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A comprehensive overview of key concepts, theories, and applications in the field of psychology. It covers a wide range of topics, including memory and amnesia, anxiety and mood disorders, neurotransmitters and the brain, learning theories, personality models, and more. The document serves as a valuable resource for students and researchers interested in understanding the foundations of human behavior, cognition, and mental processes. With its detailed explanations and examples, this document can be used as a study guide, lecture notes, or reference material for courses in psychology, neuroscience, and related disciplines. The content is structured in a clear and organized manner, making it accessible to both beginners and advanced learners in the field.
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Behavioral Psychology Final Exams Questions and Complete Solutions Denning [Date] [Course title]
Acrostic - Correct Answer a mnemonic device that consists of a verse, whereby the first letter in each word stands for something else What are the various types of amnesia - Correct Answer Organic Retrograde Anterograde Organic Amnesia - Correct Answer the loss of memory due to biological factors such as brain disorders, tumors, strokes, degenerative diseases, or any other of a multitude of other disruptions of neurological function. Retrograde Amnesia - Correct Answer where someone is unable to recall events that occurred before the development of the amnesia, even though they may be able to encode and memorize new things that occur after the onset. Anterograde Amnesia - Correct Answer a selective memory deficit, resulting from brain injury, in which the individual is severely impaired in learning new information. Memories for events that occurred before the injury may be largely spared, but events that occurred since the injury may be lost Amygdala - Correct Answer A small limbic system structure located next to the hippocampus in the brain that plays an important role in the expression in anger, rage, fear, and aggressive behavior. Amygdala - Correct Answer Animal research has demonstrated that the _______ is essential for the development of conditioned fear responses. Anxiety disorder - Correct Answer Generalized feeling of dread or apprehension typically accompanied by a variety of physiological reactions. Antidepressants - Correct Answer psychiatric medications given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms. They correct chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain which probably cause changes in mood and behavior. TCAs MAOIs
SSRIs SNRIs Anti-Manic Drugs - Correct Answer Drugs used to control the symptoms of bipolar disorder Lithium is used, but has many side affects Many clinicians prefer to use anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in treating bipolar disorders Antianxiety Drugs - Correct Answer Drugs used to reduce symptoms of anxiety and tension in disorders that are not severe enough to warrant hospitalization Barbituates and benzodiazepines Antipsychotic Drug - Correct Answer Drugs that are used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia ex. Thorazine (widely used medication since being introduced in the 1950s) These medications calm and quiet the patients, the newer medications have less movement related side effects. Attribution Bias or theory - Correct Answer Theory that we attempt to make sense out of other peoples behavior by attributing it to either dispositional causes or external causes. "Someone who is tall is a basketball player" Basal Ganglia - Correct Answer Behavior Therapy - Correct Answer Therapies based on the theory of classical conditioning. The premise is that all behavior is learned; faulty learning (i.e. conditioning) is the cause of abnormal behavior. Therefore the individual has to learn the correct or acceptable behavior. Bipolar Disorder - Correct Answer Mood disorder characterized by intermittent episodes of both depression and mania. Catatonic - Correct Answer a type (or subtype) of schizophrenia that includes extremes of behavior. At one end of the extreme the patient cannot speak, move or respond - there is a dramatic reduction in activity where virtually all movement stops, as in a catatonic stupor.
Central Nervous System - Correct Answer Part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebellum - Correct Answer Located behind the top part of the brain stem (where the spinal cord meets the brain) and is made of two hemispheres (halves). Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. Classical Conditioning - Correct Answer Also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already produces a response. Conformity - Correct Answer behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards. Cognitive dissonance theory - Correct Answer In this theory there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance Cognitive Theory - Correct Answer An approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes. Jung - Correct Answer Who was a very vocal critic of Freud? Delusion - Correct Answer An exaggerated and rigidly held belief that has little or no basis in fact Discriminative Stimulus - Correct Answer In operant conditioning, a stimulus that controls a response by singling the availability of reinforcement. Displacement - Correct Answer Satisfying an impulse (e.g aggression) with a substitute object. Disorganized - Correct Answer Type of schizophrenia in which behavior is disturbed and has no purpose.
Dopamine - Correct Answer A neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Deficiency results in Parkinson's Disease, and people with low dopamine activity may be more prone to addiction. Escape Conditioning - Correct Answer This conditioning occurs when the animal learns to perform an operant to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus Eidetic - Correct Answer Marked by or involving extraordinarily accurate and vivid recall especially of visual images. (think photographic memory) Extinction - Correct Answer The process by which a conditioned response is eliminated through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Foot-in-the-Door - Correct Answer A compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request. Five Factor Model of Personality - Correct Answer O openness C Consciountesness E Extraversion A Agreeableness N Neuroticism Free Association - Correct Answer A psychoanalytic technique in which patients relax and say whatever comes to mine Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Correct Answer A psychological disorder characterized by excessive or disproportionate anxiety about several aspects of life, such as work, social relationships, or financial matters. (GAD) Hallucination - Correct Answer An experience involving the apparent perception of something not present.
Humanistic Principle - Correct Answer Principle that looks at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. We have the innate (i.e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people. Hypothalamus - Correct Answer The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible for the production of many of the body's essential hormones, chemical substances that help control different cells and organs. The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive. James-Lange Theory - Correct Answer The theory that explains emotional states resulting from an organism's awareness of bodily responses to a situation, rather than from cognitions about the situation. Law of Effect - Correct Answer Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped. Learned Helplessness - Correct Answer A behaviour in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable. Leptin - Correct Answer Hormone that is primarily secreted by fat cells that regulates body fat amounts through regulation of hunger and energy expenditure throughout the body. Modeling - Correct Answer a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behavior to be imitated by the others[1][2] This process is most commonly discussed with respect to children. Myelin Sheath - Correct Answer An insulating layer, or sheath, that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. Neurotransmitter - Correct Answer The chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses.
Norepinephrine - Correct Answer It is the hormone and neurotransmitter most responsible for vigilant concentration in contrast to the chemically similar hormone, dopamine, which is most responsible for cognitive alertness. Observational Learning Theory - Correct Answer Theory that is sometimes also referred to as shaping, modeling, and vicarious reinforcement. While it can take place at any point in life, it tends to be the most common during childhood as children learn from the authority figures and peers in their lives. It also plays an important role in the socialization process, as children learn how to behave and respond to others by observing how their parents and other caregivers interact with each other and with other people. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Correct Answer Disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted, and unshakeable thoughts and/or irresistable, habitual repeated actions. Operant Conditioning - Correct Answer Learning an association between one's behavior and its consequence (reinforcement or punishment) Panic Disorder - Correct Answer Disorder in which 4 or more panic attacks occur in a 4 week period, a feeling of unreality or depersonalization. Pavlovian Conditioning - Correct Answer When a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already produces a response. After this type of conditioning, the organism responds to the to the neutral stimulus in some way. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Correct Answer This disorder typically follows a traumatic event or events, and is characterized by the following symptoms: Re-experiencing the event (flashbacks) Avoidance of reminders of the event Hypervigilance Prejudices - Correct Answer an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc.
Primacy Effect - Correct Answer Term used to describe the phenomenon that the first information we receive about a person often has the greatest influence on our perceptions of that person. Primary Processing Principle - Correct Answer When the pleasure principle creates tension, the id must find a way to discharge this energy. This process acts as the id's mechanism for discharging the tension created by the pleasure principle. Projection - Correct Answer This is a defense mechanism that involves the individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and emotions to another person. Projective Tests - Correct Answer A personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. Psychoanalytic Theory - Correct Answer Theory that argued that human behavior was the result of the interaction of three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. His structural theory placed great importance on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality. Psychoneuroimmunology - Correct Answer The study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. Psychophysics - Correct Answer The scientific study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli. Rational Emotive Therapy - Correct Answer Albert Ellis decided that people's beliefs strongly affected their emotional functioning. In particular certain irrational beliefs made people feel depressed, anxious or angry and led to self-defeating behaviors. Reality Principle - Correct Answer The tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with reality is.. Reciprocal Principle - Correct Answer We tend to feel obligated to return favors after people do favors for us. When your new neighbors bring over a plate of cookies to welcome you to the neighborhood,
you might feel obligated to return the favor when they ask you to take care of their dog while they are on vacation. Reinforcement - Correct Answer Term used in operant conditioning to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur. Reticular Formation - Correct Answer Part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. It is absolutely essential for life. Schizophrenia - Correct Answer Class of severe and disabling mental disorders characterized by extreme disruptions of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behavior. 5 different types. Serotonin - Correct Answer Regarded by some researchers as a chemical that is responsible for maintaining mood balance, and that a deficit of serotonin leads to depression. Shaping - Correct Answer A variant of operant conditioning. Instead of waiting for a subject to exhibit a desired behavior, any behavior leading to the target behavior is rewarded. Social Learning Theory - Correct Answer Theory that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. Social Phobia - Correct Answer Disorder that is an irrational fear of performing some specific behavior (such as talking or eating) in the presence of other people. Stereotype - Correct Answer A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Striving for Superiority - Correct Answer The universal urge to achieve, self-perception through successful adaptation to life's circumstances, meeting and mastering challenges, and personal growth. Substantia Nigra - Correct Answer Part of the brain that controls voluntary movement produces the neurotransmitter dopamine
regulates mood, liked to Parkinson's disease Systematic Desensitization - Correct Answer Also known as graduated exposure therapy is a type of behavior therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. Thalamus - Correct Answer A structure deep within the brain stem that receives sensory information from the nervous system and passes the information to the cerebral cortex and other parts of the brain. It acts as a director of information related to bodily functions such as seeing, sleeping, hearing, waking, tasting, and touching. Transduction - Correct Answer Reasoning from specific cases to general cases, typically employed by children during their development. Transference - Correct Answer A process in which a patient begins to relate to the therapist in much the same way as to another important person in his or her life. Virtual Reality therapy - Correct Answer Therapy that utilizes virtual reality simulations to generate a variety of stimuli for systematic desensitization Yerkes Dodson Law - Correct Answer The principle that the optimum level of arousal for peak performance will vary somewhat depending on the nature of the task.