Strategies for Supporting Students with Intellectual Disabilities, Exams of Nursing

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GACE SPECIAL EDUCATION GENERAL CURRICULUM

STUDY GUIDE

Project-based learning - ANS-Student-centered pedagogy in which students actively explore real-world challenges. Content can be personalized for diverse learners. Provide periodic review of lessons - ANS-How can teachers best help students with intellectual disabilities retain previously acquired skills? Word-attack skills - ANS-The set of skills a student uses to recognize and understand words (e.g. context clues, visual recognition strategies, decoding, sounding out, etc.). Similar (students are more likely to transfer learning when the classroom situation & the new situation are similar; i.e. authentic assignments) - ANS-To help students transfer learned skills to new situations, teachers should make the learning situation and the opportunity to apply the skill as ____________________ as possible. A student must have a permanent or fluctuating hearing loss that affects the student's educational performance but is not included under the definition of deafness. - ANS- What is the IDEA definition of hearing impairment? Curriculum-Based Assessment - ANS-A method of monitoring student educational progress through direct assessment of academic skills. C. Evaluating progress using IEP objectives - ANS-Which of the following is an example of a curriculum-based assessment? A. Using RTI to compare student performance B. IQ test scores C. Evaluating progress using IEP objectives D. Standardized testing Assessment in the student's native language - ANS-For a bilingual student, what type of extra assessment is necessary to determine baseline skills? Heterogeneous grouping - ANS-Forming groups of students with diverse abilities (helpful for students with special needs to be included with stronger peers) Homogeneous grouping - ANS-Forming groups of students with similar abilities (does not promote inclusion) C. phonics and word recognition - ANS-Students with learning disabilities benefit from a whole-language approach in combination with direct instruction in: A. auditory comprehension B. visual-motor integration C. phonics and word recognition

D. visual memory skills D. provide technology software for home use - ANS-In order to promote successful use of assistive technology, teachers should try to _____________ whenever possible. A. provide homework that utilizes the technology B. limit work that does not use the technology C. allow the entire class to use the same technology D. provide technology software for home use Stanine (STAndard NINE) - ANS-A method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two. 5 - Average 1 - Lowest 9 - Highest - ANS-What Stanine score indicates an average skill level? What is the lowest possible Stanine score? What is the highest possible Stanine score? Grade-equivalent score - ANS-Type of scoring that represents the grade level and month of the typical (median; 50th percentile) score for students. A grade-equivalent score of 4.2 indicates a score that the typical student would earn in the second month of 4th grade. - ANS-Explain what a grade-equivalent score of 4. means. Remedial instruction - ANS-One-on-one or small group instruction that focuses on the needs of the individual student. Compensatory approach - ANS-Instructional approach that looks for ways to build on a student's strengths and work around weaknesses when remedial instruction has not made the desired progress. Metacognitive strategy - ANS-Instructional approach used to help students understand the way they learn and allow students to think about their thinking. Scripted reading instruction - ANS-A commercial reading program where the program, not the classroom teacher, determines what the teacher says during instruction and/or the particular lessons and the instructional pace. B. shares all responsibilities, including both behavior management and academic content, with the general education teacher - ANS-In inclusion settings, the special education teacher:

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) - ANS-A plan for special services for young children with developmental delays from birth to three years of age that includes plans for transitioning to preschool. Once a child turns 3 years old, an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is put into place instead. Criterion-referenced assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that measures a student's performance against a specific goal, objective, or standard. Formative assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that measures a student's performance during instruction, usually occurring regularly throughout the instructional unit. Used to ensure students are making adequate progress. Summative assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that measures a student's achievement at the end of instruction. Used to determine mastery at the end of a unit. Diagnostic assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that measures a student's strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction. Norm-referenced assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that compares a student's performance against the performance of a group representative of the larger population or sample. Benchmark assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that evaluates student progress at periodic intervals to allow teachers to adapt instruction toward long-term goals; can predict performance on summative assessments. Validity - ANS-Measure of how well an assessment tests what it is supposed to test. Reliability - ANS-Measure of how consistently a test assesses over time. Parallel forms reliability - ANS-Measure of how well two different versions of the same assessment yield equivalent results. Test-retest reliability - ANS-Measure of how stable an assessment's results are from one attempt to another (i.e. whether the same person will have the same results when they take the test two different times) Inter-rater reliability - ANS-Measure of how similarly an assessment can be scored by two different raters. Internal consistency - ANS-Measure of reliability that determines how steadily different test items measure the same construct (i.e. whether different questions related to the same material yield steady results about the test taker's knowledge of the target material)

Formal assessment (or standardized) - ANS-Type of assessment that has been previously tested to determine data-based reasoning for the questions and results. Results are typically in the form of statistics. Test administration has standardized procedures. Informal assessment - ANS-Type of assessment that has no standardized procedure and is used to evaluate more regular, daily performance. Examples include observations, projects, and presentations. Authentic assessment - ANS-A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. True - ANS-True or False? According to IDEA, an IEP must be in effect before special education services or related services are provided. C. A full-time general education placement with speech and language services - ANS- Jodeen is a 7-year-old who has been evaluated and found to have a mild-expressive language delay. Her hearing is normal, and her functioning in all areas other than expressive language is age appropriate. Which of the following placements would be most appropriate for Jodeen? A. A self-contained special education class with speech and language services B. A part-time placement in a resource room for developmental and oral reading C. A full-time general education placement with speech and language services D. A full-time general education placement with an emphasis on reading support Ecological perspective - ANS-Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes the importance of interactions between the student and their environment. Biophysical perspective - ANS-Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes biological factors' contributions to behavior. Psycho-educational perspective - ANS-Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that focuses on the underlying problems of the child as well as academic achievement. Behaviorist perspective - ANS-Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes how behavior is learned, including modeling and observation of others. Psychosocial perspective - ANS-Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes familial factors and extra-familial influences like the school, peers, and television. Holistic perspective - ANS-Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes the full spectrum of possible influences.

Standardized test - ANS-Which is more likely to yield a true score, a standardized test or a teacher-made test? Standardized test - ANS-Which has higher interrater reliability, a standardized test or a teacher-made test? Standardized test - ANS-Which allows for comparison among students to each other, a standardized test or a teacher-made test? Teacher-made test - ANS-Which has better content validity, a standardized test or a teacher-made test? Task analysis - ANS-The process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components. The steps are more easily achievable and promote student success. - ANS-What is the justification for using task analysis in instructing students with disabilities? Generalization - ANS-The ability to complete a task, perform an activity, or display a behavior across settings, with different people, and at different times. D. Reinforcing skills during a writer's workshop in the general education classroom (because this allows students an opportunity to practice their new skills in an authentic setting where the teacher can observe generalization) - ANS-Which of the following is the best way for a special education teacher to determine the extent to which students have generalized the writing skills they have been working on in his class? A. Moving the students to the library for a group research and writing session B. Asking the students' classroom teachers about their progress as writers C. Inviting a guest teacher to evaluate her students in the resource classroom D. Reinforcing skills during a writer's workshop in the general education classroom Anticipatory set (also called an initial activity) - ANS-A brief portion of a lesson given at the very beginning to get students' attention, activate prior knowledge, and prepare them for the day's learning. C. Breaking down writing assignments and rewarding students as each part is completed - ANS-Which of the following classroom management strategies is best for a special education teacher to use with students that demonstrate avoidance behavior in writing class? A. Setting a time limit to complete writing assignments so that students may earn free time B. Allowing students to propose or choose an alternative task to the written work C. Breaking down writing assignments and rewarding students as each part is completed

D. Keeping a checklist of how much time each student spends on task during the assigned writing time Sensorimotor stage - ANS-Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics:

• birth to 2 years
• object permanence
• mental representations of objects Preoperational stage - ANS-Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics:
• 2 to 7 years
• symbolic thinking
• egocentric perspective Concrete operational stage - ANS-Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics:
• 7 to 11 years
• turning point: logical thought
• conservation Formal operational stage - ANS-Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics:
• 11+ years
• abstract thought
• ability to logically test hypotheses 60 days - ANS-According to IDEA, a student who is referred for special education services must be evaluated within how many days of the referral date? C. Modeling effective strategies to support students during collaborative conferences (Not A because it's the teacher's responsibility to show a paraprofessional how to help their students. Not B because a teacher does not have the authority to fire staff. Not D because modeling is more immediate and direct.) - ANS-A paraprofessional struggles to support a student adequately in a special education classroom. Which of following is the most appropriate action for the classroom teacher to take? A. Reporting the situation to the supervising administrator B. Replacing the paraprofessional with one who is better trained to support students in the classroom C. Modeling effective strategies to support students during collaborative conferences D. Providing articles on research-based strategies and techniques C. parents desire another source of information (either to confirm or challenge the results of testing reported by the school district) - ANS-According to federal safeguards, an outside evaluation of a student to confirm whether the student has a disability may be approved by a school district if the:

A. Providing systematic phonics instruction that incorporates phonemic awareness B. Taking dictation of the student's ideas and preparing a transcript for the student to study C. Removing the expectation that the student will communicate in well-written paragraphs D. Emphasizing classroom activities that involve oral spelling in collaborative groups C. Allowing students to demonstrate mastery through choice of activity and product (Research shows that students are motivated to learn when they are given choices that reflect personal goals and needs.) - ANS-Which of the following is a research-based teaching strategy that best helps students value learning and develop intrinsic motivation to learn? A. Planning instruction to ensure that all students have prior knowledge that they can build on B. Recognizing that students want the recognition and rewards that accomplishments bring C. Allowing students to demonstrate mastery through choice of activity and product D. Encouraging students to do their best although a task may be beyond their abilities Shaping - ANS-Behavior management technique that involves choosing close approximations and reinforcing successive approximations to the target each time the desired behavior occurs. B. Reinforcing Leila's behavior every time she successfully approximates the goal of remaining seated for a targeted amount of time - ANS-Leila is a 9-year-old fourth-grader who currently receives special education services under the category of other health impaired. She often acts impulsively and frequently leaves her seat to roam around the classroom. Which of the following best describes a shaping technique a teacher should use to help Leila control her impulse to wander around the classroom? A. Allowing Leila to move freely around the classroom for one minute every half hour B. Reinforcing Leila's behavior every time she successfully approximates the goal of remaining seated for a targeted amount of time C. Reminding Leila that she will lose a classroom privilege whenever she leaves her seat to walk around D. Removing tokens from Leila's class bank account each time she gets out of her seat without permission A. ensuring that the message is clear and free from technical jargon - ANS-What is the most important aspect of communicating with a parent? A. ensuring that the message is clear and free from technical jargon B. describing test results to support the teacher's observations C. coming to an agreement between the parent and the teacher D. recommending next steps for the child

Learner, Condition, Behavior, and Criteria for Mastery - ANS-What are the four key components of a learning objective? Response to Intervention - ANS-A multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. Used to provide extra support for struggling learners and potentially determine whether a student qualifies for special education. IDEA - ANS-A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. This law governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004 - ANS-What does IDEA stand for? In what year was it enacted? Specific learning disability (ex: dyslexia, dysgraphia, discalculia, nonverbal learning disability, etc.) - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that affects a child's ability to read, write, listen, speak, reason or do math. Other health impairments (ex: ADHD) - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers conditions that limit a child's strength, energy or alertness. Autism spectrum disorder - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that is a developmental disability. It covers a wide range of symptoms and skills, but mainly affects a child's social and communication skills. It can also impact behavior. Emotional disturbance - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers a number of mental disorders. They include anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. Speech or language impairment - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers a number of communication problems. Those include stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment or voice impairment. Visual impairment / blindness - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes both partial sight and blindness. If eyewear can correct a vision problem, then it doesn't qualify. Deafness - ANS-Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers students with severe loss of hearing that affects their ability to process language through hearing.

education, high standards, and accountability. Ultimately, it established the federal government's expanded role in public education. Name the year of this law. 1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (Johnson) 2001: No Child Left Behind (Bush) 2015: Every Student Succeeds Act (Obama) - ANS-One special education law went through multiple updates and reauthorizations. Name the three different versions of this law. 1965: ____________________________ 2001: ____________________________ 2015: ___________________________ No Child Left Behind (2001) - ANS-An updated version of the 1965 ESEA. This version increased school accountability and standardized testing, and it introduced adequate yearly progress and resulting consequences. Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) - ANS-An updated version of the 2001 NCLB. This version maintained NCLB's standardized testing requirements, but it leaves significantly more control in the hands of the states/districts. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 A student with asthsma. - ANS-This law focuses on vocational rehabilitation, affirmative action and nondiscrimination in employment, and civil rights for people with disabilities. Which section of this law is the basis for special services in education for students with a broad range of disabilities (beyond IDEA's 13 categories)? Give an example of someone who might qualify for a 504 plan but not an IEP. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - ANS-The nation's first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities, which prohibited discrimination in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. Person first language - ANS-Type of speech in which an individual is not defined by his or her disability; the person is put before the disability. For example, "a student with autism" rather than "an autistic student".