General Psychology Final Exam Review, Exams of Psychology and Law

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1. As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined. - correct answer True
2. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists? - correct answer They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
3. Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a __________ correlation. - correct answer negative
4. Case studies are subject to inaccuracies. - correct answer True
5. According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive. - correct answer False

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6. Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud but not the method of psychotherapy he had developed. - correct answer False
7. _____ specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion. - correct answer experimental psychologists
8. In the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant. - correct answer True
9. In contrast to structuralists, Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units. - correct answer True
10. Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of the new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of

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18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____. - correct answer sample

11. Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists. - correct answer They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.
12. Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns. - correct answer false
13. Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind. - correct answer False
14. Social-cognitive theorists grant cognition a key role in studying and explaining behavior. - correct answer True
15. In an experiment, the presence of dependent variables does not depend on the independent variables.

• correct answer False

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16. Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? - correct answer Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.
17. In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group. - correct answer False
18. Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective. - correct answer Biological
19. According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research. - correct answer false
20. Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet

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classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement. - correct answer True

21. Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" - correct answer false
22. Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction. - correct answer false
23. _____ was a founder of the school of functionalism. - correct answer William James
24. Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology? - correct answer He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.
25. Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research? - correct answer The experimental method allows psychologists to control the

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experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

1. Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters. - correct answer True
2. The __________ is an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration. - correct answer Medulla
3. __________remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system. - correct answer Glial Cells
4. Left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual. - correct answer True
5. When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait. - correct answer True
6. Norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands. - correct answer False

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7. Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse? - correct answer The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical.
8. Direct artificial stimulation of the occipital lobe produces visual sensations. - correct answer True
9. The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils. - correct answer False
10. One of the concepts of evolutionary psychology is that not only physical traits but also many patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation. - correct answer True
11. People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood. - correct answer True

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12. Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females? - correct answer It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
13. In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of__________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair. - correct answer Testosterone
14. A child looks at rain and thunder and says that they are caused by the change in weather. In the sensorimotor stage, this is termed as artificialism. - correct answer False
15. Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties _____. - correct answer of the sandwich generation

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16. At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures. - correct answer false
17. Postconventional reasoning emerges during a person's middle adulthood. - correct answer false
18. The amygdala is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall. - correct answer False
19. The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby. - correct answer false
20. With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed. - correct answer False
21. Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche. - correct answer false
22. A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the

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first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding? - correct answer Accommodation

23. According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities. - correct answer False
24. The __________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not been implanted in the uterine wall. - correct answer Germinal Stage
25. A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span. - correct answer False
26. Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object. - correct answer True

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2. According to the law of similarity, we perceive different objects as belonging together. - correct answer false
3. Sensory receptors embedded in the skin fire when the surface of the skin is touched. - correct answer True
4. The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea. - correct answer False
5. Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes. - correct answer False
6. Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air. - correct answer True
7. The rods and cones in the eye respond to light with chemical changes that create neural impulses that are picked up by the unipolar cells. - correct answer False
8. Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril. - correct answer True

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9. Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve. - correct answer True
10. The Hering-Helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion. - correct answer True
11. Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior. - correct answer True
12. Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person. - correct answer False
13. Suppression and nonconscious processes are Freudian concepts, whereas repression is a non-Freudian concept. - correct answer False
14. When we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious. - correct answer False

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15. In the context of withdrawal symptoms associated with substance use, cravings are typically accompanied by signs of anxiety such as shakiness, rapid pulse, and sweating. - correct answer True
16. Hypnosis impairs the functioning of the immune system. - correct answer False
17. Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.

• correct answer False

18. Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping. - correct answer False
19. The term preconscious is descriptive of bodily processes of which we cannot become conscious. - correct answer False
20. Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking all occur during light sleep. - correct answer False

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21. Women who smoke show increased bone density. - correct answer False
22. Biofeedback training (BFT) increases stress, tension, and anxiety in people. - correct answer False
23. Hallucinogens are known to create physiological dependence. - correct answer false
24. People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems. - correct answer True
25. Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep. - correct answer False
26. Operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another. - correct answer False

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2. Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games. - correct answer False
3. In the context of classical conditioning, extinguished conditioned responses cannot be recovered. - correct answer False
4. Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed. - correct answer False
5. Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning. - correct answer false
6. Spontaneous recovery of learned responses occurs only in operant conditioning. - correct answer false
7. The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments. - correct answer True

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8. Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal. - correct answer false
9. Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforcers are more known by how they feel. - correct answer false
10. In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier. - correct answer false
11. In sensory memory, the memory traces of visual stimuli last many times longer than the traces of auditory stimuli. - correct answer False
12. Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory. - correct answer false
13. In retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head,

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an electric shock, or an operation. - correct answer false

14. The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories. - correct answer False
15. The method of savings was devised by Ebbinghaus in order to study the efficiency of recall. - correct answer false
16. Explicit memory is memory for specific information. - correct answer True
17. In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory. - correct answer False
18. When you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short-term memory. - correct answer True

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19. Emotional intelligence does not involve self-insight. - correct answer false
20. An intelligence quotient (IQ) is independent of his or her chronological age (CA). - correct answer false
21. In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled overregularization. - correct answer False
22. According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world. - correct answer false
23. According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation. - correct answer False
24. Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect. - correct answer false

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25. Research shows that apes are very reliable in their sequencing of signs, suggesting that they comprehend the rules of grammar. - correct answer false
26. Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward. - correct answer false
27. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs. - correct answer True
28. Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____. - correct answer Extrinsic Rewards
29. A(n)__________rat is characterized by excessive eating.

• correct answer hyperphagic

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5. Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive. - correct answer True
6. People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar. - correct answer false
7. Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment. - correct answer True
8. Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage. - correct answer False
9. According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior. - correct answer False
10. An emotion cannot be a goal in itself. - correct answer False

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11. The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger. - correct answer Hypothalamus
12. Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation. - correct answer false
13. A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating. - correct answer Aphagic
14. On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine. - correct answer true
15. The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events. - correct answer false
16. According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the

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development of traits that are characteristic of the stage.

• correct answer false

17. Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development. - correct answer True
18. Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants. - correct answer True
19. According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego? - correct answer It begins to develop during the first year of life.
20. The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another. - correct answer true
21. The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test. - correct answer false
22. Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference. - correct answer True

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23. Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth? - correct answer The ID
24. The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them. - correct answer True
25. Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious. - correct answer False
26. In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event. - correct answer True
27. In the context of the alarm reaction, once a threat is removed, the body returns to a higher state of arousal. - correct answer false
28. Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease? - correct answer Overeating

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4. Increasing hypertension and LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. - correct answer false
5. Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that: - correct answer Some of them considered academic success to be stressful
6. According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage. - correct answer false
7. Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome? - correct answer The exhaustion stage
8. Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability. - correct answer false

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9. In the context of stress, predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals. - correct answer false
10. According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not removed, we enter the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). This stage precedes the last stage of the GAS. - correct answer resistance
11. Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress. - correct answer false
12. People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are more prone to be disturbed by adverse events. - correct answer false
13. Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that a dormant Epstein-Barr virus will be reactivated. - correct answer true