G10 Science 1st Quarter Exam Reviewer, Study notes of Earth science

Download G10 Science 1st Quarter Exam Reviewer and more Study notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! lmall - Mode In oceanic crusl and hos o blah denlfty. • bJg!! Is denser and heavier than the gronile thol makes up the con llnenlol ploles. rranlform fautt Platw boundary • The plates slide ogoinsl each olher in opposite directions. No mounloins. trenches Of volcanoes ore produced. Pros•••• and Landfqrm1 AIAos wtth ttw convtratnct of p1qttt • Oceanic - Oceanic • Oceanic - Contlnenlol • Continental - Continental Continental Drift Theory Ahd Lothar WtAtDfl· proposed the theory of continental drtll - the Idea that Earth 's continents move .l.!.l.ll - In this year Wegener stoled his theory. llill- When continental drill finally become port of mainstream science. lrqzN and W•ifln Africa - First Expedition Wagener come up with his theory by noticing the slmllortty In the coastlines of IAltwn South AD11rlcA god ndtrn Mk;q seemed to lit together. rather like ~ pieces, lrqzl and wtlftm Africa - ore places were in physical contact when the fossilized animals and plants were olive. ro11II and atoloalcal tvfdlnct - ore evidences thol Wegener found In Bfozil and Western Africa. Gf••olAnd - Second Expedilion His wor1< on contlnentql drift then suffered two lnteauptlons: o second expedition to Greenland. followed by the outbreak of World war 1 - weoener was conscripted into the Germon Army. Th• Orialn gf Contlneota and 0c99DI - whRe being in prison Wegener published his groundbreaking boolc. In this book he discussed the movements of the Earth's Continents or his Theory. PADAOIA All Earth Super Continents Just before the do'(l of the dinosaurs the Earth's continents were oil connected Info one huge landmass. pqqthptquq This huge superconlinent was surrounded by one gigantic ocean. Super Ocean The Evoluflon of Pangaea ---- Ptcmlan -Eorth·s crustal plates formed o single. massive continent coiled Ponaaeo, • Period 250 - JOO milllon years ago --- Tdqufc · This era Is populor1y known as the "Ace of Reotlles·· • Thls is the time when the supercontinent wos divided Into two big continents. lp\lOlkJ - Northern Continents Gondwqnq - Southerr ::,:intinonts , ---l M __ _ Jyrn·tr · WOS 0 golden l ime for dinosaurs. The movement of the lithospheric plate is attributed to mantle convection and considered as one of the driving mechanisms for plate motiOf'l. Yotvrot · measures how much spoce a substance occupies. Mml.· measures the amount of matter In the substance. Hot molten materials in a convection cell rises near the mqnNt The mann, Is the second Inner layer of Earth. mode up of mostly hot roctcs and magma. II Is o very hot toyer because or the heat generated by the c01e. Ibt Cort- The source of heat in mantle convection current. MqnNt conytcflon · is O process by which thermal convection occurs in the inner layer of the eo-th. P!qlf Jtctonk; · The Idea that Eorth·s lithosphere Is broken up into separate plotes lhol floot on lhe mon~e. • Plat. T.ctonlc Theory was developed in 1960s. stating that the Earth's lithosphere-the crust and the upper mantle- Is broken up into several pieces called plates that move slowly. Subducflon mot • The region in which one plate moves under another. • Subduc;tk>n 1o0t is formed if one plate moves underneath the other. Cony,ctton cMrr:tQts · The motion or gos or liquid caused by differences In temperature. • A CAOYtclAD cuatof is a heat transfer process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another. Ilda• gush • A driving lace for plate motton al mid-ocean ridges as a result of the rigid lithosphere sliding down • lldqf push happens when the lithosphere is pushed up by the osthenosphere because of convection currents from the montte. Slab pul (qqyt,)- tokes place when subducling slob sintcs Into the hot mantle because of o difference In temperature. The rest or the plate to which the slob is attached to is being pulled In as well. Sybdyclon - is the process of one plate moving under another plate. Tectonic plates ride on Adhenp1Qb9f• • The ls a soft, less rigid upper port of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around. At n,. DJld · oc,an ddAt • The region where old crust melted boclc into magma. Two IYPft of forca; DRIVING FORCES Either push tectan,c plates toward each other or pull them oport DRIVING FORCES Montie convectton Slob pull Slob suction Ridge push RESISTING FORCES Act against the driving forces of plate tec tonics RESISTING FORCES Slob res,stonce Collis,onol resislonce T ronsform fault res•slonce Drag force 3 Mfthod ol Ht9! Trang • Conduction . drect • aodlalon • indirect • Conv.c:lon - Cycle CRUST LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE 200 ,oo :,oo soo.,,..-. 4500,i.g•-•"""'' ~I <•IMA OUTER CORE INNER CORE Crlfqc,oya - 10s t period and ending w ith the extinction of the dinosaurs ~ ­ l'IIUlNI DAY In .!U2, .lm and 1!ll, Wegener published updated edlttons of The Origin or continents and oceans He also added further evidence he had gathered In Greenland. which showed that G<uoland ond NAdb America were once linked. Prank luraltY TqYkff: - An American geologist who had published evidences to support the Idea of Conttnental Drift 0< Wegener's theory. Gtoloalcql "ftt" bldtoet · 11 Is the matching of large-scale geological features on different Illustration showing similar roc k assemblages across dllferent continents. l!xample: The Appalachian Mountains o f eastern North America linked with the Scottish Highlands. The familiar rock strata of the Karroo system of South Africa matched cooec11y w ith the Sqnlq Cqlqrinq $YS1em In Brazil. Brazil ond Ghono Mouotoio ranaes agreeing over the Atlantic Ocean. GfqcftlJ cgryf• rocks and leave marks as they move. Coal dfpo1Ns- ore found in sedimentary rock basins. where they appear as successive layers. Fossils MelolqyNI · is known to hove been a type of reptile. similar to the modern crocodile. which propelled Itself through the water with its long hind legs one! limber toil. (found aolttv In South Africa and Eaatmn South &n,dca,l Cynoqnathu1 · was a mammal-like reptile. Roaming the terrains during the Triassic period (250 to 2-40 million years ago), It was as large as a modem wolf, Lyatroaavrva • which translates to "shovel repfile .. Is thought to have been a herbivore with a stout bunt like g PIA­ fFound in Antarctica. India. and south Afdcal Gfo•aAPltda · the most lmpartont fossil evidence found In the p lant (found lo Austmtlg. Antarcttca, lodla, Soulh Alnca. and South Amertca-dl the southern continenb} Gfo•IQPfwk lffd · Is known to be large and bulky and possibly could not hove drifted or flown across the oceans to a separate continent. Addfd OUMtlQm: Alred Latt,gr Wt99nl( • He was credited f°' the idea of Continental Drill Theory. ranqq19 · All continents were once Joined together forming a superconttnent Gfo•aAPltda · II Is possibly the most Important fossW pion• ~h1d'.!n:.-:~• !!',:,I continents ore drifting. Wn•n■·a Mduc11: • continental flt • rocks • fossils • Coot deposits • Ancient climate • Glaciers scars. South America and Africa · two specific continents fit together most noticeably. Pdmqry nma · (Pacific. North America. Eurasia. Africa, Inda-Australian. Antorcttco. and South America) that make up the majority of the earth· s surface and the Poclllc Ocean. Secondary Pima -Caribbean, the Cocos. the Juan de Fuco. the Nozco. the Philippines Seo, and the Scotia QctAnlc PIAf•a - plates below the ocean CgnNn•ntQI PIAtm - plates below o continent. TYPII of loundadtli • Convergent (Collide) • Divergent (separation) • Transform (Sliding) RIYflAtot Rfm boundadfl - mostly happen under the oceans. 11ft YAllaY · o vertical space that may extend deep down Into the lowest layer of the crust Is created as plates pull away from each other. Mqptt• Cony•cflqn . is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carrying heat from the Interior to the planers surface. These materials p~e up near the temion zone forming mountain-like structures coiled oc19nic ddAfl• S,qftoor Spading - Is the fllled-up space between the plates becomes o new seofloor. CODYIJAtDt PIA1e IAundgy · It occurs when two plates slide towards each other and form either o su1oucuoN ZONE lit one plate moves underneath the other) or on QBQG!NIC IELT Ill the two simply collide and compress! Oroatnk; belf · Ls o region of deformed rocks. SubducHon - Is when the less denser plate will go up and the denser plate will go down Subduction &QDI - Is the place where two lithospheric plates come together, one riding over the other (oyfdqppfnq), • Subdudon wot form when o continental crust and oceanic rust collide. Oceanic - 0ct9nlc CoOYICRtDCt · A boundary between the crusts is created - trench. Imocb - o long, narrow depression In the ocean floor and o crock on the crusl which Is underwater. I•unamfa may be lormed. Eq1hquqkfl may happen. Y9"Ank; lalAnd Arc - series of volcanoes surrounded by water. At the mantle. the leading edge of fhe subducting plate melts and becomes fluid which turns Into o hot molten material called Mggmq, Maftftt tlurnt - the column of rising magma Vqfcqpk; Ale • o group of volcanoes Is formed at the surface of the continental crU1I along the boundary where the two crusts converged. Taunqa,I · o Japanese term for harbor wove. This event is very dangerous when It moves In land and destroys lives and properties. Cofblon Zont · occurs when two conttnentol crusts or plates converged and could cause shallow earthquakes. In Coano-ntql - Caanotntal CADYtcAIDCt there Is NO YQLCANOES or TSUNAMIS may formed and hopperi. The convergence wAt result in the formation of o group of high landforms - MauNAkl IODAII PtolffY - is the moss of on unit volume of o material substance. <imoNI - mode In continental crust and hos a !Aw densfty • The arqob and recycled material ore much lighter than the heavy bo5olt loyers of the ocean plates. The movement of the lithospheric plate is attributed to mantle convection and considered as one of the driving mechanisms for plate motiOf'l. Yotvrot · measures how much spoce a substance occupies. Mml.· measures the amount of matter In the substance. Hot molten materials in a convection cell rises near the mqnNt The mann, Is the second Inner layer of Earth. mode up of mostly hot roctcs and magma. II Is o very hot toyer because or the heat generated by the c01e. Ibt Cort- The source of heat in mantle convection current. MqnNt conytcflon · is O process by which thermal convection occurs in the inner layer of the eo-th. P!qlf Jtctonk; · The Idea that Eorth·s lithosphere Is broken up into separate plotes lhol floot on lhe mon~e. • Plat. T.ctonlc Theory was developed in 1960s. stating that the Earth's lithosphere-the crust and the upper mantle- Is broken up into several pieces called plates that move slowly. Subducflon mot • The region in which one plate moves under another. • Subduc;tk>n 1o0t is formed if one plate moves underneath the other. Cony,ctton cMrr:tQts · The motion or gos or liquid caused by differences In temperature. • A CAOYtclAD cuatof is a heat transfer process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another. Ilda• gush • A driving lace for plate motton al mid-ocean ridges as a result of the rigid lithosphere sliding down • lldqf push happens when the lithosphere is pushed up by the osthenosphere because of convection currents from the montte. Slab pul (qqyt,)- tokes place when subducling slob sintcs Into the hot mantle because of o difference In temperature. The rest or the plate to which the slob is attached to is being pulled In as well. Sybdyclon - is the process of one plate moving under another plate. Tectonic plates ride on Adhenp1Qb9f• • The ls a soft, less rigid upper port of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around. At n,. DJld · oc,an ddAt • The region where old crust melted boclc into magma. Two IYPft of forca; DRIVING FORCES Either push tectan,c plates toward each other or pull them oport DRIVING FORCES Montie convectton Slob pull Slob suction Ridge push RESISTING FORCES Act against the driving forces of plate tec tonics RESISTING FORCES Slob res,stonce Collis,onol resislonce T ronsform fault res•slonce Drag force 3 Mfthod ol Ht9! Trang • Conduction . drect • aodlalon • indirect • Conv.c:lon - Cycle CRUST LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE 200 ,oo :,oo soo.,,..-. 4500,i.g•-•"""'' ~I <•IMA OUTER CORE INNER CORE