Download General Psychology Midterm and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! General Psychology Midterm Research on "bystander apathy" reveals that people often fail to help when other possible helpers are nearby because of a "diffusion of responsibility." Explaining this perplexing problem meets which goal of psychology? understanding prediction description control - understanding Simon has a bipolar disorder and requires medication to control his extreme mood swings. Simon's medication will need to be prescribed by which mental health professional? counseling psychologist clinical psychologist psychiatric social worker psychiatrist - psychiatrist When subjects in an experiment are chosen so that each has an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group, we say that the subjects have been assigned alternately. hypothetically. randomly. consecutively. - randomly The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was 1 | P a g e Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow. Sigmund Freud. William James. - Sigmund Freud "Why" questions refer to which of psychology's goals? description understanding preservation control - understanding Psychology would best be described as the study of human origins, evolution, and cultures. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. a natural science integrating physiology and neurology. the deductive study of forms and functions of human groups. - the scientific study of behavior and mental processes One of the advantages of the experimental method is that clear cause-and-effect relationships can be identified. it allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered. it allows the investigation of rare or unusual problems or events. all types of behavior are easily studied in the laboratory. - clear cause-and-effect relationships can be identified 2 | P a g e survey correlational experimental - correlational An empirical investigation that is structured to answer questions about the world in a systematic and intersubjective fashion is called a(n) scientific observation. interpretative research study. investigative analysis. experiential analysis. - scientific observaiton We can draw conclusions about a larger group of people by randomly selecting a smaller group. The entire larger group of people is known as the population. representative sample. natural clinical trial. conglomerate - population The graph shown depicts a _______________ correlation. zero perfect positive perfect negative causal - perfect positive 5 | P a g e The conditions that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the outcome of the experiment are the __________ variables. independent dependent extraneous control - extraneous Professor Windham asks her general psychology students to give an example of overt behavior. Which of the following would be an example of an overt behavior? feeling happy that class is almost over daydreaming about the coming weekend gesturing to someone to come over to the group remembering the definition of overt behavior - gesturing someone to come over to the group Scientific observation is based on the gathering of empirical evidence. utilization of commonsense theories and everyday personal experiences. utilization of personal, subjective data. gathering of introspective data. - gathering of empirical evidence According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a pseudopsychology? psychoanalysis palmistry phrenology astrology - 6 | P a g e psychoanalyisis Suppose you want to find out if using cell phones while driving a car affects the likelihood of having an accident. Cell phone use would be the __________ variable. independent dependent extraneous control - independent "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is the motto of the Gestalt psychologists behaviorists structuralists psychoanalysts - Gestalt psychologists The fact that a subject's behavior may change when they know they are being watched is called the observer effect. the staging effect. interactive behavior change. the mutual effect. - the observer effect An in-depth focus on a single individual is known as a case study. single-blind experiment. 7 | P a g e Naturalistic observation, correlational studies, the clinical method, and the survey method are considered ________ methods. experimental non-experimental placebo effect placebo bias - non-experimental Covert behavior includes anything a person says. only those things a person does which can be seen by others. only those things that can be observed. hidden, private, internal thoughts. - hidden, private, internal thoughts Which of the following theorists used introspection as a scientific technique for investigating consciousness? B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John Watson Wilhelm Wundt - Wilhelm Wundt The process of fully developing one's personal potential and becoming the best person one can become is known as introspection. determinism. 10 | P a g e conditioning. self-actualization. - self-actualization Suppose you want to find out if using cell phones while driving a car affects the likelihood of having an accident. Driving ability as defined by the scores achieved on a test of driving ability would be the __________ variable. independent dependent extraneous control - dependent Psychologists who want to study behavior as it unfolds in natural settings use a technique called the clinical method. correlational studies. the survey method. naturalistic observation. - naturalistic observation Neo-Freudians placed less emphasis on intelligence. sex and aggression. fear. none of the above. - sex and aggression According to Freud, unconscious thoughts are often revealed by 11 | P a g e dreams, emotions, and slips of the tongue. self-actualization and peak experiences. stimulus-response connections. behaviors conditioned through reinforcement and punishment. - dreams, emotions, and slips of the tongue Wundt's ideas were carried to the United States by Sigmund Freud. Edward Titchener. Abraham Maslow. Fritz Perls. - Edward Titchener According to John B. Watson, introspection was a valid method of research. unscientific. the cornerstone of behaviorism. too objective. - unscientific A simple experiment has two groups of subjects called the dependent group and the independent group. extraneous group and the independent group. before group and the after group. control group and the experimental group. - control group and the experimental group The first fully developed psychotherapy or "talking cure" was 12 | P a g e hypothalamus. thalamus. - amygdala In humans, the right side of the brain mainly controls the right side of the body. left side of the body. lower half of the body. upper half of the body. - left side of the body Although other neurotransmitters are also present, the brain's reward or "pleasure" system has a predominance of which neurotransmitter? norepinephrine acetylcholine histamine dopamine - dopamine The chemicals that are released at an axon terminal and can either excite or inhibit other neurons are called synapses. synaptic vesicles. neurilemmas. neurotransmitters. - neurotransmitters The passage of information within a single neuron would be described as 15 | P a g e chemical. synaptic. electrical. retroactive. - electrical The technique that uses a magnetic field to develop an image of the brain is called the ESB. ablation technique. MRI scan. EEG. - MRI scan A glandular secretion that affects body functions and behavior is known as a neurotransmitter. neurilemma. enkephalin. a hormone. - a hormone The increased size and wrinkling of the cerebral cortex in higher animals is referred to as cerebralization. hemispherization. corticalization. reticulation. - corticalization The electrically charged molecules that are involved in a nerve impulse are called 16 | P a g e axons. dendrites. ampules. ions. - ions Muscle tone, body balance, and muscular coordination are regulated by the hypothalamus. cerebellum. hippocampus. limbic system. - cerebellum If the electrical charge of the neuron changes to about a minus 50 millivolts, the neuron will reach its __________ for firing. synaptic potential negative after-potential threshold fusion level - threshold Which gland is located just under the back of the rib cage, atop the kidney? adrenal thyroid pineal parathyroid - adrenal 17 | P a g e reticular activating system limbic system corpus callosum midbrain - limbic system The hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and parts of the thalamus make up the __________ system. somatosensory endocrine limbic reticular activating - limbic The "runner's high" and the euphoria sometimes associated with childbirth, painful initiation rites, and sports parachuting are due to the release of acetylcholine. endorphins. neurilemma. epinephrine. - endorphins Small gaps in the myelin result in the nerve impulses jumping from gap to gap which cause these nerve impulses to move faster. slower. at a normal speed. at a declining rate of speed. - faster 20 | P a g e The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. autonomic and somatic systems. brain and somatic system. - brain and spinal cord Saltatory conduction refers to a drop in the electrical charge of the neuron below its resting potential. the capacity of our brains to change in response to experience. the simplest behavior, in which a stimulus provokes an automatic response. a nerve impulse jumping from gap to gap in the myelin layer. - a nerve impulse jumping from gap to gap in the myelin layer The communication BETWEEN neurons would be described as chemical. electrical. retroactive. proactive. - chemical The cerebral cortex is divided into eight smaller areas known as reticular formations. amygdalas. lobes. hemispheres. - 21 | P a g e lobes A karate chop to an area at the top of the neck could stop a person's heart and breathing by damaging the hippocampus. thalamus. medulla. amygdala. - medulla In order to perform a split-brain operation, which of the following must be severed? pons cerebellum corpus callosum cerebral cortex - corpus callosum The part of the nervous system that is known as the "fight or flight" system because it arouses the body to meet emergencies and respond to emotional events is the __________ branch. pineal endocrine sympathetic parasympathetic - sympathetic Which part of the brain stores lasting verbal memories and helps us navigate through space? amygdala hypothalamus 22 | P a g e Downing five or more drinks in a short time is referred to as alcohol-seeking behavior. binge drinking. addictive behavior. social-situational drug-taking behavior. - binge drinking Bill has been a heavy alcohol user for a number of years. When he decides to quit "cold turkey," he experiences violent flu-like symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, sweating, and cramps. Bill is experiencing withdrawal symptoms. a psychological dependence. drug psychosis. drug tolerance. - withdrawal symptoms To be conscious means that one is awake. that one is completely alert. that one is aware. none of these. - that one is aware A small, shallow flotation tank in which subjects float in body-temperature water in darkness and silence is known as a conditioning chamber. lucid dreaming tank. sensory-deprivation chamber. 25 | P a g e depersonalization tank. - sensory-deprivation chamber Alcohol is classified as a(n) depressant. amphetamine. hallucinogen. stimulant. - depressant Short bursts of brain activity in Stage 2 sleep are called cortical waves. delta waves. sleep spindles. recurrent beta waves. - sleep spindles Dreams can occur in REM sleep. NREM sleep. both REM and NREM sleep. none of these. - both REM and NREM sleep Drugs that increase the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems are known as narcotics. hallucinogens. 26 | P a g e depressants. stimulants. - stimulants The prefrontal cortex plays a role in human consciousness, the globus pallidus is involved in the control of coordinated movement, and the hippocampus plays a role in memory. This may explain why _________ use negatively affects memory and coordination. - marijuana A very stressful day is likely to increase the amount of hypersomnia. NREM sleep. episodes of sleep apnea. REM sleep. - REM sleep Being more aware of your thoughts can result in more positive outcomes in personal relationships, as you are thinking about the impact of your behaviors. True False - True Since their principal characteristic is their mind-altering quality, LSD, mescaline, and marijuana are classified as amphetamines uppers downers hallucinogens - hallucinogens 27 | P a g e precociousness. altered states of consciousness. simulated information processing. - altered state of consciousness Thousands of fatal drug overdoses occur each year due to drug interactions of legally or illegally obtained drugs.This pattern of abuse is called __________ abuse. multi-situational polydrug compound compulsive-recreational - polydrug As the muscles in your body relax during Stage 1 sleep, the reflex muscle contraction that may happen is called an autonomic cramp. a hypnic jerk. the hypnogogic image syndrome. the restless leg syndrome. - a hypnic jerk Which of the following is a technique for eliminating nightmares that involves making the upsetting dream familiar while the person is awake as well as "mentally re-programming" future dream content? activation-synthesis imagery rehearsal the paradoxical intention stimulus control - imagery rehearsal 30 | P a g e Being prevented from getting desired or needed amounts of sleep is known as hypersomnia. sleep deprivation. insomnia. sleep apnea. - sleep deprivation We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as waking consciousness. a state of ASCs. an altered state of consciousness. microsleeps. - waking consciousness In waking consciousness, our actions have consequences that produce immediate sensory feed-back. But, dreams lack the external feedback from waking consciousness. True False - True Interest in hypnosis stems from the work of which of the following, who believed he could cure diseases with magnets? James Braid G. Stanley Hall Sigmund Freud Franz Mesmer - 31 | P a g e Franz Mesmer The most damaging patterns of drug taking are recreational, situational, experimental. social, situational, intensive. situational, intensive, compulsive. social, experimental, recreational. - situational, intensive, compulsive 32 | P a g e