Fundamentals of Pharmacology, Exams of Nursing

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NAPSRx 2023 to 2024 exam Pharmaceuticals are arguably the most socially important healthcare product - true Pharmaceutical deveoplment is a big-risk undertaking, in which many promising leads prove disappointing - true Pharmaceutical sales are highest in which geographical regions - The U.S., Western Europe, and Japan The U.S. accounts for about ____ of the world's pharmaceutical revenues - 50% Which off the following has fueled recent growth in the pharmaceutical industry - population growth and increased life expectancies According to your manual, which statement accurately describes the predicted relationship between pharmaceutical companies and genomic research facilities - partnerships between pharmaceuitcal companies and genomic companies will not prove immediately profitable prescription drug therapy is not cost-effective for insurance companies and healthcare providers - false the high price of healthcare is explained by the high price of medicines - false one of the oldest and least efffective pharmaceutical marjeting techniques is DTC (direct-to-consumer) advertising - false what influences the number of districts in a region - the region's population what is an example of the regionalization off healthcare delivery systems - California and Florida have difffernet perscription reimbursment policies the heart of pharmaceutical sales is the regional manager - false most DMs did not start as representatives - false how many territories are in a typical district - 8 to 12 what is the most effective method for grabbing market share - comparative selling pharmaceutical reps mainly visit pharmacies - false it usually only takes 1-2 calls to a physician before he or she commits to prescribing your product - false the pharmacist may dispense a product other than what the physician prescribed - true according to chapter 12 of your manual, which of the following would classify as "payers" - employers according to your manual, what defines "ethical pharmaceutical companies - researching and developing novel drugs one of the most diappointing results of the pharmaceutical industry's continued investment in R & D is the few new drugs being approved and in development - false thanks to modern medicines, how long are people newly diagnosed with HIV expected to live - another 50 years which of the following statements about drug-drug interactions is incorrect - drug-drug interactions are always harmful Smoking decreases the effectiveness of some drugs - true which of the following statements about dietary supplements is incorrect - because dietary supplements are not drugs, interactions with drugs are not a concern which statement/s is/are incorrect about an ideal drug, or "magic bullet" as Ehrlich phrased it - it does not exist, it would be aimed percisely at a disease site, it would not harm healthy tissues which statement accurately differentiates resistance from tolerance - tolerance refers to a person's diminished response to a drug after repeated use, while resistance applies to microorganisms' or "cancel" cells' abilities to withstand drug effects between 3% and 7% of hospital admissions in the United States are estimated to be for treatment of adverse drug reactoins - true which statement is true about the universal scale for quantiffying the severity of an adverse drug reaction - there is no scale why is noncomplience a serios public healthy concern - it increases the cost of medical care which of the following is NOT eligible for patent protection under U.S. regulations - companies can be granted patents for all these things drugs' trade names are often unrelated to their intended use - true Like foods and household products, generic drugs are usually lower quality than the brand name drugs for which they are marketed as equivalents. - false Legally, bioequivalence of different versions of a drug can vary by up to ________. - 20% which of the following statements about biologics is incorrect - they do not cause immune response "large molecules" products are developed and manuffactured by a chemical process - false what are drugs that attract or bind to cell receptors in order to mimic or enhance activities by endogenous chemical messengers - agonists Which term denotes how an API works in the body? - mechanism of action What cements the active and inert components together to maintain cohesive portions? - binders what does the medical abbreviation "BID" denote - twice a day what is the medical abbreviation for "as needed" - PRN what components might cause patients' different reactions to brand name and generic drugs - differences in inactive ingredients all cells have a nucleus - false which of the following does not affect drig response - the patients' genetic makeup, age, body size, and use of other drugs and dietary supplements, the patient's other conditions or diseases, whether or not the patient takes the drug properly drug reactions are predictable becasue they do not occur after a person has been previously exposed to the drug one or more times without any allergic reactions - false what is the typical relationship between a drug's site of administration and site of action - they are usually somewhat removed from each other what is CMAX - Peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve which of the following is not a main concept in clinical pharmacology - pharmacoprocesses which of the following is not a route of drug administration - transfugal How are intradermal drugs delivered? - by injection under the skin what is an example of intravenous drug delivery - an injection of anesthetic directly into the bloodstream what are the major organs of the gastrointestinal system - the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine who is normally responsible for selling to distributors - NAMs How often do secondary drug wholesale distributors buy their drugs directly from manufactures? - sometimes what term denotes a drug that is identical or bioequivalent to the originator brand-name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route, quality, performance, characteristics, and intended use - generic what term denotes the dispensing of an unbranded generic product for the product prescribed - generic substitution what is the duration off a patent challenge - 180 days How is a drug sample closet or cabinet like a grocery store shelf? - the more visibility you can give your drug, the more likely that it will be prescribed pharmaceutical representatives do not typically store and secure their own drug samples - false Sampling is sometimes the most important factor in a pharmaceutical rep's success. - true the FDA approves storage conditions for drug products - true pharmaceutical representatives must alwasy record the amount of drug samples left and obtain a signature for that amount - true what is prohibited by Section 503 of the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, as amended by the prescription drug marketing act - the sale, purchase, or trade or offer to sell, purchase, or trade prescription drug samples the federal government does not regulate the drug sampling for a pharmaceutical representative - false which of the following is permitted by Section 503 of the federal food, drug and cosmetic act - cannot donate or sell prescribtion drug samples which entity issues monographs that define how drugs should be stored, and what variance is allowed in their stated contents - United States Pharmacopoeial Convention Storage conditions for drug products are based on information supplied by the manufacturer - true medications are usually unaffected by changes in temperature, light, humidity, and other environmental factors - false In which cases can degraded drugs SOMETIMES still be used? - when the amount off remaining drug has not fallen lower than 85-90% of that stated on the label Drug recalls are almost always negotiated with the FDA beforehand. - true Which problem would NOT be improved by electronic prescribing systems? - none: patients "doctor- shopping" for controlled substances, pharmacists misreading prescriptions, physicians wasting time calling pharmacies what should you do if you recieve a shipment from your employer and you notice that there are twice as many samples as what is posted on the packing slip - call your sales manager to inform him/ her of the mistake and ask for instructions posted on the packing slip which area of drugs R&D has seen the largest cost increases - clinical trials on average, how long does it take for a new drug to be developed (I.e., from the discovery of the initial compound to FDA approval) - 10-15 years which of the following regulatory agencies is industry- based (I.c., run mainly by the companies themselves) - Pharmaceutical research and manufactures of america (PhRMA) which of the following factors has simplified the pharmaceutical R&D process - none: an intensive regulatory process, growing demand in the medical community for more complex data about pharmaceuticals, and the increasing number of precedures in Phase III trials the landmark FDA Modernization Act of 1997 was a major step forward in enabling safe and effective new drugs and biologics to be made available sooner to patients - true according to your manual, which type of system is the best wat to deliever healthcare - a market-based system how would increased pharmaceutical price controls affect the U.S. healthcare system - increased price controls would stifle innovation which of the following invests a greater percentage of sales in research than the biotech sector - none: aerospace sector, communications sector, electronics sector what was the intent of the Bayh-Dole Act and Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act - to hasten the commercialization of technologies that otherwise might not be used according to your manual, what did the G10 medicines group recently report about the pharmaceutical industry in the european union (EU) - there is poor collaberation between publicly- and privately- funded research concerns The aim of preclinical pharmacological studies is to obtain data on the safety and effectiveness of the lead compound. - true toxicity infformation in preclinical studies helps provide confidence about a drug's safety - true which document sets out how a trial is to be conducted (I.e. the study's general design and operating features) - inclusion criteria when designing and performing clincal trials, several ethical constraintes must be considered. which of the following is NOT one of these ethical constraints - geographic variations what is one way in which "large molecule" drugs DIFFER from "small molecule" drugs - large molecule drugs are mainly protein-based drugs that develop in biological systems such as living cells which of the following statements about vaccines is incorrect - vaccines are types of "small molecule drugs" what is an advantage of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines - attenuated vaccines are less expensive to prepare how are toxoids derived - from the toxins secreted by a pathogen what is the estimated annual death toll for malaria - 1.5 to 3.5 million people there are more white blood cells than red blood cells for the same volume in the human body - fasle how was insulin primarily obtaines from the 1930's to the 1980's - porcine and bovine extracts which of the following are not types of cytokines - interferons, interleukins, and monokines which of the following is not a type of hormone - blood glucose which of the following is a basic gene therapy technique - in vitro, in whihc patients' genetically faulted tissues are removed, loaded with normal genes in vectors, and returned to the patients' bodies which statements about stem cells is correct - pluripotent stem cells can develop into many cell types, but not a new individual Leukemia is a condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce functional white blood cells to fight infection. - true which of the following are types of vectors used in gene therapy - retroviruses which of the following is not a type of stem cell - semipotent Traditional vaccines are prepared in a number of ways. What way is NOT one of them? - insulin Effective drug therapy is a cost-effective and highly valuable means of controlling total healthcare expenditures and improving quality of life. - true Drug Utilization Review (DUR) programs - have traditionally been used to ensure the appropriate, safe, and effective use of prescription drugs, but are increasingly shifting their focus to minimizing costs. DUR programs involve retrospective monitoring of physicians' prescribing patterns. - true A formulary is a list of prescription drugs approved by insurance coverage. - true The history of drug formularies in the U.S. extends back to... - the american revolution which of these is not a type of formulary - All of these are types of formularies: A. a closed three-tier formulary in which generic drugs are listed on Tier 1 B. a five-tier formulary that is supplemented by a step therapy program C. an open formulary that places few restrictions on coverage or access which of the following is not a recent formulary trend - the repeal of hatch-waxman What did the Hatch-Waxman Act do? - make it easier for generic manufacturers to compete with R&D companies What is opportunity cost? - the valuse of a sacrificed alternative according to your manual, the three primary entities that fund pharmaceuticals are employers, the government (medicare and medicaid) and - individuals which of these individuals would not be a member of a P&T committee - a company's medical liason Almost 98% of employed Americans are now covered by a HMO, a preferred provider organization, or a point-of-service plan. - false pharmaceutical companies are more interested in acquiring and exploiting another's brand than in acquiring another's R&D and sales and marketing assets - false ideally, when should brand strategy development for a new drug begin - during phase II clincal trials the most sensitive screening tool to detect osteoporosis- a disorder characterized by fragile, weak bones due to a drop in bone mass and increased risk of fractire is the arthrocentesis diagnostic test - false neurodiagnostic tests are done because of patients illness or condition are mostly based in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord). which of the below is not a sign of a nervous system disorder - diarrhea the electroencephalogram (EEG or brain wave test) is a non-invasive procedure used to detect and record brain wave activity - true a coronary aniogram is obtained by injecting an iodine- based dye or other contrast agent into the bloodstream and takin x-rays of the coronary arteries - true how do companies use prescriber data - to conduct research Under PhRMA Code, what of the following is acceptable - modest meals for staff members attendign educational events Under the AMA Guidelines on Gifts to Physicians from Industry, which gifts are NOT permitted? - gifts that are onlu given to doctors with high prescribing volumes under PhRMA code, which of the following actions by sales reps are permitted - providing modest meals to staff members attending educational events the PhRMA Code on interactions with healthcare professional is only voluntary and not mandatory - true which of the following would not be considered acceptable promotional items under PhRMA Code - pens and clipboards designed to be used by patients in doctors' offices Under PhRMA Code, what is one example of an acceptable patient education item? - an anatomical model valued under $100 under what circumstances does PhRMA code permit a company to provide entertainment or recreational activities to healthcare practitioners - none of these: when the activity is intended to facilitate informational exchange, when the practitioner is acting as a bone fide advisory board consultant, when the practinioner is providing a legitimate service to the company Under PhRMA Code, may a company sponsor a lunch at a 3-day conference if part of it includes an educational program for which attendees may choose to receive CME credit? - yes, but only iff the lunch is clearly seperate from the CME portion of the conference which of the following is an arm of the department of health and human services that investigates regulatory infarctions, provides compliance advice, and brings enforcement actions - offfice of inspector general It is illegal to ask receptionists for personal information about your clients such as home phone numbers, birthdays, or hobbies. A. TRUE B. FALSE - false which of the following is not a primary goal or function of the P&T committee - to educate sales representatives on legal and ethical guidelines for professional behavior which of the following is a major challenge facing family medicine - managed care policies eroding patient- doctor relationships according to your manual, family physicians diagnose and treat approximately what proportion of patients they see (as ossposed to reffering them to specialists) - 95% which of the following are steps on the product adoption continuum - all: adoption, awareness, evaluation which of the following would be classified as a type of somatic psychiatric treatment - drug therapy Why is the last 10 minutes of each hour usually the best time to make office visits to psychiatrists? - psychiatrists are usually on their way to the hospital at that time What is/are an advantage/s of selling to residents? - residents are often more open-minded What is drug utilization review (DUR)? - an MCO's practice of monitoring prescribing patterns what is the focus of the short call protocol - beginning with a specific patient type Who is the Medical Science Liaison (MSL)? - someone employed by a pharmaceutical company who builds relationships with thought leaders and acts as an informational resources what type of feducation do MSLs typically have - graduate-level science degrees how do companies typically judge the MSL team's contributions - return on education what differentiates "push through" programs from "pull through" programs - sales representatives are more involved in "pull through" programs which of these are a type of "pull through" program - all: adherence/ persistency, educaitonal support, theropeutic intervention what term denotes the practice of locating genes on a chromosome - gene mapping What field is MOST concerned with drug effects due to slight genetic differences? - pharmacogenomics Which entity or entities fund/s the National Institutes of Health (NIH)? - United States federal government with respect to the material in you manual, what does IDN stand for - integrated delivery network What is SS an abbreviation for? - semis what term is used to denote drugs that are non-biological (I.e. chemical) in nature - small molecule when referring to medication dosage, which medical abbriviation denotes "hour" - H which of the following terms denotes the study of drugs 'beneficial and toxic effects on living cells, tissues, and organisms' - pharmacology what are specialized cells and tissues that work together to perform a specific body function for a common purpose - organs what is the mechanism of action - the method by which a medication produces its therapeutic effects what is plasma - the fluid portion of the blood What is anaphylaxis? - An extreme sensitivity and reaction to a foreign substance, including medications which of the following are a way in which CNS agents are used - all: as analgesics, anesthetics, anti- convulsants How do cholinergic agonists work? - by mimicking the actions of acetylcholine which of the following types of therapeutic agents is used to promote blood clot formation - fibrinolytics which of the following is not a type off gastrointestinal agents - protein inhibitors what is one of the main functions off a tocolytic agent - to suppress labor which of the conditions is not treated with antiandrogens - dyspepsia which types of patients are MOST likely to receive immune globulins? - patients with weakened immune systems What is iron's primary function in the body? - carrying oxygen which of the following is not a type of anti-infectant - antimetabolites what is one difference between entry-level and experienced resumes - entry-level resumes are more likely to begin with the education section than the experience section which statement about targeted cover letters is true - targeted cover letters are always tailored to specific companies