Download General Psychology Midterm. and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! General Psychology Midterm Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ______ perspective in psychology - structuralist Dr. Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood. Dr. Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another. Dr.Chen is a(n)______ psychologist; Dr. Doherty is a ______ - developmental psychologist; personality psychologist Currently, women earn _____ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the United States. - 3/4 In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists: - rely on the scientific method Callie works in the field of psychology. All else being equal, there is about a _____ chance that her highest degree is a master's degree. - 1/3 The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces, unconscious processes, or the environment. In other words, it rejects the ______, ______, and ______ perspectives, respectively. - neuroscience; psychodynamic; behavioral Which of the following areas of psychology focuses on the biological mechanisms that enable inherited behavior to unfold? - behavioral genetics 1 | P a g e Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. This viewpoint is most consistent with the _______ perspective in psychology. - psychodynamic A positive correlation indicates that: - as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called: - the scientific method Which of the following psychologists is associated with the behavioral perspective? - skinner Each of the following is a descriptive research technique except: - experimental research Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology? - functionalism Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of psychology? - obfuscation _____ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become. - locke In a ______ both the participant and the experimenter who interacts with the participant is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered. - double blind procedure 2 | P a g e The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended is known as the _____ division - parasympathetic Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by the: - myelin sheath. The somatosensory area is to the auditory area what the _____ lobe is to the____ lobe. - parietal; temporal With respect to its potential basis in nervous system activity, "voodoo death" has been attributed to: - an overactive sympathetic nervous system. _____ is a protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon. - Myelin sheath Sensory is to motor what ____ is to ______ - afferent; efferent Pizza! Beer! Sex! Our motivation or drive for such things is based on the activity of the brain region known as the: - hypothalamus. The ______ gland has sometimes been called the "master gland" because it controls the functioning of the rest of the endocrine system. - pituitary Which of the following statements is most accurate in the context of lateralization of language? - It is most likely left-lateralized. Inhibitory is to excitatory what _____ is to ____ - 5 | P a g e GABA; glutamate The "fight-or-flight" response is associated with the ______ division - sympathetic The use of stem cells in research and treatment remains controversial because stem cells come from: - aborted fetuses Compare your forearm, palm, wrist, and fingers to a neuron. In such an analogy, the dendrites would be your: - fingers Which of the following sequences correctly arranges nervous system structures from the most general to the most specific? - Neuron - axon - terminal button The______ is the main means for transmitting messages between the brain and the body. - spinal cord As an action potential occurs, the neuron's electrical charge: - IT IS NOT : changes from positive to negative. The pons serves to: - IT IS NOT: relay sensory information to the brain's association areas. Nicotine activates neural mechanisms similar to those activated by ______ - cocaine Which of the following is a narcotic? - morphine 6 | P a g e According to Freud, the______ content of dreams is the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects. - latent Which of the following notions regarding hypnosis is FALSE? - people lose all will of their own ______ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation. - stage 4 sleep Which of the following is NOT a psychoactive drug? - antibiotics ______ is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping. - sleep apnea How often and for how long should meditation be practiced to realize its benefits? - Twice daily, for 20 minutes at a time MDMA and lysergic acid diethylamide are _____. - hallucinogens In the_______ dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. - dreams for survival theory Dr. Gremillion argues that dreams function to focus on and consolidate memories. They represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. Dr. Gremillion subscribes to the ____ theory of the function of dreams. - dreams-for-survival Which of the following withdrawal symptoms are related to the use of stimulants? - 7 | P a g e Hair cells for hearing are located in the: - cochlea The eardrum is also called the: - part of the outer ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it. Approximately how much does pain cost the United States each year? - $100 billion Which of the following treatments for pain is most effective for people who continually say to themselves, "This pain will never stop, ° "The pain is ruining my life"? - Cognitive restructuring ______ refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness - Subliminal perception Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations is known as _____ - top-down processing Damon is among the 7% of males with color blindness. He suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which of the following statements best illustrates Damon's experience of color? - Red apples on a tree seem to be yellow. ______ constancy is a phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment. - perceptual The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the visual _____ of the brain. - cortex 10 | P a g e Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of Gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology? - Gestalt psychology no longer plays a prominent role, but the Gestaltists' focus on the organization of perceptual elements remains infiuential. The bones of the middle ear include each of the following EXCEPT the: - pinna The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as ______ - depth perception The______ bends light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply. - cornea You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. You observe that the crests of distant waves appear less distinct than the crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a monocular cue known as: - texture gradient. As compared to women, color blindness is______ among men. - more common The point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic: - chiasm. In the context of what we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans are sensitive to is called the ______ - visual spectrum Acme Foods wants to make its chips saltier, but it doesn't want to spend more than it has to on salt. A sample of consumers are asked to compare its current chip (saltiness = 100) with saltier versions and to say whether the new version is saltier. On average, sample consumers reliably say the new chip is saltier when its saltiness value is 108, but not when its saltiness value is below 108. Assumina 11 | P a g e Acme Foods sample consumers are representative of people in general, which of the followina best represents the just noticeable difference for saltiness? - 8% A snack manufacturer realizes that he must increase the salt content of his company's chips by 3% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n): - difference threshold. Which of the following most closely approximates the meaning of the term noise as psychophysicists use it? - any distraction an ____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment, like getting paid to work, that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response. - positive As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of: - positive reinforcement Travis is an intuitive thinker with a highly developed ability to remember verbal material, especially if it is highly relevant. Janet is detail-oriented, with an excellent memory for abstract material. She is not easily dissuaded by dull tasks. Which of the following statements best identifies the learning styles of these two individuals? - Travis has a relational learning style. Janet's learning style is analytical. Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule. - continuous toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap. The change in your cat's behavior illustrates: - habituation. 12 | P a g e voluntary responses Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example? - THE ANSWER IS NOT: Positive reinforcement - Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between mental and functional fixedness? - Functional fixedness is an example of a broader phenomenon known as mental set. Which of the following is most nearly synonymous with the term concept, as it is used by cognitive psychologists? - Category Early theorists inferred the existence of a general intelligence factor or g-factor from: - the correlation between performances among tests of different intellectual skills. Which of the following problem types is correctly matched with its description? - Inducing structure—identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships The _____ hypothesis suggests that language leads to thought. - linguistic-relativity Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of it in the family is known as _____ retardation. - familial Phonology is the study of the _____ in a language. - speech sounds _____ is the process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions. - Reasoning 15 | P a g e Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics? - Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem. The most commonly used IQ test in the United States is the: - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV The term _____ refers to the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors. - heritability In contrast to _____, _____ is more a reflection of the culture in which a person is raised. - fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence _____ refers to skills involved in the production and use of language - Linguistic intelligence Dancers, athletes, actors, and surgeons display: - bodily kinesthetic intelligence Carl is the only person from New Zealand that Craig has ever met. Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny. When Carl asks Craig what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand, Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny. What might Craig have used to make this judgment? - The familiarity heuristic "All gone milk," says two-year-old Wesley, placing the empty glass on the table. Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon termed: - telegraphic speech. Which of the following findings supports the position Herrnstein and Murray outlined in The Bell Curve? - The black-white IQ gap remains, even when socioeconomic status is controlled. 16 | P a g e _____ intelligence is the accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education. - Crystallized Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in one minute; Alex is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is taking a test of _____, whereas Alex, a test of _____. - crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence Linguists have identified more than _____ different phonemes among all the world's languages. - 800 A psychological test is reliable when it: - yields consistent measurements When you use the availability heuristic, you are: - making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind. According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living is known as _____ intelligence. - practical Someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a toothbrush?" - "You brush your teeth with it" Approximately how many phonemes are found in English? - 52 Which of the following alternatives best expresses psychologist Elizabeth Lofts' position on the validity of repressed memories? - Repressed memories are often false. They reflect confusion regarding the source of a memory. 17 | P a g e