GEM Final Exam 2024 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 CORRECT, Exams of Nursing

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GEM Final Exam 2024 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 CORRECT Which of the following statements is TRUE: - Trillions of human cells are present in the human body - Trillions of bacterial cells are present in the human body - The human genome is composed of billions of base pairs - Thousands of genes are encoded within the human genome - All the above statements are true All the above statements are true Which of the following genomes are NOT part of our microbiomes? - Eukaryotic genomes - Fungal genomes - Mitochondrial genomes - Bacterial genomes - None of the above are found in our microbiomes Mitochondrial genomes Identify the WRONG statement below: - DNA serves as a template during transcription to produce mRNA - mRNA is a double-stranded copy of a gene used in translation - mRNA serves as a template during translation to synthesize proteins - Gene expression is crucial for protein production from genes - Gene expression can be regulated by non-coding DNA mRNA is a double-stranded copy of a gene used in translation Which factors influence an individual's health? - Genetic ancestry - Ancestor environments - Current living environments - Microbiomes within them - All of the above All of the above What genetic mechanisms make personal genomes unique? - Genetic recombination - Base mutations - Insertions and deletions - Chromosomal rearrangements - All of the above All of the above Which of the following statements is FALSE? - Proteins vary in the lengths of their sequences - Disease mutations are generally dominant - Individuals vary in the number of copies of a gene they have - Centromere locations in chromosomes are not fixed among species - Genes vary in the number of disease mutations Disease mutations are generally dominant Which of the following types of mutations ALWAYS leads to a disease? - Nonsynonymous mutations - Mutations in non-coding DNA regions - Insertion of a DNA segment - Deletion of a DNA segment - None of the above Which of the following statements about sickle cell anemia is FALSE? - It is a dominant genetic disorder - It is often caused by a mutation in the beta-hemoglobin protein - It confers a heterozygote advantage against malaria - It results in abnormal sickle-shaped erythrocytes - Heterozygotes generally lead healthy lives It is a dominant genetic disorder Consider the migration of Africans from malaria-prevalent regions in Africa to INDIA in Asia, where malaria is also a major health concern. How is the Sickle Cell (SC) allele frequency expected to behave in African Indians? - The frequency of the SC allele will likely behave in the same way as in Africans - The frequency of the SC allele will likely increase faster - The frequency of the SC allele will likely decrease faster - The frequency of the SC allele will likely fluctuate wildly - It is impossible to predict the change in the frequency of the SC allele The frequency of the SC allele will likely behave in the same way as in Africans Which of the following best describes the concept of evolution? - A process involving genetic change over time - The consequences of inheriting genetic material - A scientific explanation for the biological diversity - Natural selection on genetic changes over time - All of the above describe aspects of evolution All of the above describe aspects of evolution Which of the following statements about the Mitochondrial Eve is FALSE? - Represents the ancestor of all living modern humans - She has passed down her mitochondria matrilineally Was the first member of the Homo sapiens species - Analogous to the Y-chromosomal Adam - Traced through the evolutionary analysis of mitochondrial DNA Was the first member of the Homo sapiens species Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by a healthy microbiome? - Producing natural moisturizers for the skin - Outcompeting potential pathogens in the digestive tract - Aiding in the digestion of food - Facilitating oxygen exchange in the heart - None of the above None of the above Which term describes microbes that provide potential benefits to their host? - Nonparasitic - Natural fauna - Commensals - Obligate microbiota - All of the above Commensals Which of the following statements best describes the maximum parsimony principle? the most complex evolutionary history is the most likely - the most common ancestor is the most likely - the simplest evolutionary history is the most likely - the evolutionary history with the most genetic drift is the most likely - the evolutionary history with recombination is the most likely the simplest evolutionary history is the most likely 22 Use the phylogeny of three species (A, B, and C) containing 20, 23, and and 22 total chromosomes, respectively. The most parsimonious reconstruction of the number of chromosomes in the karyotype of ancestor W is - 20 - 21 - 22 - 10 - 12 Species B evolved by the fission of one chromosome Under the maximum parsimony principle, which of the following statements is expected to be WRONG? - Species A evolved by the fusion of two chromosomes - Species B evolved by the fission of one chromosome - Species B carries the karyotype of ancestral species W - Species C carries the karyotype of ancestral species V - The karyotypes of ancestors V and W were the same Which process creates the Philadelphia chromosome, commonly associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia? - Insertion of foreign genetic material into the chromosome - Deletion of genetic material from the chromosome - Translocation of genetic material from one chromosome to another - Substitution of one base pair with another in the chromosome - Inversion of segments of two chromosomes Translocation of genetic material from one chromosome to another Which statement about copy number variations (CNVs) is FALSE? - The amylase gene shows extensive CNVs in humans - CNVs can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to an individual's health - CNVs are found in many domesticated animals - Centromere locations shift because of selective advantage - All the above statements are FALSE All the above statements are FALSE Options a, b, and c present the most parsimonious scenarios about the chromosomal evolution and fates of centromeres and telomeres Chromosomal banding patterns are shown for the human (H) chromosome #2 and the syntenic regions observed in chimpanzees (C) gorillas (G) and orangutans (O). Choose the accurate statement. - Human chromosome 2 evolved by fusing two chromosomes in their ancestral great ape genome - Only one of the two centromeres in the fused chromosome remained functional as a centromere - Only two of the four telomeres in the fused chromosome remained functional as telomeres - Options a, b, and c present the most parsimonious scenarios about the chromosomal evolution and fates of centromeres and telomeres - There is not enough information to learn about the evolution of chromosome 2 in humans There is a linear relationship The graph shows the rarity of trisomies of three chromosomes containing 100, 200, and 300 genes. What is the relationship between the number of genes and the rarity of chromosomal trisomy? - There is no relationship - There is a linear relationship - There is a uniform relationship - There is a power relationship - There is an exponential relationship 20 times the number of genes The graph shows the rarity of trisomies of three chromosomes containing 100, 200, and 300 genes. The rarity of trisomy of a chromosome is - 5 times the number of genes - 10 times the number of genes - 20 times the number of genes - 25 times the number of genes - 30 times the number of genes More common than trisomy of a chromosome with 300 genes The graph below shows the rarity of trisomies of three chromosomes containing 100, 200, and 300 genes. Use it to answer questions on this page. We anticipate that the trisomy of a chromosome with 250 genes will be: - More common than trisomy of a chromosome with 300 genes - More common than the trisomy of a chromosome with 100 genes - As common as the trisomy of a chromosome with 150 genes - Less common than the trisomy of a chromosome with 300 genes - Not predictable based on this graph D Use the evolutionary trajectories of the red allele (r) under different types of selection. Which of the above trajectories is expected for a variant that confers heterozygote advantage? - A - B - C - D A Use the evolutionary trajectories of the red allele (r) under different types of selection. Which of these trajectories is expected for a detrimental mutation that happens to occur at a very high frequency? - A - B - C - D B Use the following evolutionary trajectories of the red allele (r) under different types of selection. Which of the trajectories is expected for a mutation that is always adaptive? - A - B - C - D Which types of mutations can become extinct by chance alone? - Neutral - Adaptive - Detrimental - All three - Neutral - All three BQ#14: What best describes a gene family? - A collection of distinct genes each performing unrelated functions. - A group of genes that have similar structures and functions. - A single gene that is capable of performing various functions. - A cluster of genes that originated from a common ancestral gene. A cluster of genes that originated from a common ancestral gene. BQ#15: Which mechanisms play a role in the formation and diversification of gene families? - Gene duplication, leading to additional copies of genes. - 1 - 2 0 How many substitutions for site 4 for your tree? - 0 - 1 - 2 1 How many substitutions for site 5 for your tree? - 0 - 1 - 2 1 How many substitutions for site 7 for your tree? - 0 - 1 - 2 Bonus #21: What was the relationship between somatic mutation rate and species lifespan? - Somatic mutation rate increased with increasing species lifespan. - Somatic mutation rate was unrelated to species lifespan. - Somatic mutation rate decreased with increasing species lifespan. - The study did not investigate the relationship between somatic mutation rate and species lifespan. Somatic mutation rate decreased with increasing species lifespan. Bonus #22: What is the association between cancer mortality and diet in mammals? - Carnivorous mammals have lower cancer mortality than herbivorous mammals. - Omnivorous mammals have the highest cancer mortality. - Carnivorous mammals have the highest cancer-related mortality. - Herbivorous mammals have the highest cancer mortality Carnivorous mammals have the highest cancer-related mortality. Would HSCs in older people have more somatic mutations than younger people? - Yes - No No Would there be a clock-like accumulation of somatic mutations in HSCs? - Yes - No - Don't know Don't know What kind of selection is COVID-19 exerting on humans? - Positive - Negative - Neutral - Confused? Negative Is the Wuhan 2019 strain the parent of all human infections? - Yes - No - May be No Do all AIDS patients suffer from the same HIV strain? - Yes - No No Bonus Quiz #23: Phylogenetic analysis of archival serum samples from the 1970s HIV epidemic revealed: - that patient O was the primary spreader of HIV. - that HIV in America has its roots in the Caribbean - that HIV first appeared in San Francisco - the severity of the virus that HIV in America has its roots in the Caribbean Bonus Quiz #24: How was the genomics of lice informative about the invention of clothing by humans? - Divergence of head louse and body louse lineages - Discovery of fossilized lice on archaic humans - Transmission of louse-infecting viruses to humans - Loss of human body hair due to louse infections Divergence of head louse and body louse lineages Bonus Quiz #25: What is the point of origin of many human pathogens in temperate regions? - Co-evolution with ancestral hominins in Africa - Exposure to environmental microbes - Spillover from close contact with domesticated animals - Transmission from insect parasites Spillover from close contact with domesticated animals