General Chairside Board Review- Full Set with Answers 2023, Exams of Advanced Education

Download General Chairside Board Review- Full Set with Answers 2023 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! General Chairside Board Review- Full Set with Answers 2023 1. Rotary Burs - Refer to textbook 2. Drug Handout - Refer to drug handout 3. What type of restoration would you use a gingival retraction cord for? - You would use a gingival retraction cord for a crown 4. What are the uses of gingival retraction cord? - A gingival retraction cord is used to ensure that an impression with clear margins can be obtained. 5. For which patient would you not use an epinephrine impregnated gingival retraction cord? - Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor which increases heartbeat (tachycardia). It is contradicted for patients with heart disease, diabetes, or hyperthyroidism. 6. What is the highest concentration of epinephrine? - 1:20,000 7. Nitrous oxide to oxygen ratios? - The most common ratio is 2:1 8. When is it acceptable to send a patient who has not paid their dental bill an ultimatum letter? - It is only appropriate to send an ultimatum letter after the first 3 stages of collection have failed. It must first go through the reminder stage, inquiry/discussion stage and urgency stage. 9. How often does the organized dental assistant send a reminder of non-payment? - Typically every 30, 60, 90 days. Or at the discretion of the Dentist. 10. A buffer period is primarily used for what? - To maintain the pH of the mouth 11. Which muscle is not used for mastication? - The muscles of facial expressions are not used during mastication, which includes the orbicularis oris, buccinator, mentalis, and the zygomatic major. The muscles used during mastication include the internal and external pterygoid muscles, masseter and temporal muscles. 12. What are the parts of the TMJ? - Composed of 3 parts: The glenoid fossa of the temporal bone The articular eminence of the temporal bone The condyloid process of the mandible 13. Which bone articulates with the mandible? - The temporal bone 14. Which gauge needle is used for injecting different areas in the mouth? - Needle gauges used are 25, 27 and 30. The smaller the gauge, the larger the diameter. 15. State the different injections used in the mouth and where the topical would be placed. - Local infiltration (topical placed in the area of treatment) Field block (topical placed in vestibule near apex of the tooth) Nerve Block (topical placed posterior to retromolar pad and anterior to mandibular foramen) 16. When is a dental implant implicated? - Used to replace one individual tooth, multiple teeth, or to restore an edentulous arch. 17. What is ANUG? - Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. The symptoms include painful bleeding gums, and ulceration of the interdental papillae. This is frequent in patients who smoke and those who are under stress. 18. What prophylactic antibiotic is used with a penicillin allergy? Non-penicillin allergy? - Penicillin allergy:Clindamycin, cephalexin and doxycycline Non-Penicillin allergy:Amoxicillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, erythromycin, nafcillin and oxacillin 19. What types of stains does coronal polishing remove - It DOES NOT remove intrinsic stains. 20. Why do you not use prophy paste before applying sealants? - It can interfere with the retention of the sealant. 21. When would you not use a fluoride rinse? - Children under 6 years of age should not use fluoride rinses or mouthwashes because they may accidentally swallow them 22. Which impression material is most flexible and least resistant to distortion? - Polyvinyl siloxane is the most flexible and the least resistant to distortion 23. If the right 7th branch of the nerve is injured during an injection, what will occure? - Facial nerve paralysis 24. For the new patient exam, what instruments will be needed? - Mirror Explorer Perio-probe 25. A 65-year-old woman with emphysema also has swelling of the hands and feet. What else might she be suffering from? - The patient could also have pulmonary hypertension which could be causing the swelling history, such as demographics, vital signs, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, progress notes, problems, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results 41. Which type of wax is added to the periphery of the impression tray? - utility wax 42. Right before taking a maxillary impression, the dental assistant removes the material from the palatal portion of the tray. Why is this done? - to avoid gagging 43. What are the parts of the anesthetic syringe? - Thumb ring, finger grip bar, syringe barrel, plunger, piston rod, harpoon, threaded end of syringe 44. What is done right before topical anesthetic is placed? - The area is dried with 2x2 gauze before placing topical 45. Which type of implant replaces the root portion of a tooth? - a dental implant 46. What is the teabag used for after an extraction? What is the drug found in the teabag for this purpose? - The tea bag is used to help aid in clotting blood. The drug that is found in the teabag is eugenol or cloves 47. What should properly mixed polysulfide look like? - A uniform color without streaks, homogenous 48. Why should dentures be stored in water when not in the mouth? - To keep them moist and avoid shrinkage 49. Explain over-mixed, under-mixed, and normally mixed amalgam? - -Over mixed: soupy -Under mixed: Crumbly, dry -Normally mixed: homogeneous, uniform 50. State all the instruments found in the Dental Assisting Textbook and know their uses. - Please refer to your dental assisting book 51. What would make dental stone harder? - Less water or more stone will make dental stone harder 52. What direction should the working end of an instrument be directed for what arch? - The working end of an instrument should be directed toward the arch that is being worked on. Pointing down for mandibular, pointing up-ward for maxillary 53. Explain the different matrix systems used in operative dentistry. - The different matrix systems are Tofflemire retainer is two parts, the retainer and the stainless-steel band used for amalgam restoration, the AutoMatrix is a stainless-steel band without the retainer used for amalgam restoration, The plastic mylar strip is a strip of plastic that allows for a better contour and used for composite restorations. There is also the section matrix system the Garrison often used on Class II restorations to restore anatomical contacts. 54. What type clamp is used for a Class V restoration? - Cervical clamps are used on Class V restorations 55. How many wholes would be punched in the dental dam for which procedure? - To prepare a dental dam you would punch a whole for each tooth that is to be restored, then one whole distal and one whole mesial to the tooth or teeth being worked on 56. What type clamp is used for gingival retraction? - The winged or wingless clamps are used for gingival retraction. 57. What matrix band system uses a separate ring? - The matrix band system that uses a separate ring is the Garrison system 58. What can be used as a guide for placing a dental implant? - Impressions or an intraoral scan as well as a computer-guided 3D planning system can be used as a guide for placement of a dental implant. 59. What are the active ingredients in toothpaste, and sensitive toothpaste? - The active ingredients in toothpaste are fluoride, sodium fluoride, Tin (II) fluoride, calcium carbonate, Sodium monofluorophosphate. / Sensitive toothpaste ingredients are Potassium Nitrate, Sodium Fluoride, 60. What is the amount of fluoride found in the public water supply and what is the "normal"? - .7 mg/l 61. What is the primary cause of the periodontal disease? - plaque 62. Explain the key terms in all chapters covered in your textbook. - KNOW EVERY SINGLE KEY TERM IN YOUR BOOK 63. State the artery used to obtain a blood pressure. - Brachial Artery 64. What is the difference between expendable/non-expendable items? - Expendable items can be thrown out after use. Non Expendable items have to be cleaned for reuse. 65. What is electronic pulp testing, how is it done, what do the numbers mean? - Tool that creates an electrical stimulus to the tooth indicating whether pulp is vital or non-vital by delivering high frequency currents that create electrical stimulus to the tooth. The numbers are the pulse amplitude of the stimulus and begins at 15 volts and rises automatically to a maximum of 350 volts. 66. Be able to distinguish a treat set up for amalgam, composite, suture removal, rubber dam, endo, ortho, perio, PIT, cementation, and a basic tray set up. - BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TRAY SET UPS 67. Explain the procedure for assembling a matrix/retainer. Why is the band burnished and with what instrument? - Hold the retainer so that the guide channels in diagonal slots are facing you. Turn the outer knob until the pointed end of the spindle is clear. Place the matrix band depends on the tooth being restored. Once the band is placed turn the outer knob until the tip of the spindle is tight against the band in the vise slot. Move the inner knob to increase or decrease the size of the loop to match the diameter of the tooth. Once the matrix system is placed you burnish it typically with a ball burnisher for better contact in the proximal areas. 68. What is the most common way of contracting hepatitis C from a patient? - By being stuck with an instrument or needle that has been in contact with an infected person. 69. What is the main ingredient in most whitening agents? - Hydrogen peroxide (carbamide peroxide) 70. How are drug categories determined? - A drug can be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by how it's used to treat a particular condition. 71. What is a space maintainer used for? - To prevent teeth from drifting into space for eruption 72. When is dental floss used? - Dental floss is used before brushing and after prophy to reach interproximal space, also after a restoration is placed to check for overhang, dental floss can also be used to remove excess cement. 73. Explain the sequence for taking alginate impressions when performing a crown prep. - a. Prepare alginate ( powder in water, fast set: 30-45 sec, reg set: 1 min) b. Load alginate into tray c. Seat posterior, rock anterior d. When set completely, break seal and remove tray e. Dr. preps tooth for crown f. Temp crown material is placed in prepped tooth region of alginate impression g. Seat impression back into the mouth, wait for material to set •charters method- Place brush at a 45 degree angle towards occlusal/incisal plane. Move brush in several small rotary motion keeping bristles in contact with the gingival margin. Useful for abutments of fixed bridges and around orthodontic appliances •fones method- Position bristles perpendicular to crown of tooth. Brush in a circular (rotary) motion brushing maxillary and mandibular teeth. Useful for small children with primary dentition.Evaluation for an electric toothbrush or other tooth brushing technique should be performed for special needs patients 89. What are the drug categories? - (1) Analgesics (2) Antibiotics (3) Anti-cholinergic (4) Anticoagulant (5) Anti-convulsant (6) Anti-diabetic (7) Antidepressant (8) Anti-fungal (9) Antihistamine (10) Anti-hypertensive (11) Anti-inflammatory (12) Antilipemic/ statins (13) Anti-thyroid (14) Bronchodilator (15) Contraceptive (16) Decongestant (17) Diuretic (18) Hemostatic (19) Hormone Replacement (20) MAOIs (21) Nitrates (22) Tranquilizer/ anti-anxiety 90. If the alginate comes out of the tray when removing from the mouth, what would you do? - remove with fingers from back to front, similar to removing a retainer 91. Explain the criteria for an acceptable temporary crown? - a. Comfortable and esthetically acceptable to patient b. Remains stable with proper mesial and distal contacts and occlusal alignment until permanent crown is cemented c. Easily removed without damaging tooth when the permanent restoration is ready for placement d. Fits snugly and accurately along prepared margin of the tooth. There is less than 0.05 mm of space between the temporary restoration and finish line of the margin. e. Contoured in a similar fashion to original tooth, therefore protecting gingiva from irritation and interproximal areas from food impaction. 92. What is the difference between syneresis and imbibition? - Syneresis is shrinkage from a loss of water content due to heat, dryness, or exposure to air. Imbibition is enlargement due to swelling or the absorption of fluid 93. What type of cement is used for ortho bands? - Glass ionomer, polycarboxylate, or zinc phosphate cement is commonly used for cementing orthodontic bands. 94. State the proper criteria/placement of the HVE for all areas of the mouth? - Posterior- Place bevel as close as possible to the tooth being prepared. Position bevel tip parallel to buccal or lingual surface of tooth being prepared. Place upper edge of HVE tip so that it extends slightly beyond the occlusal surface Anterior- If preparing lingually, place HVE to facial. When preparing facially, place the HVE from the lingual. Place tip slightly beyond the incisal edge for both placements 95. State the different isolation methods? - Isolite, cotton rolls, dry angles, dental dam 96. What impression material requires a water-cooled tray? - reversible-hydrocolloid impression 97. While making a suck-down tray, what is the best way to make sure the plastic adheres to the lingual surfaces of the teeth of the model? - trim lingual undercut areas 98. Know the signs, symptoms, and treatment for the 12 emergencies learned in class as well as congestive heart failure. - Listed below Syncope - Signs and symptoms- patient becomes pale; may be covered in a cold sweat; complain of being hot, dizzy, or nauseated; pulse and BP initially increase; pulse and BP drop just before becoming unconscious; while unconscious, pulse and BP will remain low and respirations will be shallow and gasping; pupils will become dilated; may exhibit convulsions, deathlike appearance while unconscious. Treatment- place in Trendelenburg position unless pregnant; check CAB; crack and wave ammonia capsule under nose, administer 100% oxygen 5-6 L/m; loosen tight clothes; place a cool, damp cloth on forehead. Partial Airway Obstruction - Signs and symptoms-patient is able to cough, speak, and breathe. Treatment-sit patient upright; no further action should be required. Complete Airway Obstruction - Signs and symptoms- patient is unable to speak, cough forcibly, or breathe adequately; becomes pale; becomes cyanotic around the mouth and fingertips; usually clutches throat; quickly loses consciousness if the object is not removed. Treatment- if conscious, perform Heimlich maneuver; if patient loses consciousness, call 911; lie patient on their back; give 30 chest compressions; visually check mouth and remove any dislodged object if present; do head tilt-chin lift followed by 2 breaths; repeat above steps until EMS arrives or the patient is OK. Hyperventilation - Signs and symptoms- patient appears nervous and anxious; breathes deeper and faster; may complain of feeling tightness in the chest or suffocation; may begin to feel dizzy; may develop tingling in the fingers and toes. Treatment- place in upright position; attempt to calm the patient; breathe into their cupped hands or a paper bag; inhale and hold their breath while you count to 5 or 10 before exhaling; do not administer oxygen. Asthma - Signs and symptoms- wheezing sounds during expiration; seems to be struggling for air; may be sweating; may be coughing; may appear nervous; BP normal or slightly elevated; increased pulse. Treatment- position upright; use a bronchodilator; oxygen 5-6 L/m. Treatment- call 911; if necessary, perform CPR. 99. State the functions of all vitamins. - Vitamin A- essential for healthy skin; maintenance of mucous membranes; give strength to epithelial tissue; best known for his contribution to vision. Vitamin D- manufactured by the body if exposed to UV rays; ensures healthy bones and tooth development. Vitamin E- protects nutrients by oxidation; effective in conditioning to the skin. Vitamin K- promotes the formation of prothrombin. Vitamin C- ascorbic acid; acts to hold cells together and is a component of connective tissue. Vitamin B1- thiamin; prevents cardiovascular changes and beriberi. Vitamin B2- riboflavin; helps produce proteins and is essential in growth. Vitamin B3- niacin; prevents gastrointestinal and nervous system disorders. Vitamin B6- pyridoxine; essential in the synthesis and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat. Vitamin B12- cobalamin; important in the functioning of red blood cells and DNA. Vitamin B9- folic acid; important for the functioning of red blood cells and DNA. Vitamin B7- biotin; aids in energy metabolism. Vitamin B5- pantothenic acid; aids in energy metabolism. 100. What are the different types of implants? - - subperiosteal implant - endosteal implant - mini dental implant (MDI) - transosteal implant (see chapter 26 for descriptions) 101. What gauge needle is used for each injection? - 25-gauge needle is recommended for all injections, but it is strongly recommended for all injections with a high risk of positive aspiration and/or with a significant depth of penetration. 27-gauge needle is recommended for injections where depth of penetration and risk of positive aspiration are minimal. 30-gauge needle is not recommended for dental use any longer but it can be useful for localized infiltration 102. Why is it important to tuck/invert the dental dam? - It is important to tuck/invert the dental damn into the sulcus of the gingiva to seal the tooth and prevent leakage. 103. What is a PPO? - PPO is a type of health plan that contracts with medical where your insurance would cover for appointments with a Preferred Provider. The insurance company has negotiated rates with the providers in their insurance network (Preferred Provider Organization). 104. What does HIPPA stand for? - HIPPA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. 105. Name the salivary ducts? What might cause them to swell? - Parotid duct (Stenson's duct), ducts of Bartholin, Wharton's duct, and ducts of Rivinus. Salivary stones or mumps could cause them to swell. 106. How long are dental records kept? - On average dental records are kept for 6 years. North Carolina has to keep records for 10 years. HIPPA requires records to be retained for 6 years. There is a rule of thumb that states retention for 6 years after death, 10 years after last appointment, and 21 years from date of birth. Most importantly follow the laws of record retention for the state you are in. 107. State the "normal" pulse, respirations, blood pressure for an adult and child. - Normal vitals for an adult are; Pulse: 60-100 bpm, respirations of 12-18 rpm, BP 120/80. Normal vitals for a child are; Pulse 70-100 bpm, respirations of 20-40 rpm, BP for child 10 years of age 100/66, and adolescent 16 years of age 118-76. 108. What is the difference between hypertension, hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension? - Hypertension is when BP is higher than normal, Hypotension is when BP is lower than normal, andOrthostatic Hypotension is low BP while standing up or lying down. 109. State the medications used for a direct and indirect pulp cap. - Direct pulp capping uses calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Indirect pulp capping uses calcium hydroxide, MTA, glass ionomer cement, zinc oxide/eugenol, calcium silicate. 110. What is the depth of normal sulcus? - The depth of normal sulcus is 3mm or less 111. Describe healthy gingiva. - Usually pink or brownish pink depending on the pigmentation. The fibrous tissue is covered w/ mucous membrane that can withstand pressure during chewing. 112. What impression material is used to take impressions for study models, and what material is used to pour the impressions? - Alginate impressions are taken for study models. To pour impressions either, Gypsum: Type I impression plaster; Type II model or lab plaster; Orthodontic stone/combo of Type II; Type III lab stone; Type IV die stone; or Type V high strength, high expansion die stone are used. 113. Explain the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure. - Diastolic pressure - Created as the arteries return to their original state when the heart relaxes between contractions. Systolic pressure - Created when the heart contracts and forces blood through the arteries. 114. What are common signs of high blood pressure? - Headaches, dizziness, nosebleeds, facial flushing, difficult breathing, vision problems, chest pains, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, and blood in urine. 115. In an emergency situation, what artery is used to monitor pulse? - carotid artery 116. How does the dental assistant seated height compare to that of the dentist? - The assistant seat is 4 to 8 inches higher. 117. In which hand does the dental asst. hold the air water syringe and HVE when working for a right-handed dentist? - DA holds air water syringe w/ right hand and the HVE is held in left hand when working w/ right-handed dentist. 118. What fingers are used to place instruments in the dentist's hand? What fingers are used to retrieve the instruments? - Place- the thumb, index or 1st finger, middle or 2nd finger. Retrieve- the pinky or 4th finger. 119. What can be used to retract the cheek when working on the patient's left side? - mirror. 120. What is used to retract the tongue when working on the lower right? - HVE, mirror, A/W syringe tip 144. During a cavity preparation, what should the dental assistant do? - Have prepared burs ready, rinse & evacuate oral cavity, mix materials, maintain operator visibility 145. What are several methods of preparing temporary crowns? - You can use composite resin, integrity, polycarbonate, and stainless steel 146. What type of cement is used to seat temporary crowns? - Temporary Cement - ex: temrex 147. What instruments are necessary to fit a preformed stainless steel crown? - Crown & collar scissors, Contouring & crimping pliers 148. What material is placed on the tip of the electrode prior to performing an electronic pulp test? Why? - Small amount of toothpaste; acts as a conducting medium 149. What materials are commonly used as root canal sealers? - ZOE, calcium hydroxide, and glass ionomers. 150. What is used to flush a root canal? - Sodium hypochlorite (bleach), Parachlorophenol (PCP), hydrogen peroxide, saline solutions, alcohol, anesthetic solution, chlorinated soda (p574) 151. Define surgical procedures associated with RCT. (p581, 584) - Endodontic retreatment: performance of another RCT Pulpectomy: removal of all pulpal tissues beginning in coronal portion of tooth and termination 1-3mm short of apex in root canal of tooth Pulpotomy: removing pulp in coronal portion of tooth, leaving pulp in root canal intact and vital Apicoectomy: apex of root is surgically removed Apical curettage: diseased tissues are removed from area by scraping with a curette Root amputation: surgical removal of roots Hemisection: surgical removal of one root and overlying crown Apexification: treatment of root canal apex in a tooth that is necrotic Apexogenesis: treating pulp of young tooth with an open apex 152. What materials are used to fabricate fixed prosthetics? - Alginate impression, stone, wax (p788) 153. What procedures are performed in the office on each appointment in fixed prosth and removable prosth? - Fixed: fabricating temp crown, delivery of permanent crown, implant process Removable: refer to tables 36-1 (p839) and 36-2 (p845) 154. What impression materials are used to take impressions for fixed and removable prosth? - Alginate 155. What cements are used to seat full cast metal, PCM, and porcelain crown/bridges? - Glass ionomer cement, polycarboxylate cement, resin cements, zinc phosphate cement (p787) 156. When would it necessary to use a post core buildup prior to making a crown? - When the tooth is nonvital and has had a root canal (p790) 157. Describe the parts of the removable partial denture. (p837-8) - Metal framework: skeleton, everything is attached Rests: contact tooth providing support Connectors: unites various parts of partial into single unit, hold working parts in proper position, distribute the stresses. Retainer: (aka clasp) contacts abutment teeth and prevents partial from moving Denture base: (aka saddle) provides coverage and stability; holds denture teeth in place Artificial teeth: secured to base by pins or holes 158. What is done to denture base material to make it look more natural? - Fibers are added to the acrylic (p843) 159. What is an immediate denture? - When the patient's teeth are extracted and the denture is placed in the same appointment (p844) 160. What is the purpose of a denture reline? - Patient comfort and to correct occlusion 161. What is the advantages/disadvantages of lab/in office denture reline? - Advantage- saves time and allows the patient to never be without removable. Disadvantage- removable could only be temporary depending on materials used. 162. What materials are used for occlusal registration? - higher durometer polyvinyl siloxane or wax that is warmed 163. What is the purpose of sealants? - prevent dental caries in the pits and fissures 164. What are stainless steel crowns used for? - Used for both primary and permanent teeth. primary teeth- crown is placed until the permanent dentition erupt permanent teeth- extensive carious lesions, hypoplastic or hypocalcified teeth, treatment following a pulpectomy or pulpotomy procedure, a primary tooth used as an abutment tooth for a space maintainer, and temporary restoration of fractured teeth 165. What are steps in placing an implant and fabricating the restoration? - Implant inserted into bone after extraction and a healing cap is then placed. When the tissue is healed the cap is removed and the abutment post screwed into the implant. The abutment is what the tooth will attach to. A prosthetic crown is used in fabricating the restoration 166. Describe the procedure for suture removal. - Explain procedure to patient, use cotton pliers with flat end parallel to the tissue, gently lift suture away from tissues, take suture scissors and cut thread below the knot, secure the knot with cotton pliers and gently pull lifting suture out of tissue, place suture on gauze to be counted when finished 167. What verbal and non-verbal clues would indicate apprehension in a dental patient? - Verbal clues - Actual words spoken, but also the manner and inflection of speech underlying fear or anxiety include trembling of lips, vocal tremors or variance in speech tone Non-verbal - body language, being startled or jumping when someone enters the room, grasping dental chair (white knuckles), shut eyes tight, and holding their breathe 168. How is alginate mixed? - In a bowl with a spatula in one direction. Spin the bowl in the palm of hand with the spatula pulling the material on the sides 169. When mixing a two-paste impression material, how are the pastes dispensed/mixed? - Paste is dispensed onto a pad in a long, even line about 4 inches long parallel to each other. They are mixed by gathering up the accelerator with spatula and placing in base material, spatulate pastes together with broad sweeps on one side of the spatula for 1 minute 170. Which impression material is least dimensionally stable? - Alginate 171. What is trituration? - Trituration is the combing (mixing) of the dental alloy and mercury mechanically. Pg 895 -Malocclusion -Bruxism -Systemic factors, including hormonal imbalances, hereditary predisposition, and certain diseases and medications (p. 725) 194. Describe the following classifications of occlusion: Class I, Class II, Class III? - The classifications of occlusion are on p. 662. 195. What are the functions of saliva? - The function of saliva is to moisten and lubricate the oral cavity and to moisten food, aiding in the mastication (chewing) and swallowing of food. Saliva also initiates the digestion of starches and helps regulate water balance. (p.116) 196. What is the advantage of composite as a restorative material? - -Resistance to fracturing -Improving occlusion wear -Good esthetics for matching the tooth structure (p.902) 197. What is the purpose of dentin bonding agents? - The purpose of dentin bonding agents is to make materials such as composite adhere to the dentin (p.881). 198. What systemic diseases may interfere with normal healing? - Diseases such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, may interfere with the healing process. 199. What procedure immediately follows placement of etchant? - Immediately after the placement of etchant the procedure that follows is the placement of a bonding agent. (ch. 37) 200. Why are some dentin primers air dried? - Some dentin primers are air dried to remove solvent from the dentin surface. 201. Which gypsum product is used to fabricate working casts? - The gypsum product that is used to fabricate working casts is Type III-Laboratory Stone. (p. 935) 202. What is the technique for mixing gypsum? - - Incorporating the water (important step) - Use a flexible bowl and a stiff spatula (allows the operator to stir the viscous material and press against the sides of the bowl to eliminate air bubbles) - Avoid whipping the powder and water together, because doing so adds air to the mixture - Mix to a creamy, putty like consistency; a grainy mixture will not pour into the impression - The incorporating and spatulating procedure should take about 1 minute; over spatulating causes a breakdown of crystals and soft spots in the model (p.935) 203. What are acrylics used for? - Acrylics can be used to make custom trays, dentures, and temporary crowns or restorations. (p. 956) 204. What is used to polish dentures? - Polishing of a denture can be accomplished on a dental lathe with rag wheels, pumice slurry, and various other polishing agents, such as Tripoli or a paste of tin oxide and water (p.855). 205. What is used to polish metal crowns? - Tin oxide can be used to polish metal crowns. 206. When is it necessary to use custom impression trays? - It may be necessary to use a custom impression tray in order to obtain an accurate impression. Sometimes a regular stock tray may not fit or the stock tray will not allow a minimum amount of space for the material to flow around the prepared area, or it may require that an overabundance of impression material be used to obtain the impression, therefore risking an inferior outcome. In any case, a custom tray can be fabricated to meet the need (p. 950). 207. What is the etiology of dental caries? - Cavities, also called tooth decay or caries, are caused by a combination of factors, including bacteria in your mouth, plaque, frequent snacking, sipping sugary drinks and not cleaning your teeth well. 208. Describe the change in teeth and periodontium as a result of aging? - With increasing age, the epithelial issues (which is what makes up your gums) will thin, which will lead to teeth looking longer as more of the tooth will be exposed. This can cause teeth to shift, as well as cause pain and sensitivity due to dentin exposure. 209. How does the use of tobacco affect oral health? - Both smoking and chewing tobacco are causative factors in tooth staining, periodontal disease, and halitosis. Chewing tobacco adds a high risk for oral cancer (p.323). 210. What type of toothbrush bristles are recommended? - a soft-bristled toothbrush 211. What tooth brushing technique is used for? Removal of plaque next to and directly beneath the gingival margin, stimulation of the marginal and interdental directly beneath the gingival margin, stimulation of the marginal and interdental gingival, and good overall cleaning, plaque removal and stimulation of the gingival? - Bass technique 212. Why is it necessary to floss teeth daily? - Cleaning between teeth removes plaque that can lead to cavities or gum disease from the areas where a toothbrush can't reach. 213. Which fingers are the floss wrapped around? - one end around your left middle finger and the other end around your right middle finger 214. What are disadvantages of stannous fluoride? - · it has a somewhat bitter and unpleasant taste · In larger doses, it may have some health risks. · may causes fluorosis 215. Describe the steps in providing a fluoride treatment with 1.23 acidulated phosphate fluoride? - · Dry patient's teeth-> Mandibular first (keep finger in mouth when you get mandibular tray-patient will close mouth · Insert mandibular tray · Dray maxillary teeth · Insert maxillary tray · Have patient close with saliva ejector between trays-> Give patient a paper towel in case of drooling-Patient tip chin down to prevent swallowing-After 4minutes, take tray out, but do not rinse. · Remind patient they can't eat, drink, rinse, brush or floss for 30 min 216. What food are cariogenic? - Sugary and starchy foods such as bread, rice, noodles, crackers, cakes, sweetened cereals, and hard and chewy candies; Sticky foods such as dried fruits, fruit snacks, cookies, and chewy candies (toffee) 217. Which vitamins are fat soluble? - A, D, E, and K 218. Which vitamins are water soluble? - B & C 219. How many servings are needed daily of? Fats, oils and sweets; milk, yogurt, and cheese; meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs and nuts; vegetables; fruits; bread, cereal, rice and pasta? - Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese 1 cup of milk or yogurt 1 1/2 ounces of natural cheese 2 ounces of process cheese Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts · If the seizure should last more than 5 minutes, call 911. They may be having a Status Epilepticus · Oxygen may be given after the patient regains consciousness (5/6L/m) 230. What is a common side effect of drugs used to treat seizure disorders? - The most common side effects associated with epilepsy medicines are: drowsiness, irritability, nausea, rash, and clumsiness. 231. What should be given to a conscious/unconscious diabetic patient suffering from hypoglycemia? - · Conscious: Give the patient something sweet to raise their blood sugar · Unconscious: DO NOT give them anything by mouth Call 911 232. What is the best method for treating hyperventilation? - · Breathe through pursed lips. · Hold your breath for 5 to 10 seconds at a time 233. What is the more common term for cerebrovascular accident? - Stroke 234. A patient has an asthma attack in the dental office. What drug is administered and how? - · Albuterol comes as a solution (liquid) to inhale by mouth using a special jet nebulizer (machine that turns medication into a mist that can be inhaled) and as an aerosol or powder to inhale by mouth using an inhaler · Epinephrine injection comes as a prefilled automatic injection device containing a solution (liquid) and in vials to inject subcutaneously (under the skin) or intramuscularly (into the muscle). It is usually injected as needed at the first sign of a serious allergic reaction. · Fluticasone comes as an aerosol to inhale by mouth using an inhaler and as a powder to inhale by mouth using an inhaler. · Singulair can be administered directly in the mouth 235. What is the cardinal signs of an airway obstruction? - · Symptoms of Partial Airway Obstruction Patient is able to cough, speak, and breathe Patient is normally able to dislodge the object by forcibly coughing · Symptoms of a Complete Airway Obstruction Patient is unable to speak, cough forcibly, or breathe adequately Patient becomes pale Patient become cyanotic around the mouth and fingertips Patient usually clutches the throat Patient quickly loses consciousness if the object is not removed 236. What is alveolitis and how is it treated? - · Alveolitis: Inflammation of the alveoli, the air sacs in the lungs. · Alveolitis are treated with high doses of oral corticosteroids 237. A frantic parent calls the office explaining that her child has fallen and knocked her front tooth out. What do you tell this parent? - Primary avulsed teeth are not replaced because infection or ankylosis may occur. Ankylosis is the fusion of bone and cementum. Permanent teeth ash have been avulsed should be replaced as soon as possible after the injury. Instruct the parents to replant the tooth immediately. The success rate is relatively high if this is done. If the tooth cannot be replanted, instruct the parent to place the tooth in milk, saliva, aline, or water and transport the patient and tooth to the dental office immediately. Caution should be taken with the avulsed tooth to place it carefully in liquid and not rinse it off. 238. An older patient is undergoing treatment when he advises you that he is not feeling well. His speech becomes slurred and he complains of dizziness and weakness on one side of his body. What is the probable problem? What should you do? - · Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) · Call 911Place the patient in an upright position if conscious (supine if unconscious) - >Monitor vials -> give oxygen (5-6L/m)-> keep patient calm and quiet ->give no medicines -> be prepared to perform CPR ( a CVA patient may go into cardiac arrest at any time) 239. How should you handle a patient that is having a seizure? - - place patient in supine position - remove any objects that may cause injury - loosen tight clothing and glasses - don't remove anything from the mouth - gently restrain patient - once consciousness is regained, turn patient on their side to avoid aspiration of any secretions - be supportive as they might be embarrassed and confused - don't give them anything the eat or drink - allow them to recover before leaving and have a family member or friend take them home - if the seizure lasts longer than 5 mins, call 911 - oxygen may be given after the patient regains consciousness (5/6 L/m) 240.What is a common side effect of drugs used to treat seizure disorders? - Gingival hyperplasia 241. What should be given to a conscious/ unconscious diabetic patient suffering from hypoglycemia? - If the patient is conscious, they should be given something sweet to raise their blood sugar, (orange juice, coke, candy bar, sugar tablets). If the patient becomes unconscious, you give them nothing and call 911, (they can be treated with a glycogen injection). 242. What is the best method for treating hyperventilation? - The best way to treat hyperventilation is to sit the patient in the upright position and try to calm them down. Have them take deep breaths into their cupped hands or have them take a deep breath and hold it for 5-10 seconds. 243. What is the more common term for cerebrovascular accident? - The more common term for cerebrovascular accident is STROKE. 244. A patient has an asthma attack in the dental office. What drug is administered and how? - If a patient has an asthma attack in the dental office a bronchodilator to cause the smooth muscles in the bronchioles to relax. (albuterol, epinephrine, fluticasone, Singulair, Advair). 245. What is the cardinal signals of an airway obstruction? - If it is a partial airway obstruction the patient can cough, speak, and breath. They should be able to dislodge the obstruction themselves. If it is a complete airway obstruction, they will be unable to speak, cough, or breath, they will turn pail, they will typically grab their throat and wave their arms. 246. What is alveolitis and how is it treated? - Alveolitis is other words called DRY SOCKET. Treatment includes gently rinsing the socket with saline solution to remove debris, then packet the socket with a iodoform gauze soak with liquid eugenol, or a eugenol paste, then is checked and replaced every two day as needed. 247. A frantic patient calls the office explaining that her child has fallen and knocked her front tooth out. What do you tell this parent? - You would tell the parent to not scrub the tooth, try to place the tooth back in place, but not to force it, if it will not go back in place