GACE School Counseling exam study guide with verified responses.docx, Exams of Biology

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GACE School

Counseling exam

study guide with

verified

responses

Acute - answer one time and extremely intense Sequential - answer occurs in regular progression, may increase/decrease in intensity Intermittent - answer moderately intense and occur at regular intervals

Chronic - answer fairly intense that is constantly occurring General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - answer theory that postulates that every body strives to maintain homeostasis. GAS adaptive responses - answer • Body registers alarm and temporarily lowers resistances, blood pressure may increase, levels of some hormones may rise

• Next, if stressor continues, body creates a resistance by attempting to maintain normal processes
• Finally, with continued stress, body enters state of exhaustion and may not be able to sustain activity. Cognitive-transaction model - answer considers relationship between stress and health; two factors are interdependent. Stress is a problem when its demands exceed the ability of physical health to deal with them.

Bloom's taxonomy - answer declare that it's not just acquiring knowledge but the development of three spheres of knowledge- based skills (cognitive, affective, psychomotor) BT- Knowledge passes through 6 levels - answer • Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluate Gardner's eight forms of intelligence - answer o Logical-mathematical o Linguistic o Musical o Spatial o Bodily-kinesthetic o Interpersonal o Intrapersonal o Naturalist Socratic method of instruction - answer consists of free-form conversation in which the teacher explores the ideas of the student by asking him or her a series of questions

Interdisciplinary approach to teaching - answer encouraging learning across the curriculum; lessons are set up to make thematic units in all learning subjects Three strategies for integrating developmental, academic, and counseling goals - answer o Counselors should be cognizant of the academic content in classes, when they are being taught, tailoring sessions around academic needs of students o Counselors should refer to the school documents and personnel for explicit and implicit goals and competency standards for the students o Counselors can be proactive in enriching certain academic areas for students Scenario-analysis strategy - answer decision- making method where an individual attempts to use their experience, knowledge, and intuition to predict what kind of situations may arise from each option if that option were chosen.

Garbage Can Model - answer the decision- making model that goes through the 'garbage' to find the solution. Force Field Analysis - answer decision- making strategy that attempts to examine all of the factors that affect a particular situation and identify those factors as either aiding an organization in achieving a coal or ultimately causing the organization to fail. Grid-analysis strategy - answer decision- making strategy that takes all of the factors involved with each option, rates each factor, and then weighs each factor based on their importance to the decision as a whole. Junior Achievement Program - answer elementary through high school o Focuses on four areas-economics, personal finance, business and entrepreneurship, and work preparation

Experiential education - answer process of engaging students in real-life scenarios as a means of educating them Vocational Education Act of 1963/Carl D. Perkins Act of 1963 - answer broadened the government's conception of vocational education; established procedures to provide part-time employment to students and established a federal advisory council on vocational education Carl D. Perkins Act of 1984 - answer issued in the hopes of improving the basic skills of the labor force and preparing students for the job market by enhancing vocational education. Gathering information-strive to obtain - answer o Precipitating event/situation- duration, intensity, manifestation, triggers o Developmental and environmental factors o Medical and emotional background, physical and emotional development o Relationship specifics

o Academic performance o Personal attributes and affinities Individuals with Disabilities Education and Improvement Act (IDEIA) - answer was enacted to ensure that eligible school-aged students receive the opportunity for a reasonable education Public Law 94-142 - answer mandates that schools must find students that require special treatment, from gifted to disabled. Gifted students programs-3 basic types - answer Enrichment programs, acceleration programs, affective programs Dropping-out risk factors - answer o High rate of absenteeism o Low or dropping grades o Low participation in extracurricular activities o Limited parental support o Evidence of drug or alcohol problems

Recommended intervention strategies for potential drop-outs - answer o Tutoring services o Career and skill training for success after high school o Expressing high but reasonable expectations for students o Additional general/foundation classes for students with disabilities or as needed o Continued support and resources 4 key areas that are possibly involved when dealing with drop-out risks - answer o Personal/affective o Academic o Family outreach o School structure o Work/career Group counseling sizes- Younger elementary (under 4th grade) - answer 20 minutes, no more than 5 members

Group counseling sizes- Older elementary (4th-6th) - answer 30-45 minutes, approx. 7 members Group counseling sizes- High school students

• answer 40-50 minutes, 6-8 members Group Counseling Action Plan: - answer o ID goal and action plan for achieving o Determine measurable outcome o Empower group members to act as change agents o ID strengths (individual and group) o Encourage flexibility of roles o Encourage collaboration within group and with others (as needed) o Develop plan to implement and retain changes Multisensory stimulation - answer involves the mind and senses of children and adolescents, and target multiple intelligences.

Triadic-dependent model - answer a partnership formed between the counselor, parents, and/or school staff to provide indirect services to a student. Behavioral consultation model- Initial assessment - answer ID problems, circumstantial contributors Behavioral consultation model- Analysis - answer develop comprehensive profile of student needs Behavioral consultation model- Implimentation - answer develop and implement behavior modification strategies Behavioral consultation model- Evaluation - answer evaluate efficacy of strategies and revise as appropriate Collaborative-dependent consultation model - answer is a partnership, but one in which

the counselor/consultant may play more of a role as a participant than facilitator. Collaborative-interdependent consultation model - answer more complex and comprehensive; involves partnership comprised of family, counselor, students, school personnel, and/or community members who all act as equal partners. Collaborative consultation - answer role of counselor is both facilitator and role model for the consultation; it's a collaborative format that has shared and interactive input regarding the student. Decision-making- Rational model - answer decision making is viewed as a process where the counselor first admits they are facing a problem, addresses it through a series of steps, then returns with an effective decision. Decision-making- Shared decision making - answer states that choices are made by the

counselor in order to satisfy constraints; focus is on consensual decision making that is based on the values of the members in the group. Decision-making- Strategic decision making - answer members identify obstacles as well as what challenges impact the decision choice. Decision-making- Differentiated or situational decision making model - answer doesn't follow traditional way of thinking; takes a variety of points into consideration and looks at how each point will impact decision choice in some way. FBI Threat Classifications - answer o Vague threats-imply violence o Veiled threats of violence-terminology is more specific, but time and place not specified o Conditional threats of violence o Direct threats of violence

Levels of threat - answer o Low-level threats-lack specificity, vague o Medium-level threats-more direct, plausible but don't appear realistic o High-level threats-comprehensive, plausibility of plan, and high specificity. Four-pronged assessment model-focus on the person making the threat and his/her particular circumstances: - answer o Prong 1-assess behavior and emotional dynamics of the individual o Prong 2-assess circumstances of family and home of student o Prong 3-assess student's perceived marginal place in school community o Prong 4-assess student's other connections CAGE-Substance Abuse - answer o C-cutting down- questions surrounding level of use and if they want to decrease use o A-annoyance factor-if he/she is annoyed when people criticize drinking habits

o G-guilt factor-if he/she ever feels guilty about amount consumed o E-eye opener-if he/she needs alcohol to get going in the morning or to calm nerves Grief Process - answer o Denial/Shock o Anger o Guilt o Hopelessness/Depression o Acceptance Needs assessment - answer o First stage in process of change in using needs assessment is providing important information about the strengths and weaknesses about the various counseling programs that the school is currently using. o Serves to analyze and identify needs of school, the student body, and the community o Identify needs of subgroups, including school community

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 - answer which limits the disclosure of student records Privacy Rule of 2001 - answer established national rights for privacy and security regarding health information Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996(HIPAA) - answer national standards regarding privacy of individually identified health information, set criteria for health records, and delineated patients' rights. Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 - answer if abuse has occurred 24- hours of meeting with student, counselor is obligated to call CPS, reporting orally and in writing their suspicions within a certain time frame given by the state Dysgraphia - answer difficulty in writing, especially spelling

Dyssemia - answer any difficulty an individual has with picking up social cues Apraxia - answer inability to plan motor activity Creating an effective comprehensive counseling program involves - answer Organizing, planing, implementing and counseling Duty to warn case - answer Tarasoff emic - answer an insider's perception of the culture etic - answer Sameness among clients regardless of culture mores - answer beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

Ethnocentrism - answer uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others Autoplastic - answer asserts that change comes from within Alloplastic - answer is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment Superego - answer morality ego - answer reality id - answer pleasure Assimilation - answer learns from an existing scheme, take in knowledge by using the cognitive structure that already exists Accommodation - answer modify a scheme to incorporate new info, new cog structure to deal with new situations

Erik Erikson - answer Psychosocial- 8 stages Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to age 1 ½) Autonomy vs. doubt (1 ½ to 3) Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6) Industry vs. inferiority (6 to11) Identity vs. role confusion (12 to 18) Intimacy vs. isolation (18 to 35) Generativity vs. stage nation (35 to 60) Integrity vs. despair (65 and beyond) Jean Piaget - answer Four stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor (birth to 2) Preoperational (2 to 7) Concrete operations (7 to 12) Formal operations (11/12 to 16) Kohlberg - answer 3 levels of moral development

transference - answer when the client acts toward the counselor in a way they treated a significant other in the past Countertransference - answer counselor has problem with client and it gets in the way of session. Obsessing about a client. Group Stages - answer -Orientation/farming stage -transition stage -norming cohesive stage -working stage/performing stage -adjourning/ termination stage Reaction formation - answer Occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner Sublimation - answer when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way

ADA, PL 101, 336 - answer Protects all individuals w/ disabilities from discrimination, reasonable accommodations. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

• answer national law that protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability. The nondiscrimination requirements of the law apply to employers and organizations that receive financial assistance from any Federal department or agency, including the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). BRIDGE Act - answer Ga's 6th-12th grade students are aware of available career and post-secondary education options.
• Title IX - answer Protects students against discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status, or pregnancy. Title II - answer Requires states spend at least 30% of their federal vocational dollars on vocational education programs for the

handicapped (10%) and disadvantaged (20%) youth. GA HB 186 - answer provide and expand career pathway options for HS students to ensure their career and college readiness. GA HB 713 - answer require career education in grades k-12 post-secondary readiness assessment to be done in grade 10 and remediation will be offered those have not yet mastered understanding. Maslow Backpack intervention - answer The backpack intervention program is seeking to meet the students' basic physiological needs. According to Abraham Maslow, physiological needs must be met before other higher order needs can be met. A closing-the-gap plan - answer is developed and improved based on input from advisory councils composed of students, parents, teachers, and community members. It includes various types of interventions and

examines whether or not the counselor's time is being used appropriately. Ellis - answer (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy-REBT) People have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently Perls - answer (Gestalt) People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such. Glasser - answer (Reality Therapy) Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tried to meet needs. Adler - answer (Individual Psychology) Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.

Frankl - answer (Logotherapy) Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice Rogers - answer (Person-centered) Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization Lev Vygotsky - answer developed the concept of scaffolding, or providing different levels of support to learners to facilitate their developing new skills Fair share responsibilities - answer are tasks that do not fall within any specific job description but are necessary for the operation of a school. These duties are shared among all faculty and staff members. temperment - answer a group of behavioral or emotional traits that are relatively constant over a child's development Appropriate - answer ■ individual student academic program planning

■ interpreting cognitive, aptitude and achievement tests ■ providing counseling to students who are tardy or absent ■ providing counseling to students who have disciplinary problems ■ providing counseling to students as to appropriate school dress ■ collaborating with teachers to present school counseling core curriculum lessons ■ analyzing grade-point averages in relationship to achievement ■ interpreting student records ■ providing teachers with suggestions for effective classroom management ■ ensuring student records are maintained as per state and federal regulations ■ helping the school principal identify and resolve student issues, needs and problems ■ providing individual and small-group counseling services to students ■ advocating for students at individual education plan meetings, student study teams and school attendance review boards

■ analyzing disaggregated data Inappropriate - answer ■ coordinating paperwork and data entry of all new students ■ coordinating cognitive, aptitude and achievement testing programs ■ signing excuses for students who are tardy or absent ■ performing disciplinary actions or assigning discipline consequences ■ sending students home who are not appropriately dressed ■ teaching classes when teachers are absent ■ computing grade-point averages ■ maintaining student records ■ supervising classrooms or common areas ■ keeping clerical records ■ assisting with duties in the principal's office ■ providing therapy or long-term counseling in schools to address psychological disorders ■ coordinating schoolwide individual education plans, student study teams and