Fundamentals of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Exams of Nursing

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BIOLOGY C FINAL EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100%

ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. - Answer ✔✔species Evolutionary relationships among organisms - Answer ✔✔phylogeny A diagram that is based on patterns of shared, shared traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms - Answer ✔✔cladogram A genetically controlled trait that increases an individual's fitness. - Answer ✔✔Adaptation Variations of a given gene - Answer ✔✔Alleles The percentage of an allele in a gene pool - Answer ✔✔Allele Frequency Slow change in allele frequency of a species or population over time. (Change of species over time) - Answer ✔✔Biological Evolution The probability that an individual will contribute its genes to the next generation - Answer ✔✔Fitness

All of the genes of all of the individuals in a population. - Answer ✔✔Gene pools The theory of evolution stating that species change over time and that this change occurs through the use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired traits. - Answer ✔✔Lamarckism Random changes in the sequence of the DNA in a gene - Answer ✔✔Mutation The theory holding that competition exists within species, determining which species live to have offspring and pass their traits on to those offspring - Answer ✔✔Natural Selection A group of genetically similar individuals that live in the same area and usually interbreed. - Answer ✔✔Populations A method of determining the age of a fossil by measuring the amount of a specific radioactive isotope it contains. - Answer ✔✔Radioactive Dating The emergence of a new species - Answer ✔✔Speciation Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population - Answer ✔✔Variation

A structure reduced in size and function (appendix, thigh bones in whales, wisdom teeth) - Answer ✔✔Vestigial Structure Structures that are similar in anatomical structure, but that have different functions. (Human arm, Dolphin Flipper, Bat Wing) - Answer ✔✔Homologous Structures Structures that are completely different anatomically but have the same function. (Bird Wing vs. Butterfly Wing). These are NOT evidence of evolution. - Answer ✔✔Analogous Structures A remnant or trace of an organism of a past geologic age, such as a skeleton or leaf imprint, embedded and preserved in the earth's crust. - Answer ✔✔Fossil Natural Selection - Answer ✔✔What must occur within a population in order for evolution to occur? It is incomplete! - Answer ✔✔What is one thing we know for sure about the fossil record? Naturalist who came to a similar conclusion as Darwin that natural selection could explain the origin of species, biological diversity, and similarities among related life forms; His work helped encourage Darwin to publish his book. - Answer ✔✔Alfred Wallace

Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics. - Answer ✔✔antibiotic resistance Change over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. - Answer ✔✔Evolution Several species of finch's evolved to have different beak shapes to occupy a specific niche on the Galapagos islands. - Answer ✔✔Darwin's finches organisms produce more offspring than can survive - Answer ✔✔Overproduction formed by CARBON and hydrogen atoms; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - Answer ✔✔organic compounds energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; fatty acids - Answer ✔✔lipids nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; Enzymes are an example of this compound - Answer ✔✔proteins basic unit of carbohydrates that contain only 1 sugar molecule (glucose)

• Answer ✔✔monosaccharides

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

• Answer ✔✔monomer many monomers that are linked together - Answer ✔✔polymer very large molecules found in cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - Answer ✔✔Macromolecules nucleic acid used for protein synthesis; single-stranded - Answer ✔✔RNA nucleic acid used for protein synthesis, found in the nucleus of cells; also called the double helix - Answer ✔✔DNA provide genetic instructions on how to make proteins (DNA, RNA) - Answer ✔✔nucleic acids monomers (basic building blocks) of proteins - Answer ✔✔Amino Acids Organic compounds that are used for energy, contain a C:H:O in a 1:2: ratio - Answer ✔✔Carbohydrates unbranched carbon-hydrogen chains that make up most lipids - Answer ✔✔Fatty Acids

proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) - Answer ✔✔Enzymes Type of lipid that makes up the cell membrane. Has a polar head and nonpolar tail. - Answer ✔✔Phospholipids Monosaccharide, a simple form of carbohydrate. Used for cellular respiration to make energy in cells - Answer ✔✔Glucose enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering ___ - Answer ✔✔activation energy Many monosaccharides linked together - Answer ✔✔Polysaccharide monomer that makes up DNA (nucleic acid) - Answer ✔✔Nucleotide pH, temperature, concentration of enzymes and substrates - Answer ✔✔Things that impact enzyme functioning specialized proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions by lowering activation energy - Answer ✔✔Enzyme monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base - Answer ✔✔Nucleotide

DNA nitrogen that binds with Thymine (T) - Answer ✔✔Adenine (A) DNA nitrogen that binds with Cytosine (C) - Answer ✔✔Guanine (G) quick/short-term energy - Answer ✔✔Carbohydrate purpose long term energy storage, water repellent (nonpolar), make up cell membranes - Answer ✔✔Lipid purpose building blocks of organisms; enzymes; last energy source used - Answer ✔✔Protein purpose code for the production of proteins; hereditary material - Answer ✔✔Nucleic Acid purpose In the equation H202 --> H2O + O2, the H2O2 is the ______ - Answer ✔✔Reactant In the equation H202 --> H2O + O2, the H2O and O2 are the ______ - Answer ✔✔Products In the image letter C is the ______ - Answer ✔✔Enzyme

enzymes are _______ as long as they don't unwind/unravel - Answer ✔✔reusable This is a ________ - Answer ✔✔Nucleotide "Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions - Answer ✔✔Organelle "Brain" of the cell, control center; Contains DNA (genetic material) - Answer ✔✔Nucleus "Powerhouse" or "Energy producer"; makes ATP through cell respiration - Answer ✔✔Mitochondria "warehouse," stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells - Answer ✔✔Vacuole Enzyme vesicle.Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules; digests old cell parts - Answer ✔✔Lysosome Assembles amino acids into proteins. - Answer ✔✔Ribosome "Cell highway", transports goods and materials throughout the cell, 2 types - Answer ✔✔Endoplasmic reticulum

"Quality control", Modifies and Processes proteins made by the cell. - Answer ✔✔Golgi body Made of protein microtubules and microfilaments; provides the cell structure - Answer ✔✔Cytoskeleton Gives support and protection to cell; made of cellulose in plants. - Answer ✔✔Cell Wall "Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis - Answer ✔✔Cell Membrane Where photosynthesis (using sunlight to make glucose) occurs; in plant cells only - Answer ✔✔Chloroplasts In both plant and animal cells; takes sugar and turns it into energy (ATP)

• Answer ✔✔Mitochondria In both plant and animal cells; controls cellular functions: - Answer ✔✔Nucleus Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in - Answer ✔✔Cytoplasm cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles - Answer ✔✔Prokaryotic

A cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane- bound organelles. - Answer ✔✔Eukaryotic Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only - Answer ✔✔Centrioles made of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates; adenoisine triphospahte, energy! - Answer ✔✔ATP using sunlight, H2O, CO2 to build glucose - Answer ✔✔photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - Answer ✔✔balanced photosynthesis equation Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen - Answer ✔✔cellular respiration organisms that perform respiration - Answer ✔✔All living things organisms that photosynthesize - Answer ✔✔producers/autotrophs where most energy comes from - Answer ✔✔the sun

why chlorophyll is green - Answer ✔✔refelcts green wave length and absorbs red and blue pigments Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. - Answer ✔✔Photosynthesis Light-absorbing molecule - Answer ✔✔pigment green pigment found in the chloroplast which is a primary pigment of photosynthesis - Answer ✔✔Chlorophyll process that produces large amounts of ATP - Answer ✔✔aerobic respiration does not require oxygen - Answer ✔✔anaerobic respiration a group of organisms, all the same species, that live in a specific area. - Answer ✔✔Population As a population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate (J shaped curve)

• Answer ✔✔exponential growth available food, disease, predators, lack of space - Answer ✔✔limiting factors

the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support - Answer ✔✔carrying capacity A population graph that initial shows exponential growth and then stabilizes because the population maxes out the ecosystems carrying capacity. - Answer ✔✔logistical growth curve the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time - Answer ✔✔birth rate the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time - Answer ✔✔death rate Number of individuals per unit area - Answer ✔✔population density movement of individuals into an area - Answer ✔✔Immigration movement of individuals out of an area - Answer ✔✔Emigration Birth rate= death rate - Answer ✔✔The rate of growth is zero (r=0) a resource that cannot be replaced - Answer ✔✔nonrenewable resource reproduce, grow, respond, cells, DNA, energy - Answer ✔✔Characteristics of living things

Any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time - Answer ✔✔renewable resource the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. - Answer ✔✔Biodiversity An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. - Answer ✔✔Genotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. - Answer ✔✔Phenotype The scientific study of heredity - Answer ✔✔Genetics Passing of traits from parents to offspring - Answer ✔✔Heredity A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait - Answer ✔✔Gene Different forms of a gene - Answer ✔✔Allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. - Answer ✔✔dominant allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present - Answer ✔✔recessive allele An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait - Answer ✔✔Homozygous An organism that has two different alleles for a trait - Answer ✔✔Heterozygous hybrid - Answer ✔✔Another name for heterozygous purebred/pure - Answer ✔✔Another name for homozygous A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. - Answer ✔✔Trait the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes - Answer ✔✔Genome A project that mapped and sequenced the DNA of the entire human genome. - Answer ✔✔Human Genome Project an enzyme produced by certain bacteria, having the property of cutting DNA molecules at a specific sequence of bases. - Answer ✔✔restriction enzymes

A method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA segment - Answer ✔✔polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA that has been formed artificially by combining DNA from different organisms. - Answer ✔✔Recombinant DNA a host that carries recombinant/foreign DNA - Answer ✔✔genetically modified organism (GMO) term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms - Answer ✔✔Transgenic small circular DNA molecules in a bacteria, separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome - Answer ✔✔plasmids DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another - Answer ✔✔vectors the direct manipulation/change of genes for practical purposes - Answer ✔✔genetic engineering the DNA segment to be isolated from a chromosome by restriction enzymes and used to create recombinant DNA - Answer ✔✔gene of interest

The analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals. - Answer ✔✔DNA fingerprinting technique for sorting/separating molecules or fragments of molecules by length and charge - Answer ✔✔gel electrophoresis You look for a full match of the DNA profile (fingerprint)/fragments - Answer ✔✔DNA fingerprint (profiles for identification) cells that have the ability to divide without limit and can become any specialized cells (they are cells that haven't been given their "job" yet). - Answer ✔✔Stem Cells The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder (usually by using a virus) - Answer ✔✔gene therapy The process of selecting parents with desired traits to achieve specific results in the next generation - Answer ✔✔selective breeding means that the genetic material of every organism on Earth is carried in DNA; nucleic acids in DNA are the same in all organisms; codons are the same for all organisms - Answer ✔✔genetic code is universal organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer - Answer ✔✔Heterotroph

An organism that makes its own food - Answer ✔✔Autotroph organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals - Answer ✔✔Omnivore An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms - Answer ✔✔Decomposer nonliving parts of an ecosystem - Answer ✔✔abiotic factors living parts of an ecosystem - Answer ✔✔biotic factors gets recycled via biogeochemical cycles (C, H, O, N, P cycles) - Answer ✔✔Matter in an ecosystem A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other - Answer ✔✔Community A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. - Answer ✔✔Ecosystem symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship - Answer ✔✔Mutualism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed - Answer ✔✔Parasitism Relationship when one organisms hunts another organism - Answer ✔✔predator-prey Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions - Answer ✔✔Niche Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates - Answer ✔✔Chemosynthesis animal that consumes the carcasses of other animals - Answer ✔✔scavenger An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms - Answer ✔✔Consumer An organism that makes its own food - Answer ✔✔Producer basic units of life - Answer ✔✔cell cells that enclose DNA in nucleus and have membrane-bound organelles; ex. plant cells, animal cells - Answer ✔✔eukaryote (definition)

cells that do not have a nucleus; ex. bacteria - Answer ✔✔prokaryote (definition) thin flexible barrier that surrounds/protects a cell and controls what can enter/exit the cell - Answer ✔✔cell membrane (definition)

• Answer ✔✔prokaryote (picture) portion of cell outside the nucleus where other organelles are found - Answer ✔✔cytoplasm (definition)
• Answer ✔✔cytoplasm (picture) organelle that breaks down old organelles and lipids, proteins, and carbs
• Answer ✔✔lysosome (definition) network of proteins that gives cells shape and helps cells move - Answer ✔✔cytoskeleton (definition) small organelles that produce proteins; found attached to rough ER or floating in cytoplasm - Answer ✔✔ribosome (definition) Organelle that helps transport proteins that are made there - Answer ✔✔endoplasmic reticulum (definition)

organelles that sorts and packages proteins to be stored in the cell or released - Answer ✔✔Golgi apparatus (definition) solar power plant of the cell; organelle that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy; photosynthesis occurs here - Answer ✔✔chloroplast (definition) organelle that converts chemical energy from food into energy for the cell - Answer ✔✔mitochondria (definition) supporting layer outside of the membrane that provides plant cells with strength and protects them - Answer ✔✔cell wall (definition) describes the cell membrane that allows some molecules to pass across and prevents others from doing so - Answer ✔✔selectively permeable help transport substances across the membrane - Answer ✔✔proteins in the membrane nucleus - Answer ✔✔Which is present only in eukaryotic cells? Mitochondria - Answer ✔✔Which organelle converts sugars into energy?

mitosis - Answer ✔✔Creates two Identical daughter cells mitosis - Answer ✔✔No genetic variation mitosis - Answer ✔✔Happens in somatic (body) cells mitosis - Answer ✔✔Used for growth and repair mitosis - Answer ✔✔Creates body cells (muscle, skin, bone, etc.) mitosis - Answer ✔✔Has one cell division mitosis - Answer ✔✔Human daughter cells = 46 chromosomes (diploid) meiosis - Answer ✔✔Creates sex cells (gametes) meiosis - Answer ✔✔Daughter cells are different meiosis - Answer ✔✔Produces gametes with half # of chromosomes meiosis - Answer ✔✔Has two cell divisions

meiosis - Answer ✔✔Creates 4 daughter cells meiosis - Answer ✔✔Ensures greater genetics diversity in offspring meiosis - Answer ✔✔Reproductive cells have half as many chromosomes as the body cells DNA -> RNA -> Protein - Answer ✔✔Central Dogma the study of heredity - Answer ✔✔What is genetics? combined effect of two or more genes on a single character (ex. hair color, eye color, height) - Answer ✔✔polygenic inheritance trait controlled by one gene with more than two alleles (ex. blood type) - Answer ✔✔multiple allele trait DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded - Answer ✔✔Differences between DNA and RNA synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template - Answer ✔✔Transcription

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced - Answer ✔✔Translation three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid - Answer ✔✔Codon