General Psychology - Final Exam, Exams of Psychology

Download General Psychology - Final Exam and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! General Psychology - Final Exam What is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology today? - The science of behavior and mental processes According to APA format, what is the standard order of the first 3 items in a reference? - Last name first name, the year, and then the title. What is bias? How would bias apply at a sporting event when the referee makes a call? - Bias refers to beliefs that interfere with objectivity. Referees may have a bias for the home team. What is a case study? - A case study is when single individual is studied in great detail - Sigmund Freud What is a correlation coefficient? How do you know if the relation between coefficients is strong or weak? how do you know if the coefficient is high or low magnitude? - A correlation coefficient is a number ranging between -1.00 and +1.00 that represents the degree and direction of relation between two variables. Numbers close to +1 or -1 would have strong correlation. what is the dependent variable? Independent variable? - An independent variable is manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable. A dependent variable is available that shows the outcome of a experiment by revealing the effects of an independent variable. What is homeostasis? - This part of the nervous system returns the body to a more normal or balanced state of functioning. What are the two main parts that make up the central nervous system? - Brain and the Spinal cord. What is the just noticeable difference? - The jnd is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is noticeable 50% of the time by participants. what is serial learning - Serial learning is a learning procedure in which material that has been learned must be repeated in the order in which it was presented; also known as ordered recall. what are the biological changes that occur on a daily schedule? - Circadian rhythms What is the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR? - Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response What happens in positive reinforcement? Negative reinforcement? What does each do the probability of a response? - Positive occurs when a target behavior is followed by presentation of a positive reinforce, which has the effect of making the behavior more likely to occur in the future. Negative occurs when a target behavior is followed by a removal or reduction of a negative reinforces, which leads to an increase in the frequency of the target behavior. What is drive? - Drive is an internal motivational state created by a physiological need. What is visual imaginary? - The experience of seeing even though the event or object is not actually viewed. What does the nature vs nurture argument involve? - Nature is theory that holds that physical and cognitive development is genetically determined. Nurture is theory that holds that physical and cognitive development is determined by environmental factors. According to Erik Eriksons theory, each stage is marked by what type of crisis? - Psychological Crisis What is the difference between sex and gender? - Sex is biological classification based o genetic composition, anatomy, and hormones. Gender is psychological and social phenomena assoc. w/ being feminine or masculine as the concepts are defined in given culture. What are the big five personality traits? - Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neurotic ism What is the primary difficulty in ONLY applying the criterion of "deviance from social norms" to define abnormal behavior? - Culturally Variable In Freud's personality theory, what is the id, superego, and the ego? - ID represents the primitive biological side of our personality. EGO is sometimes called the executive of the personality because it has realistic plan for obtaining what the Id wants; SUPEREGO has two components the conscience and the ego ideal What does a person who suffers from bipolar disorder experience? - mood disorder in which a person experiences episodes of mania and depression, which usually alternate. What is the most common type of hallucination reported by people diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia? - delusions imagery _____________________________ ________________ is the study of the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur throughout the life span. - developmental psychology ____________________________________is the intense, reciprocal relationship between a child and an adult. - attachment List Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development in correct sequence? - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational ______________________________________ and _________________________________________ are the two key components of the definition of personality used by psychologists. - consistency and distinctiveness ____________________________ is a term do psychologists use to describe "a stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguishes one person from another." - personality What three characteristics are found in a good psychological test? - A psychological test is a sample of behavior. The sample is obtained under standardized conditions. There are established rules for scoring or obtaining quantitative (numeric) information from the behavior sample. As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on scales such as Depression, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, and Psychasthenia. What is the name of this psychological test? - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) What are the "big five" OCEAN personality traits? - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism According to Carl Rogers, maladjustment occurs when there is a discrepancy between the _______________________________________ and the _________________________________. - real self and the ideal self Define comorbid - the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient. Who advocated that "states had an obligation to provide care for the mentally ill"? - Dorthea Dix What was the biggest factor that led to a decline in the number of mentally ill patients in institutions in the United States? - Deinstitutionalisation Which term describes psychological treatments designed to help people resolve behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives? - psychotherapy Negative views of self, world, and future that can lead to depression are called the - Aaron Becks Theory Judy's therapist listens to her without interrupting, never evaluating or judging her. This therapist is demonstrating which humanistic concept? - Unconditional positive regard Some alcoholics are treated with antabuse which will make them feel nauseated when they drink alcohol. What is this form of treatment called? - Aversion Therapy Which subfield of psychology is devoted to understanding how psychological and social variables affect physical well-being and how we respond when we become ill? - Health Psychology What is the term for a series of biological responses that occur as the body deals with stressors? - fight or flight What is the single most preventable cause of death and illness in the United States? - smoking What term do psychologists use for the finding that groups are less likely than individuals to aid a person in trouble - bystander effect In Stanley Miligram's study, a circumstance in which the experimenter assumes responsibility is it more likely that someone will obey or disobey and authority? - .... Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? - one confederate gave the correct response A couple married for 12 years with children is at a high or low of satisfaction in their marriage? - low What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward? - Altruism A teacher decides against assigning group projects where all group members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon could the teacher cite as a major factor in the decision? - social loafing what factors influence impression formation? - the process of forming an opinion about another person and making judgement (attributions) about the reasons for or causes of our own and other people's behavior; requires an actor and a perceiver What is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest? - physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization