophs Which form of symbiosis resembles the predator-prey relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is harmed? A. Mimicry B. Parasitism C. Commensalism D. Mutualism - correct answer Parasitism Behavior that may reduce an individual's lifetime reproductive success, but benefit one of their relatives is referred to as

A. operant conditioning B. imprinting C. altruism. D. territoriality. - correct answer altruism Which agent of evolutionary change occurs when a population's allele frequency is altered due to chance? A. genetic drift B. gene flow C. nonrandom mating D. natural selection - correct answer genetic drift Which region of the biome chart below represents temperate deciduous forests? - correct answer A A physician specializes in surgery involving the following group of organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines. Overall, this physician is specialized at which level of organization? a. cell b. tissue c. organ d. organ system e. organism - correct answer organ system Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order? a. hypothesis, observation, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory b. conclusion, hypothesis, observation, experiment, scientific theory c. observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory d. observation, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion, scientific theory e. scientific theory, conclusion, hypothesis, experiment, observation - correct answer c. observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory Which statement regarding the scientific method is false?

a. Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis. b. Observations are used to form a hypothesis. c. Experiments need to be repeatable. d. Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. e. The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable. - correct answer Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. Which of these classification categories contains the closest related organisms? a. domain b. genus c. family d. phylum e. kingdom - correct answer genus Organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. This is an example of which characteristic of life? a. Living things grow and develop. b. Living things respond to stimuli. c. Living things maintain themselves by homeostasis. d. Living things have levels of hierarchical organization. e. Living things are adapted to the environment. - correct answer Living things have levels of hierarchical organization. When comparing energy and chemicals in an ecosystem, a. both chemicals and energy cycle over and over again. b. chemicals cycle over and over again but energy flows through once. c. both chemicals and energy flow through once. d. energy cycles over and over again but chemicals flow through once. e. neither cycle nor flow but both are simply present. - correct answer chemicals cycle over and over again but energy flows through once.

Which statement regarding the scientific method is false? a. A theory that has been repeatedly supported is sometimes called a law. b. Consistent observations about a hypothesis may lead to a theory. c. Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory. d. Only one experimental variable is used in a controlled experiment. e. Published research should provide enough detail to allow anyone to repeat the experiment in the same manner. - correct answer Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning used to form a hypothesis? a. Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi. b. All fungi absorb their food; if mushroom are fungi; then the mushroom absorbs its food. c. A mushroom is classified in the kingdom Fungi of the domain Eukarya. d. This cell from a mushroom has a nucleus. e. Fungi are not capable of photosynthesis. - correct answer Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi. Which of the following is one of the domains of life? a. Animalia b. Eukarya c. Molds d. Protista e. Fungi - correct answer Eukarya When you are overheated, you perspire, and when you are too cold, you shiver to generate heat. Which property of life is best represented by this example? a. homeostasis b. development

c. behavior d. organization e. adaptation - correct answer homeostasis The layer where organisms can exist on the surface of the earth is the a. biosphere. b. ecosystem. c. population. d. homeostasis. e. community. - correct answer biosphere Which domains contain organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus? a. Archaea & Bacteria b. Archaea & Eukarya c. Bacteria & Eukarya d. Eukarya & Animalia e. Archaea & Animalia - correct answer Archaea & Bacteria The term "biodiversity" refers to a. a study of ecosystems without consideration of the living organisms. b. the similarities between species. c. the rate of extinction of species due to human activities. d. the total number of species, variation of species and the ecosystems in which they live. e. the study of food chains within an ecosystem. - correct answer the total number of species, variation of species and the ecosystems in which they live. If a new anti-cancer drug is found effective in initial tests with mice, what do researchers conclude? a. If the drug was effective in a large number of mice, it will therefore be effective in humans.

b. If the drug was effective in a small proportion of mice, it will be effective in a small proportion of humans. c. The mice have provided a positive control in this experiment that proves the drug is effective in humans. d. The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans. e. The effect of the drug on mice has no bearing on the effect of the drug on humans. - correct answer The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans. Using technology in the field of agriculture has enabled farmers to feed a growing human population. True False - correct answer True The common name for "cat" in Spanish is "gato" and in Chinese is "mao." Which of the following statements pertaining to the use of scientific names instead of common names is false? a. Common names may include different sets of organisms. b. Scientific names can be known and recognized by all scientists throughout the world. c. To recognize an organism in the literature by its common name, a scientist would have to know multiple languages. d. The scientific name begins to tie the organism into related groups. e. The common name clearly identifies an organism as unique. - correct answer The common name clearly identifies an organism as unique. What is the correct format for the binomial name of human beings? a. Homo Sapiens b. homo Sapiens c. homo sapiens d. Homo sapiens e. Sapiens homo - correct answer Homo sapiens The smallest unit that has all of the characteristics of life is the a. cell.

b. tissue. c. organ. d. organ system. e. organism. - correct answer cell Technology is the _________________________. a. application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose. b. study of living organisms. c. study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment. d. application of common knowledge for a practical purpose. e. application of laws to benefit society. - correct answer application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose. All the banded sunfish () in a pond would comprise a(n) a. population. b. ecosystem. c. community. d. biosphere. e. species. - correct answer population A piece of petrified wood was once part of a living organism, but its tissues have been replaced by minerals and it no longer exhibits most properties of life, except for a. organization. b. homeostasis. c. growth and reproduction. d. response to stimuli. e. metabolism. - correct answer organization Which of the following is of least importance when concerning the preservation of ecosystems?

a. Ecosystem preservation maintains the status of species in their current state. b. Many different organisms perform services that ensure our continued existence. c. Humans derive medicines, food and many important materials from functioning ecosystems. d. Preservation of ecosystems allows humans to exploit as many resources as possible. e. It is estimated that possibly 400 species become extinct each day due to activities of humans. - correct answer Preservation of ecosystems allows humans to exploit as many resources as possible. Which statement regarding the scientific method is false? a. Experimental results are reported in scientific journals. b. Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false. c. The control is not subjected to the experimental variable. d. Statistical tests may be used to analyze experimental results. e. Experimental results are often summarized in a graph or table. - correct answer Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false. Which sequence of classification categories is in the proper order from least to most inclusive? a. genus, class, kingdom, domain, order, phylum, species, family b. domain, class, genus, family, species, order, phylum, kingdom c. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain d. genus, species, order, class, family, kingdom, domain, phylum e. species, genus, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom, domain - correct answer species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain A possible explanation for a natural event, based on observations and past knowledge, is a a. hypothesis. b. phenomenon. c. control. d. variable. e. theory. - correct answer hypothesis

In the Calvin cycle, the 3-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after carbon dioxide fixation occurs is a. PS I. b. glucose. c. 3PG. d. G3P. e. RuBP. - correct answer 3PG Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy? a. pigments b. nucleus c. chloroplasts d. glucose e. NAD+ - correct answer pigments Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration? a. carbon dioxide b. water c. glucose d. ATP e. energy - correct answer glucose Hydrogen bonding produces which following property of water? a. Boiling at a lower temperature than expected. b. Water is less dense as ice than as liquid water. c. Water absorbs heat with a large change in temperature. d. Water releases heat with a large change in temperature.

e. Water can be more dense as ice than as liquid water. - correct answer Water is less dense as ice than as liquid water Why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+? a. FADH only contains 1 electron. b. FADH only contains 1 hydrogen ion. c. FADH drops its electrons off lower on the electron transport chain. d. FADH drops its electrons off higher on the electron transport chain. e. FADH drops its electrons off to oxygen. - correct answer FADH drops its electrons off lower on the electron transport chain. The proposed cause of CJD and kuru in humans, mad cow disease, and scrapie in sheep is a change in a brain protein. Disease victims appear to have a protein that should normally contain alpha helices but instead they have changed into a protein made of beta pleated sheets. The disease appears to spread when the abnormal protein comes into contact with the normal protein, causing it to become deformed. Which level of protein structure is associated with these diseases? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary e. molecular - correct answer secondary The most efficient method to produce ATP in animal cells is by glycolysis. Select one: True

False - correct answer False Which of the following molecules is NOT a compound? a. H2O b. HCl c. H d. C6H12O e. NaOH - correct answer H Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and photosynthesis? a. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells. b. Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis. c. Both processes produce oxygen. d. Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles. e. One or more electron carriers are used in both processes. - correct answer Both processes produce oxygen Aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid and can therefore pose a problem to people who have ulcers. Bufferin uses a buffer to neutralize this effect by a. substituting another ingredient for the acetyl salicylic acid. b. adding a drug to stimulate the immune system. c. adding salts to neutralize the acid. d. adding an equal amount of hydroxide (OH-) ions. e. adding chemicals that take up excess hydrogen (H+) ions. - correct answer adding chemicals that take up excess hydrogen (H+) ions. Since pure water is neutral, it contains a. no hydrogen ions (H+). b. no hydroxide ions (OH-). c. neither hydrogen ions (H+) nor hydroxide ions (OH-).

d. an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). e. seven times more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-). - correct answer an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). A forest contains vegetation that is in constant battle with the many insect caterpillars that eat the vegetation. Which of the following strategies would not be a driving force in this evolutionary battle? a. Plants are selected that evolve strong chemicals (plant alkaloids) that are toxic to the caterpillar and for which the caterpillars lack digestive enzymes. b. Caterpillars are selected that evolve new enzymes to digest or detoxify the plant alkaloids. c. Plants are selected that evolve chemicals that slow down or inhibit the digestive enzymes in the caterpillars so that ingested leaf material passes through before much nutrition can be gained. d. The caterpillars are selected that eat the least leaf material. e. Caterpillars are selected that evolve enzymes to breakdown the chemicals that interrupt their digestive enzymes. - correct answer The caterpillars are selected that eat the least leaf material. Whether or not an enzyme is active and present within a cell depends on all of the following except Select one: a. if the gene for the enzyme has been turned on and the enzyme made. b. if the enzyme has been activated or inactivated by the addition of a phosphate group. c. whether an inhibitor is bound to the enzyme. d. whether the necessary cofactor is present. e. whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction. - correct answer whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics and entropy? a. The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing. b. To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required. c. Living cells without energy would become less organized. d. While the total amount of energy in a system is unchanged, energy lost as heat is no longer useful to the cell in doing work. e. Carbon dioxide and water form glucose without the input of energy. - correct answer Carbon dioxide and water form glucose without the input of energy.

An acetyl group contains how many carbons? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. six - correct answer two Which nutrient source is the easiest one for humans to breakdown and form ATP? Select one: a. glucose b. protein c. cellulose d. phospholipids e. chitin - correct answer glucose In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur? Select one: a. root b. stem c. leaf d. petiole e. bark - correct answer leaf What is the equation for photosynthesis? a. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy b. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O c. Energy + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O d. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O e. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O + energy - correct answer d. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O

NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. Select one: True False - correct answer True ATP can be broken down into a. ADP. b. ADP plus phosphate. c. ADP plus phosphate plus energy. d. pyruvate. e. lactate. - correct answer ADP plus phosphate plus energy. Which of the following types of lipid is the most abundant constituent of cell membranes? a. cholesterol b. phospholipid c. triglyceride d. neutral fat e. fat - correct answer phospholipid What will cycle the energized electrons from the reaction center of PS I back to the reaction center in PS I? a. noncyclic electron pathway b. cyclic electron pathway c. CO fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions d. citric acid cycle e. CO reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions - correct answer cyclic electron pathway

Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. During cellular respiration, carbohydrate energy is converted into ATP. b. During cellular respiration, mitochondria release carbon dioxide. c. During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to form carbohydrates. d. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used. e. During photosynthesis, oxygen is used. - correct answer During photosynthesis, oxygen is used. The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule. Select one: True False - correct answer False If an enzymatic reaction was controlled by feedback inhibition, we would expect it to stop a. only if the substrate was exhausted. b. when the cofactors are exhausted. c. when the product changed the pH. d. as soon as a critical level of end product builds up. e. only if a metabolic poison is added. - correct answer as soon as a critical level of end product builds up. Which is NOT a correct association? a. S stage-DNA synthesis b. M stage-mitosis and cytokinesis c. interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle d. G stage-cell grows in size and cell organelles increase in number e. G

stage-metabolic preparation for mitosis - correct answer interphase-shortest stage of the cell cycle What will happen to the protein solution of side A in Figure 4.1? a. It will become less concentrated since protein will move from A to B. b. It will become more concentrated since water passes from B to A. c. It will become more concentrated since water passes from A to B. d. It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A. e. It will become more concentrated since protein will move from B to A. - correct answer d. It will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A. The only haploid stage in the animal life cycle is the gamete. True False - correct answer True An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell a. is greater than inside the cell. b. is less than inside the cell. c. is the same as inside the cell. d. has no effect on the cell. e. is greater than outside the cell. - correct answer is the same as inside the cell. Which intercellular junction allows for the rapid movement of small molecules or ions to flow from one animal cell to the next? a. gap junctions b. tight junctions c. adhesion junctions d. desmosomes e. plasmodesmata - correct answer gap junctions When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,

a. they both disappear. b. they both return to the Golgi apparatus. c. protein synthesis begins. d. division begins. e. its contents are digested. - correct answer its contents are digested According to cell theory a. all organisms are composed of tissues. b. the smallest unit of life is a nucleus. c. animals but not plants are composed of cells. d. a multicellular organism is composed of many cells. e. new cells arise only from preexisting cells. - correct answer new cells arise only from preexisting cells. Since all organisms carry on cellular respiration, all living cells must contain mitochondria. True False - correct answer False A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be? a. eukaryotic, animal b. eukaryotic, plant c. eukaryotic, fungi d. prokaryotic, archaea e. prokaryotic, bacteria - correct answer prokaryotic, archaea Proteins do NOT pass through cell membranes because a. the membrane is made of protein.

b. they contain nitrogen. c. they are very large molecules. d. they cause emulsification. e. they cause digestion of the cell. - correct answer they are very large molecules. Meiosis results in a change in chromosome number indicated by a. 2n to 2n. b. 2n to n. c. n to 2n. d. n to n. e. 2n to 2n in diploid organisms, n to n in haploid. - correct answer b. 2n to n. In some plants, the haploid stage is the dominant stage while in humans, the diploid stage is the dominant stage. True False - correct answer True The formation of sperm gametes is termed a. oogenesis. b. homologous formation. c. spermatogenesis. d. binary fission. e. mitosis. - correct answer spermatogenesis. The chromatids are held together at a region called the centromere. True False - correct answer True Cellular respiration is best associated with the

a. Golgi apparatus. b. ribosome. c. mitochondrion. d. chloroplast. e. microtubule. - correct answer mitochondrion. Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is this cell in? a. M phase b. S phase c. G1 phase d. G2 phase e. cytokinesis - correct answer G2 phase Microtubules found in spindle fibers are capable of assembling and disassembling. True False - correct answer True If a particular molecule is brought into the cell by receptor-medicated endocytosis, then changing the receptors will change the molecule that is being transported. True False - correct answer True The "powerhouse" of the cell is the a. chloroplast. b. mitochondria. c. Golgi apparatus. d. ribosome. e. centriole. - correct answer mitochondria.

The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells. a. chloroplast b. lysosomes c. peroxisomes d. vacuole e. mitochondria - correct answer vacuole Synapsis occurs during what stage of meiosis? Select one: a. anaphase I b. telophase II c. metaphase II d. prophase I e. anaphase II - correct answer prophase I Which components of a cell membrane are used for cell-to-cell recognition? a. phospholipids b. proteins c. glycolipids d. glycoproteins e. cholesterol molecules - correct answer glycoproteins If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to a. form a spindle apparatus. b. synthesize proteins. c. respire. d. hydrolyze fat. e. form a Golgi vesicle. - correct answer synthesize proteins.

Macrophages, a type of white blood cells, are able to remove bacteria from our bloodstream and tissues by a. passive transport. b. facilitated diffusion. c. osmosis. d. pinocytosis. e. phagocytosis. - correct answer phagocytosis. A semipermeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of potassium is suspended in a beaker of distilled water. What will happen? a. The potassium will leave and the water will enter until both sides reach equal concentrations. b. Water will enter the sac and it will swell. c. Because the potassium cannot leave, the water cannot enter. d. We cannot determine the outcome unless we know the tonicity of the solutions. e. The potassium will leave the sac and it will shrink. - correct answer Water will enter the sac and it will swell. Certain individuals with a Y chromosome develop into females because testosterone is not able to induce the formation of male sexual characteristics. This is most likely due to a defect in a. the signaling molecule b. the receptor c. the transduction pathway d. the target protein e. the Y chromosome - correct answer the receptor The genome of Homo sapiens and Mus musculus are approximately the same size and composed of the same number of genes. True False - correct answer False