Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

General Biology: ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration, Study notes of Biology

A comprehensive overview of fundamental biological processes, including the role of atp as the energy currency of the cell, the stages of photosynthesis, and the different types of cellular respiration. It explains the key molecules involved, the steps in each process, and the importance of pigments in photosynthesis. Suitable for high school biology students seeking a clear and concise explanation of these essential concepts.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 10/01/2024

christian-dave-b-magana
christian-dave-b-magana 🇭🇰

3 documents

Partial preview of the text

Download General Biology: ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

ATP

 Adenosine Triphosphate  Gives off energy  Energy currency of the cell  ATP energy is used in cellular activity  It has high energy containing molecules  Allows the cell to do work  A molecule/ a big molecule containing 5 smaller molecules  Molecules of ATP: 3 phosphate group

  • Ribose
  • Adenine Absorption of energy ADP  Adenosine Diphosphate Low energy  Contains 2 phosphate group, ribose and adenine Heterotropes – consuming their own food Autotropes – produce their own food Hydrolysis – Addition of water ( ATP + H 2 O) Phosphorylation – Addition of Phosphate Endergonic reaction – absorption of energy – Anabolic reaction – build up Exergonic reaction – release of emergy – Catabolic reaction – break up PC – Inorganic phosphate Dehydration – releasing of water Photosynthesis – converting light energy to chemical energy to produce their own food C 6 H 12 O 6 – Glucose Reduction reaction – 6 Co 2 → C 6 H 1206  Gain Hydrogen  Gain electron  Loss Oxygen

Oxidation reaction – 6H 2 O→6O 2  Loss Hydrogen  Loss electron  Gain Oxygen Parts of Chloroplasts Thylakoid – main source to absorb light Granum – stacks of Thylakoid Stroma – fluid substamce Lamella – connects the stacks of Thylakoid

2 stages of reaction of photosynthesis

1. Light dependent reaction Where: In the Thlakoid Membrane Product: ATP, O 2 , NADPH 2. Light Independent reaction Where: Stroma Product: Glucose(C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + Carbohydrate and sugar Light dependent reaction NADPH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphste hydrogen O 2 – Oxygen ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate Stages of light dependent reaction 1. Photo excitation 2. E.T.C. 3. Photolysis 4. Chemiosmosis 5. ATP-ADP – Reduction Reaction Process 6. NADP+^ - NADPH – Reduction Reaction Process PS II – Photosystem II – First key membrane bound protein Light Independent reaction Molecules:

  • 3 PGA - 3 – phosphoglycerate
  • RuBP – Ribulose bisphosphate
  • G3P – Glycerol 3 phosphate Stages of Light Independent Reaction
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Activation and Reduction
  3. Regeneration of RuBP

2G3P=1glucose G3P – building blocks of glucose Rubisco – enzyme that helps CO 2 binds on RuBP ATP-ADP cycle PC (Inorganic phosphate) Undergo Endergonic reaction Hydrolysis ( ATP+H 2 O) Dehydration

ATP

Photosynthesis: Light dependent reaction Ones released it becomes kinetic energy Chemical bond Potential Energy Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail

Light independent reaction Cellular respiration

  • cell produces energy from glucose C 6 H 12 O 6
  • glucose will produce energy
  • will use O 2 O 2 – main component to break down the glucose Glucose → energy 2 types of cellular respiration
    1. Aerobic respiration – with/needs O 2
      • main need is Oxygen Aerobic respiration formula/ General formula of cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O2 2 →6CO 2 + 6H 2 O+ Energy↑ ATP ADP

After the glycolysis there will be: 4 ATP – to the 2 ATP borrowed = 2 ATP will be produced

  1. Anaerobic Respiration – w/out O 3
    • Did not use oxygen **- 2 types of anaerobic respiration
  2. Lactic Acid fermentation**
  • happens in Humans
  • Lactic+↓Energy 2. Alcohol Fermentation/ Alcoholic Fermentation
  • happens in other organism
  • uses yeast to break down the glucose
  • CO 2 + Ethanol + ↓Energy Stages of cellular Respiration
  1. Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration)
  • breaking down of glucose
  • C 6 H 12 O 6 →C-C-C-C-C-C
  1. Kreb’s Cycle
  • 2 ATP produced
  1. E.T.C/ Electron transport chain
  • There will be 34 ATP produced 1 Glucose = 38 ATP C-C-C Pyruvate C-C-C Pyruvate Borrowed 2 ATP

Pigments Chlorophyll – Green pigment found in plants, algae, and phytoplankton.

  • There are 6 types of chlorophyll havae been identified, chlorophyll A, B, C, D, E, F Chlorophyll A – primary molecule responsible for photosynthesis.
  • found in every single photosynthesizing organism, from land plants to algae and cynobacteria. Accessory pigments – they transfer any energy that they absorb to the primary chlorophyll A instead of directly participating in the process. Chloropyhll B – mainly found in land plants, aquatic plants and green algae.
  • ratio of chlorophyll A to chlorophyll B is 3:
  • some organization will group green algae into the plant kingdom Chlorophyll C – found in red algae, brown algae, and dinoflagellates.
  • classification under kingdom chromista Chlorophyll D – minor pigment found in red algae Rare Chlorophyll E – found in yellow algae Chlorophyll F - recently discovered in some cyanobacteria near Australia

Carotenoid – absorbs violet and blue-green light

  • reflect yellow, orange, and/or red light
    • Helps in getting rid of excess light energy
      • if the huge amount of energy is not handled properly, it can damage the photosynthetic machinery. Phycobilin – found in phytoplankton There are 2 types of Phycobilin
  1. Phycoerythrin
  • reflects red light
  • can be found in red algae
  • absorbs dim and blue-green light
  1. Phycocysnin.
  • reflects blue light
  • responsible for cyanobacteria’s common name ; blue-green algae
  • absorbs extra orange and red light. Anthocyanins
  • blue, red, or purple pigments
  • found in plants, especially flowers, fruits, and tubers
  • red pigment – acidic condition
  • blue pigment – alkaline conditions
  • used in dye and food colorant