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A comprehensive overview of fundamental biological processes, including the role of atp as the energy currency of the cell, the stages of photosynthesis, and the different types of cellular respiration. It explains the key molecules involved, the steps in each process, and the importance of pigments in photosynthesis. Suitable for high school biology students seeking a clear and concise explanation of these essential concepts.
Typology: Study notes
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Adenosine Triphosphate Gives off energy Energy currency of the cell ATP energy is used in cellular activity It has high energy containing molecules Allows the cell to do work A molecule/ a big molecule containing 5 smaller molecules Molecules of ATP: 3 phosphate group
Oxidation reaction – 6H 2 O→6O 2 Loss Hydrogen Loss electron Gain Oxygen Parts of Chloroplasts Thylakoid – main source to absorb light Granum – stacks of Thylakoid Stroma – fluid substamce Lamella – connects the stacks of Thylakoid
2 stages of reaction of photosynthesis
1. Light dependent reaction Where: In the Thlakoid Membrane Product: ATP, O 2 , NADPH 2. Light Independent reaction Where: Stroma Product: Glucose(C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + Carbohydrate and sugar Light dependent reaction NADPH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphste hydrogen O 2 – Oxygen ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate Stages of light dependent reaction 1. Photo excitation 2. E.T.C. 3. Photolysis 4. Chemiosmosis 5. ATP-ADP – Reduction Reaction Process 6. NADP+^ - NADPH – Reduction Reaction Process PS II – Photosystem II – First key membrane bound protein Light Independent reaction Molecules:
2G3P=1glucose G3P – building blocks of glucose Rubisco – enzyme that helps CO 2 binds on RuBP ATP-ADP cycle PC (Inorganic phosphate) Undergo Endergonic reaction Hydrolysis ( ATP+H 2 O) Dehydration
Photosynthesis: Light dependent reaction Ones released it becomes kinetic energy Chemical bond Potential Energy Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail
Light independent reaction Cellular respiration
After the glycolysis there will be: 4 ATP – to the 2 ATP borrowed = 2 ATP will be produced
Pigments Chlorophyll – Green pigment found in plants, algae, and phytoplankton.
Carotenoid – absorbs violet and blue-green light