Galen NUR 210 Exam 3 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024, Exams of Nursing

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Galen NUR 210 Exam 3 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update 2024 Galen NUR 210 Exam 3 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update Beta adrenergic blockers end in - Correct Answer--olol Alpha-adrenergic blockers end in - Correct Answer--sin Calcium Channel Blockers end in - Correct Answer--pine Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors end in - Correct Answer--pril Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) end in - Correct Answer--sartan or -tan Physiological risk factors for hypertension - Correct Answer--Excessive intake of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates -Alcohol: increases renin secretions Cultural responses to antihypertensive agents - Correct Answer--African Americans -Asian Americans Drugs that can be used as dual therapy along with a diuretic for African Americans - Correct Answer--Metropolol -Lisinopril Drugs that can be used as monotherapy in African Americans - Correct Answer-- Prazosin -Nifidipine Metropolol (Beta-adrenergic blockers) Action - Correct Answer--Blocks the adrenergic affect, which lowers blood pressure and heart rate Metropolol (Beta-adrenergic blockers) Uses - Correct Answer--Hypertension -Also used as an anti-dysrhythmic and anti-angina Metropolol (Beta-adrenergic Blockers) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer-- Depresses the sympathetic nervous system -Drowsy, dizzy, weak, headache, nasal stuffiness -Constricts pupil/blurred vision (ok for glaucoma) -Sexual dysfunction -Depression -Hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia Valsartan (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)) Action - Correct Answer--Inhibits binding of angiotensin II to its receptor -Inhibits angiotensin II (no vasoconstriction) and the release of Aldosterone (release sodium and water - hold on to potassium) Valsartan (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)) Uses - Correct Answer-- Hypertension -Heart failure Valsartan (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)) Contraindications - Correct Answer--Pregnancy -Lactating Valsartan (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)) Interactions - Correct Answer-- Other antihypertensives -Alcohol -aspirin can increase renal dysfunction/hyperkalemia -OTC cold medications Valsartan (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Does not cause the cough of ACE inhibitors -Dizzy, Drowsy, fatigue -Insomnia, headache -Orthostatic hypotension -Hyperkalemia -Hypoglycemia (rare) -Renal dysfunction Types of Diuretics - Correct Answer--Thiazide or Thiazide-like -Loop or High-ceiling -Osmotic -Potassium Sparing Diuretics that waste potassium - Correct Answer--Thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide) -Loop diuretics (Furosemide) Diuretics that spare potassium - Correct Answer-Spironolactone (potassium sparing diuretic) Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide Diuretics) Action - Correct Answer-Action is in the Kidneys -Promotes Na, K, and Water excretion -Decreases Pre-Load and Cardiac Output -Acts on Arterioles causing Vasodilation Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide Diuretics) Uses - Correct Answer--Treat Hypertesion -Edema from Heart Failure -Hepatic Cirrhosis Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide Diuretics) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Dizziness, headache, weakness -GI distress -Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance -Hypotension, Orthostatic Hypotension -Hyperglycemia -Photosensitivity -Hypokalemia, Dysrhythmias Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide Diuretics) Contraindications - Correct Answer-- Renal Failure with Anuria -Electrolyte Depletion (Caution: Hepatic Dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus) Hydrochlorothiazide (Thiazide Diuretics) Interactions - Correct Answer-- Increased Digoxin toxicity with Hypokalemia -Anti-Diabetic Drugs -Steroids Furosemide (Loop diuretics) Action - Correct Answer-Inhibits water and sodium reabsorption, potassium, magnesium, and calcium are also excreted Furosemide (Loop diuretics) Uses - Correct Answer--Treat fluid retention caused by heart failure -Renal dysfunction -Cirrhosis -Hypertension -Pulmonary Edema Furosemide (Loop diuretics) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--GI distress -Fluid and electrolyte imbalances -Hypotension, orthostatic hypotension -Photosensitivity -Hyperglycemia -Hearing Loss (when IV pushing too fast) Furosemide (Loop diuretics) Contraindications - Correct Answer--Severe electrolyte imbalance -Hypovolemia -Allergy to sulfa drugs (Caution: Heart Failure and Diabetes) Furosemide (Loop diuretics) Interactions - Correct Answer--Anticoagulants (Increased Bleeding) -Steroids (Increased K Loss) Digoxin if Hypokalemia is present K Wasting Diuretic Lab Abnormalities (serum chemistry abnormalities with K wasting diuretics) - Correct Answer--Hypokalemia -Hypomagnesemia -Hypochloremia -Hyponatremia -Hyperglycemia *Hypocalcemia in Loop Diuretics *Hypercalcemia in Thiazide Diuretics Mannitol (Osmotic Diuretics) Action - Correct Answer-Causes water, chloride, potassium, and water to be excreted through the kidneys Mannitol (Osmotic Diuretics) Uses - Correct Answer--Prevent Kidney Failure - Decrease Intracranial Pressure (ICP) -Decrease Intraocular Pressure (IOP) -Usually used in an Emergency situation Mannitol (Osmotic Diuretics) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--GI upset -Fluid and electrolyte imbalance -Pulmonary edema from rapid shift of fluids -Tachycardia -Rapid Fluid Loss, Acidosis (Extreme Caution: Heart disease, Heart Failure, and Renal Failure) Spironolactone (Potassium-Sparring Diuretics) Action - Correct Answer-- Blocks Aldosterone -Because of blocking aldosterone the renal tubules promote sodium and water excretion and potassium retention Spironolactone (Potassium-Sparring Diuretics) Uses - Correct Answer--To treat fluid overload associated with heart failure -Hepatic Cirrhosis Diphenhydramine (Antihistamine) first generation: Interactions - Correct Answer-Other CNS depressants Loratadine (Antihistamine) second generation/non-sedating: Action - Correct Answer- Work similarly to first generation (blocks histamine, which decreases allergic response), but without the drowsiness and anticholinergic side effects Loratadine (Antihistamine) second generation/non-sedating: Uses - Correct Answer-- Allergic rhinitis, itching (allergic reaction) -Long acting medications - Longer half life Loratadine (Antihistamine) second generation/non-sedating: Side effects - Correct Answer--Less drowsiness -fewer anticholinergic side effects Nursing Process: Antihistamines (Diphenhydramine & Loratadine) - Correct Answer-- Administer in large muscle IM -Dilute and IV push over several minutes as it can cause burning -Avoid operating motor vehicles if drowsiness occurs -Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants -Take as prescribed -Use sugarless candy or gum or ice chips for temporary relief of mouth dryness -Instruct to use caution when giving to children (can cause excitability) -Older adults can be more sensitive and can cause confusion Nasal Decongestants - Correct Answer-Oxymetazoline HCL & Pseudoephredrine Oxymetazoline HCL & Pseudoephredrine (Nasal Decongestants) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Nervous, jittery, restless -hypertension -Hyperglycemia -Tachycardia (Frequent use: May lead to tolerance, May lead to rebound nasal congestion, Should not be used more than 5 days) Oxymetazoline HCL & Pseudoephredrine (Nasal Decongestants) Contraindications - Correct Answer--Hypertension -Cardiac issues -Diabetes Oxymetazoline HCL & Pseudoephredrine (Nasal Decongestants) Interactions - Correct Answer--Caffeine -Antihypertensive medications -Antidysrhytmic medications Intranasal Glucocorticoids - Correct Answer-Fluticasone Fluticasone (Intranasal Glucocorticoids) Action - Correct Answer-Steroidal action decreases inflammation Fluticasone (Intranasal Glucocorticoids) Uses - Correct Answer--Allergic rhinitis -sneezing -congestion (Short term use during allergy season and No rebound congestion with this drug) Antitussives - Correct Answer-Dextromethorphan hydrobromide Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Antitussives) Action - Correct Answer- Acts on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex -Three types of antitussives are nonnarcotic, narcotic, and combination preparations -Dextromethorophan = non-narcotic Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Antitussives) Uses - Correct Answer-Provide temporary suppression of nonproductive cough, to reduce viscosity of tenacious secretions Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Antitussives) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Nausea -Dizziness -Drowsiness, sedation Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Antitussives) Contraindications - Correct Answer-- COPD -Chronic productive cough -Children under 2 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (Antitussives) Interactions - Correct Answer--Other CNS depressants -Grapefruit juice Expectorants - Correct Answer-Guaifenesin Guaifenesin (Expectorants) Action - Correct Answer-Loosens bronchial secretions so they can be coughed up Guaifenesin (Expectorants) Use - Correct Answer--Dry, nonproductive cough -some antitussive side effect Guaifenesin (Expectorants) Side effect - Correct Answer-Nausea/vomiting Cold Medication Care Plan Interventions/Teaching - Correct Answer--Monitor vital signs -Monitor secretions -Monitor for cough suppression & respiratory status with narcotics -Teach proper use of nasal spray -Increase fluids (especially with expectorants) -Don't drive until action is known -Decongestants can cause insomnia, take early in the day -Read labels to know what medications are in multiple symptom control medication -Contact HCP if cough last longer than 1 week Bronchodilators-beta 2 agonist (adrenergic) - Correct Answer-albuterol albuterol (bronchodilators-beta 2 agonist) Action - Correct Answer--Stimulates beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, which relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation -Rapid onset -Longer duration and fewer side effects than epi albuterol (bronchodilators-beta 2 agonist) Uses - Correct Answer--treat bronchospasm, asthma, bronchitis, COPD -Rescue inhalor albuterol (bronchodilators-beta 2 agonist) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Tremors, anxious, nervous, sweating -Insomnia -Palpitations -Hypertension -Hyperglycemia albuterol (bronchodilators-beta 2 agonist) Contraindications - Correct Answer--Cardiac disease -Hypertension -Hyperthyroidism -Diabetes albuterol (bronchodilators-beta 2 agonist) Interactions - Correct Answer--Increase effects with other adrenergic/sympathomimetic drugs -Decrease the effects of antihypertensives, antidysrhythmics Bronchodilators-Anticholinergics - Correct Answer-Tiotropium Tiotropium (Bronchodilators-Anticholinergics) Action - Correct Answer- Relaxes smooth muscle of the bronchi Graves disease, or Thyrotoxicosis Hyperthyroidism Signs and Symptoms - Correct Answer-tachycardia, palpitations, excessive respirations, heat intolerance, nervousness, irritability, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and weight loss Hyperthyroidism Treatment - Correct Answer--Antithyroid drugs, which inhibit either synthesis or release of thyroid hormone -Surgical removal of portion of the thyroid gland (subtotal thyroidectomy) -Radioactive Iodine Therapy Antithyroid drugs - Correct Answer-Propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil (Antithyroid Agent) Action - Correct Answer-Reduces the excessive secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) Propylthiouracil (Antithyroid Agent) Uses - Correct Answer--Thyroid storm, Hyperthyroidism Can take a week to work, may need a beta blocker (propanolol-drug of choice for hyperthyroidism) Propylthiouracil (Antithyroid Agent) Interactions - Correct Answer--Increase effect of anticoagulants -Decreases effect of anti-diabetics -Digoxin and Lithium increase action of thyroid drugs Propylthiouracil (Antithyroid Agent) Side effects/Adverse reactions - Correct Answer-- Goiter -Rash -Fever Parathyroid gland - Correct Answer-4 glands located on the back of the thyroid glands Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates - Correct Answer-Calcium levels in the blood -Takes calcium from bone -Promotes calcium absorption from GI tract -Promotes calcium reabsorption in kidneys Hypoparthyroidism - Correct Answer--Decreased level of PTH -Resulting in: Hypocalcemia Hypoparathyroidism treatment - Correct Answer-Calcitrol Calcitrol Action - Correct Answer--Promotes calcium absorption from GI tract -Promotes secretion of calcium from bone to blood Calcitrol Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Anorexia, N/V, Drowsiness, Headache, Dizziness, Metallic taste, Lethargy -Hypercalcemia Calcitrol Contraindications/Interactions - Correct Answer--Cardiac disease, Renal calculi, Malabsorption syndrome -Digoxin, Verapamil -Can increase with thiazide diuretics and calcium supplements Calcitrol Nursing process Assessment - Correct Answer--Serum calcium level -Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia (Twitching of mouth, Tingling and numbness of fingers, Carpopedal spasms, Muscle spasms Calcitrol Nursing process Interventions - Correct Answer--Monitor serum calcium level and s/s of hypocalcemia -Teach patient to report s/s of hypocalcemia Adrenal Glands Produces - Correct Answer-Glutocorticoids (Cortisol) -promote sodium and water retention, potassium excretion -Adrenal hyposecretion (Addison's Disease) -Levels controlled by negative feedback Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) -Promotes sodium and water retention, potassium excretion -Controlled by renin-angiotensin system Glucocortiocosteroids (Adrenal drugs) - Correct Answer-Prednisone Prednisone (Glucocortiocosteroids) Action - Correct Answer--Suppresses inflammation of the immune system -Decreases inflammation, immunosuppressant, treat skin conditions, Allergic reactions, prevent organ rejection Controlled by the ACTH in brain Prednisone (Glucocortiocosteroids) Contraindications - Correct Answer--Allergy -Psychosis -Fungal infection -Peptic ulcer disease Caution: -Diabetes, Renal disease, CHF, MI, Hypertension -Digoxin, Higher possibility of DIG toxicity Prednisone (Glucocortiocosteroids) Side effects - Correct Answer--Nausea, Diarrhea, Abdominal Distention, Increased Appetite -Sweating, Headache, Flushing -Mood Changes, Depression, Cataracts, Amenorrhea Prednisone (Glucocortiocosteroids) Adverse Reactions - Correct Answer- Think of Cushing's Syndrome -Petechiae, Thin Skin, Ecchymosis, Osteoporosis -Tachycardia, Hypertension -Sodium and Fluid Retention, Potassium Loss -Circulatory Collapse, Thrombophlebitis, Embolism Mineralocorticoids (Adrenal drugs) - Correct Answer-Fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone (Mineralocorticoids) Action - Correct Answer-Replaces Aldosterone -Increases water and sodium retention -Excretes potassium Controlled by renin-angiotensin system Fludrocortisone (Mineralocorticoids) Use - Correct Answer--Adrenocorticol insufficiency -Addison's Disease Diabetes Mellitus - Correct Answer--Chronic disease of deficient glucose metabolism -Insufficient insulin secretion from beta cells -Impaired insulin use -Major symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia Diabetes Types - Correct Answer-Type 1 -Insulin-dependent DM Type 2 -Insulin resistant Secondary -Due to medications (glucocorticoids, thiazide diuretics, epinephrine) Gestational -Due to hormonal changes Insulin resistance-Type 2 DM - Correct Answer-Body tissues do not respond to the action of insulin -Insulin receptors are unresponsive -Seizures, coma respiratory depression Glipizide (Oral Antidiabetic-Sulfonylureas) Contraindications - Correct Answer-Liver or kidney dysfunction Glipizide (Oral Antidiabetic-Sulfonylureas) Interactions - Correct Answer-- Alcohol (Antabuse type reaction) -Beta blockers -Green tea (increases hypoglycemia) -Many other Oral Antidiabetic Drugs (Biguanides) - Correct Answer-Metformin Metformin (Oral Antidiabetic-Biguanides) Action - Correct Answer-Decreases Sugar -Increased binding of insulin to receptors -Improves tissue sensitivity to insulin -Increases glucose transport to skeletal muscles and fatty tissue -Decreases hepatic production of glucose from stored glycogen -Decreases the absorption of glucose from the intestine Metformin (Oral Antidiabetic-Biguanides) Use - Correct Answer-Control blood sugar in type 2 diabetes Metformin (Oral Antidiabetic-Biguanides) Side effects/adverse reactions - Correct Answer--Dizziness, fatigue, headache -Agitation -Bitter or metallic taste -Weight loss -GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, discomfort) -Hypoglycemia -Lactic acidosis Metformin (Oral Antidiabetic-Biguanides) Contraindications - Correct Answer--Hold medication 48 hours before or after patient receives contrast dye or patient may have lactic acidosis or acute renal failure -Hepatic/renal dysfunction Metformin (Oral Antidiabetic-Biguanides) Interactions - Correct Answer--Many -Most cardiac drugs -IV contrast dye -Green tea increases hypoglycemia -Can cause liver dysfunction Other Antidiabetic Agents - Correct Answer-Exenatide -Increntin mimmetics Exenatide (Antidiabetic agent) Action - Correct Answer-Enhance insulin secretion, increase beta-cell responsiveness, suppress glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying, and reduce food intake Exenatide (Antidiabetic agent) Use - Correct Answer-For type 2 diabetes -Not a substitute for insulin Exenatide (Antidiabetic agent) Side effects - Correct Answer-similar to oral hypoglycemic Exenatide (Antidiabetic agent) Administration - Correct Answer- Administered SQ twice a day helps decrease A1c Hyperglycemic drugs - Correct Answer-Glucagon Glucagon (Hyperglycemic Drug) - Correct Answer-Hyperglycemic hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans -Increases blood sugar by stimulating glycogenolysis in liver Glucagon (Hyperglycemic Drug) Use - Correct Answer-Used to treat insulin- induced hypoglycemia when other methods of providing glucose are not available or patient non- responsive Glucagon (Hyperglycemic Drug) Route of administration - Correct Answer-- Parenteral use (subQ, IM, and IV) -Works in about 10 minutes Is metropolol (beta blocker) ok to use with glaucoma? - Correct Answer-yes Metropolol (beta blockers) will lower - Correct Answer--blood pressure (hypotension) -heart rate (bradycardia) -Blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Depresses sympathetic nervous system What patients should you be cautious of when giving Metropolol (Beta Blockers) - Correct Answer--Diabetes -Asthma -Liver, kidney or thyroid dysfunction Nifidipine (Calcium Channel Blockers) lowers - Correct Answer--Blood pressure -Heart rate Lisinopril (ACE) inhibitors can cause - Correct Answer--Constant irritating cough -Hyperkalemia Which antihypertensives lower the heart rate? - Correct Answer--Metropolol (beta blockers) -Nifipidine (Calcium Channel Blockers) Which antihypertensives affect electrolyes - Correct Answer-- Lisinopril (ACE inhibitors) -Valsartan (ARBs) hypovolemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia antihypertensives contraindicated in renal dysfunction? - Correct Answer-Prazosin (Alpha-adrenergic blockers) (Caution: ACE inhibitors, ARBs = can increase renal failre) antihypertensives monitor vital signs including heart on - Correct Answer--beta blockers -calcium channel blockers antihypertensives monitor for signs in symptoms of electrolyte imbalance with - Correct Answer--ACE inhibitors -ARB's Alpha and beta blockers take how long to take full effect? - Correct Answer- several weeks antihypertensives Monitor for fluid retention with - Correct Answer- alpha & beta blockers, calcium channel blockers antihypertensives teaching weigh daily and report weight gain over? - Correct Answer-2 pounds in one day, 5 pounds in one week antihypertensive teaching do not - Correct Answer-stop antihypertensive's abruptly can have rebound hypertension antihypertensives teaching talk to health care provider before taking - Correct Answer- OTC meds (especially cold medications) Antihypertensive teaching with beta blockers teach - Correct Answer-diabetic patient interactions (hypoglycemia) antihypertensives teaching ACE inhibitors and ARBs teach - Correct Answer-no salt substitutes with K, low K diet no K supplements