Genetics and Molecular Biology, Exams of Nursing

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A saprobe derives its energy from a) sunlight. b) conversion of nutrients from other organisms. c) utilizing the tissues/fluids of a living host. d) metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms. - CORRECT ANSWER d) metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms. Mineral ions used in microbial nutrition include a) sodium. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) magnesium. e) all of these. - CORRECT ANSWER e) all of these. A physician has ordered hypotonic parenteral therapy for a postoperative client over a 24-hour period. Based on this order, what is the priority nursing action? a) Assess the patient's labs and verify the order with the pharmacy prior to hanging the ordered fluid. b) Contact the physician and request an order for hypertonic solution instead. c) Place the client on intake and output measures.

d) Begin intravenous hypotonic fluids immediately. - CORRECT ANSWER a) Assess the patient's labs and verify the order with the pharmacy prior to hanging the ordered fluid. Which statements are true with respect to environmental factors' influence on microbes? Select all that apply. a) The optimum temperature range for microbes reflects the highest temperature at which growth will occur. b) Microbial cells often adapt to the temperature of their habitat, modifying their metabolic processes to allow for survival. c) Certain microbes require a higher carbon dioxide concentration for growth than that found in our atmosphere. d) All microbes live and/or grow within a narrow pH range of 6 to 8. e) The majority of microbes live in hypotonic and/or isotonic solutions. - CORRECT ANSWER b,c, and e Which of the following is/are considered to be an anabolic reaction? Select all that apply. a) Krebs cycle b) polypeptide synthesis c) cell assembly d) glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER b, c An enzyme that catalyzes starch is called _______, whereas an enzyme that digests fat is termed _______. a) carbohydrase; lipase

b) maltase; lipase c) carbohydrase; peptidase d) maltase; peptidase - CORRECT ANSWER a) carbohydrase; lipase A reaction that requires energy as it goes forward is termed a) exergonic. b) endergonic. c) oxidative. d) reductive - CORRECT ANSWER b) endergonic. Which of the following statements about genetic material are true? Select all that apply. a) A chromosome is made up of a series of genes. b) The genotype describes the genetic composition of an organism, whereas the phenotype describes the expression of traits. c) RNA contains the genetic code for protein synthesis. d) In eukaryotic organisms, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell. - CORRECT ANSWER a, b, c, d The following are all true of RNA, except a) it is a single-stranded molecule existing in helical form. b) it contains uracil rather than thymine as the complementary base-pairing mate for adenine.

c) uracil does not follow the pairing rules; therefore, the inherent DNA code is changed. d) the sugar in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose. - CORRECT ANSWER c) uracil does not follow the pairing rules; therefore, the inherent DNA code is changed. The function of a codon in protein synthesis is best described as a three- nucleotide sequence a) that specifies the initiation of translation. b) that specifies the termination of translation. c) on tRNA that complements the mRNA code. d) that dictates a specific amino acid. - CORRECT ANSWER d) that dictates a specific amino acid. A client is being treated with recombinant insulin, Lispro, and asks the nurse to explain what is meant by the term recombinant during their teaching session. Which statement should the nurse make to the client? a) This type of insulin is similar in structure to the insulin that is produced in your body, so there is less likelihood of developing a reaction than if a different type of insulin was used. b) DNA recombinant medication utilizes genes that were transferred from one organism to another to cause a desired effect. c) DNA recombinant medication, Lispro, is the same as other insulin preparations but has a longer onset of action. d) Using Lispro will reduce the need for frequent Accu-chek testing during a 24- hour period. - CORRECT ANSWER a, b where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?

a) in the nucleus b) on the rough ER c) free in the cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER a) in the nucleus what are segments of DNA that contain information for a particular cell function or trait> a) trait b) gene c) chromosome d) plasmid - CORRECT ANSWER b) gene the expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as a) semiconservative replication b) the genome c) the phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER c) the phenotype which is true regarding bacterial chromosomes a) located in the nuclei region of the cytoplasm b) enclosed in a membrane- bound organelle - CORRECT ANSWER a) located in the nuclei region of the cytoplasm all DNA nucleotides contain a) the same nitrogenous base and phosphate but different sugars

b) the same sugar, but different phosphates and nitrogenous bases c) the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases d) the same nitrogenous base, but different phosphates and sugars - CORRECT ANSWER c) the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases the backbone of an RNA strand is formed by bonding the _______ of one nucleotide to the _____ of another nucleotide a) sugar, phosphate b) protein, sugar c) protein, phosphate - CORRECT ANSWER a) sugar, phosphate If a DNA molecule contains 15% adenine nucleotides, what percent of cytosine does it contain a) 25% b) 30% c) 35% d) 15% - CORRECT ANSWER c) 35% During _______, the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission a) translation b) transcription c) replication - CORRECT ANSWER c) replication conjugation is a conservative process, meaning that

a) only one strand of DNA is transferred to the recipent b) a copy of the DNA being transferred is retained by the donor c) the DNA is transferred only to genetically identical recipients - CORRECT ANSWER b) a copy of the DNA being transferred is retained by the donor match the two statements: Horizontal gene transfer Vertical gene transfer which transfer of DNA from a source other than parent organisms which transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER Horizontal gene transfer- which transfer of DNA from a source other than parent organisms vertical gene transfer- which transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction a _______ _______ is an enzyme present naturally in cells that cleaves specific locations on DNA a) mutant strain b) restriction enzyme c) recombinant gene - CORRECT ANSWER b) restriction enzyme which of the following is used in the laboratory to separate strands of DNA a) heat b) cold c) helicase

d) primase - CORRECT ANSWER a) heat the enzyme required to seal the sticky ends of DNA pieces after splicing is called - CORRECT ANSWER ligase what is the enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA - CORRECT ANSWER reverse transcriptase What is cDNA a) DNA that has denatured into two separate strands b) DNA that contains genes from another organism c) DNA made from RNA - CORRECT ANSWER c) DNA made from RNA what is a technique that makes numerous copies of DNA segments for testing - CORRECT ANSWER polymerase chain reaction Taq polymerase is a a) RNA polymerase b) DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER b) DNA polymerase which technique is used for separating DNA fragments according to length a) recombinant DNA technology b) polymerase chain reaction c) gel electrophoresis d) reverse transcription - CORRECT ANSWER c) gel electrophoresis the exact order of nitrogenous bases in the DNA of a chromosome is termed the

a) phosphodiester backbone b) genome sequence c) DNA profile d) restriction map - CORRECT ANSWER b) genome sequence what is recombinant DNA technology? a) the use of technology to create many copies of DNA in a small sample b) the ability to visualize differences in DNA sequences between individuals c) the creation of DNA from RNA using reverse transcripase d) the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms - CORRECT ANSWER d) the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms what is the primary intent of recombinant DNA technology a) determine the sequence of genomic DNA b) make numerous copies of DNA c) combine genetic material from two organisms d) identify person by their DNA sequence - CORRECT ANSWER c) combine genetic material from two organisms the organism that receives and replicated a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is referred to as the - CORRECT ANSWER cloning host which of the following describes the study of an organisms complement of proteins and their functions

a) genomics b) metagenomics c) metabolomics c) proteomics - CORRECT ANSWER c) proteomics the field of biology that combines parts from different organisms to create new molecules and cells never before found in nature is called a) high throughput sequencing b) metagenomics c) recombinant DNA technology d) synthetic biology - CORRECT ANSWER d) synthetic biology the replacement of a faulty gene responsible for a disease with the wild type gene is termed a) metagenomics b) synthetic biology c) recombinant DNA d) gene therapy - CORRECT ANSWER d) gene therapy changes to the genome of an individual that are passed on to offspring are termed ______ therapy a) somatic cell b) germline

c) gene drive d) gene - CORRECT ANSWER b) germline in the CRISPR technique, a guide RNA a) directs a restriction endonuclease to the target b) primes the replication of the target gene c) targets the gene sequence to be modified d) is a portion of a previously encountered bacteriophage - CORRECT ANSWER c) targets the gene sequence to be modified one ethical concern about the use of CRISPR is its use in a process called gene drive. this is used to a) promote PCR like processes within the nucleus of patient cells b) direct the creation of a sequence of an altered gene in a chromosome c) artificially cause an organisms offspring to accrue a mutation at an accelerated rate d) transfer modified genes from a virus to a patient - CORRECT ANSWER c) artificially cause an organisms offspring to accrue a mutation at an accelerated rate which term represents all of the genetic information of a cell a) chromosome b) genome c) gene - CORRECT ANSWER b) genome

T/F Only viruses can have an RNA genome - CORRECT ANSWER True genomes of cells are composed of - CORRECT ANSWER DNA which type of mutations are caused by random errors in DNA replication a) spontaneous b) induced c) mutagen - CORRECT ANSWER a) spontaneous a mutation that leads to cell dysfunction or death is termed a _____ mutation a) lethal b) neutral c) point d) silent - CORRECT ANSWER a) lethal a sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called - CORRECT ANSWER intron in eukaryotic genes, introns are interspaced between coding regions called _____ that will be translated into protein - CORRECT ANSWER exons which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms a) recombination b) heredity c) mutation

d) reproduction - CORRECT ANSWER a) recombination which unit in bacteria of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes? a) promoter b) codon c) operon d) regulator e) operator - CORRECT ANSWER c) operon two subunits of the ______ comprise the site of protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER ribosome during what process is mRNA converted into a protein a) replication b) translation c) transduction d) transcription - CORRECT ANSWER b) translation a _____ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid - CORRECT ANSWER codon during translation elongation, peptide bonds form between a) RNA nucleotides b) amino acids

c) DNA and RNA nucleotides d) DNA nucleotides - CORRECT ANSWER b) amino acids eukaryotic mRNA contains _______ which are noncoding regions that must be removed before translation occurs - CORRECT ANSWER introns when UAA, UAG, or UGA is encountered on the mRNA transcript translation a) ends b) pauses c) begins - CORRECT ANSWER a) ends T/F Gel electrophoresis patterns are the same in different individuals of the same species - CORRECT ANSWER False which of the following describes the study of all the genomes in an ecological niche a) metagenomics b) proteomics c) genomics d) metabolomics - CORRECT ANSWER a) metagenomics in a protozoal or fungal cell, chromosome are located in the - CORRECT ANSWER nucleus ____ gene transfer occurs when organisms acquire genes which did not come directly from parent organisms - CORRECT ANSWER horizontal which enzyme cleaves specific location on DNA and is used to splice genes in genetic engineering

a) restriction endonuclease b) ligase c) DNA ploymerase d) helices - CORRECT ANSWER a) restriction endonuclease restriction enzyme recognize and clip at sequences called - CORRECT ANSWER palindromes what enzyme seals the sticky ends of DNA pieces after splicing a) endonuclease b) ligase c) helicase d) DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER b) ligase what is the role of reverse transcriptase a) synthesizes RNA from DNA in retroviruses b) splices pieces of DNA cleaved by restriction enzymes c) synthesizes DNA from RNA - CORRECT ANSWER c) synthesizes DNA from RNA DNA that is made from RNA is called - CORRECT ANSWER complementary DNA What is the importance of PCR a) identifies selected genes in a chromosome b) cuts DNA into defined segments

c) determines the DNA sequence for identification d) increases the amount of DNA in a sample - CORRECT ANSWER d) increases the amount of DNA in a sample Taq polymerase is used in PCR because a) it is inexpensive and readily available b) it can copy DNA from many species c) it is stable at high temperatures - CORRECT ANSWER c) it is stable at high temperatures whats a cloning host a) the organism that the gene of interest is isolated from for transfer to another organism b) the organism that receives and replicates a foreign pieces of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment c) a plasmid or phage that can transfer DNA between cells - CORRECT ANSWER b) the organism that receives and replicates a foreign pieces of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment which of the following describes the systematic study of an organisms genes and their functions a) metagenomics b) genomics c) proteomics d) metabolomics - CORRECT ANSWER b) genomics

changes to the genome of an individual that are not passed on to offspring are termed _____ therapy a) germline b) gene c) somatic cell d) gene drive - CORRECT ANSWER c) somatic cell in CRISPR the gene sequence to be altered is specified by a _____ RNA a) regulatory b) transfer c) micro d) guide - CORRECT ANSWER d) guide genomes of cells are composed of a) DNA b) RNA c) protein - CORRECT ANSWER a) DNA a mutation that does not lead to adverse or helpful changes is termed a ____ mutation a) point b) silent

c) neutral d) lethal - CORRECT ANSWER c) neutral a change in the genetic code that leads to the insertion of a different amino acid in a protein is called a _____ mutation a) spontaneous b) lethal c) silent d) missense - CORRECT ANSWER d) missense a sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called a) promoter b) intron c) exon d) mutation - CORRECT ANSWER b) intron a codon contains how many nucleotides a) 3 b) 20 c) 1 d) depends on the size of the gene - CORRECT ANSWER a) 3 which term describes a heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms

a) saprobe b) lithograph c) autotroph - CORRECT ANSWER a) saprobe an organism that benefits at the expense of another is called a - CORRECT ANSWER parasite a __________nutrient must be obtained by an organism because it cannot be manufactured - CORRECT ANSWER essential nutrient the cell __________ regulated the transport of materials in and out of the cell - CORRECT ANSWER membrane if a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move a) neither into nor out of the cell b) into the cell by osmosis c) out of the cell by osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER b) into the cell by osmosis which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell a) hypotonic b) hypertonic c) isotonic - CORRECT ANSWER c) isotonic which name is given to microbes that grow in acidic environments a) alkainophiles

b) neutrophiles c) acidophiles d) thermophiles e) mesophiles - CORRECT ANSWER c) acidophiles which term describes a microbe that grows in environments with a pH greater than 7 a) mesophile b) neutrophile c) alkalinohile d) acidophile - CORRECT ANSWER c) alkalinohile a(n) _______ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium a) mesophile b) neutrophile c) alkalinohile d) osmophile - CORRECT ANSWER d) osmophile a(n) ________specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth - CORRECT ANSWER halophile which therm describes any close nutritional relationship between two organisms a) mutualism b) symbiosis

c) commensalism d) parasitism - CORRECT ANSWER b) symbiosis come microbes live in mixed communities attached to a surface and are fairly resistant to antibiotics. these formations are called _______ and often grow on materials such as catheters - CORRECT ANSWER biofilms what name is given to relationships between organisms where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism a) mutualism b) commensalism c) parasitism - CORRECT ANSWER c) parasitism what describes a nutrient that cannot be manufactured by an organism a) obligate b) saprobic c)essential d) macronutrient - CORRECT ANSWER c)essential what cell structure regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell a) cell wall b) mitochondrion c) cell membrane d) cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER c) cell membrane

which term describes a microbe that grows in hypertonic environments a) osmophile b) neutrophile c) hyperphile - CORRECT ANSWER a) osmophile which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt a) saltophile b) acidophile c) halophile d) mesophile - CORRECT ANSWER c) halophile which term describes a mixed community of microbes attached to a surface and to one another a) slime layer b) biofilm c) slime film d) bilayer - CORRECT ANSWER b) biofilm a nutrient that must be obtained by an organism because it cannot be manufactured is called an _______ nutrient - CORRECT ANSWER essential what determines a microbes nutritional type (select all that apply) a) oxygen preference

b) source of carbon c) source of energy d) source of trace elements - CORRECT ANSWER b) source of carbon c) source of energy microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as _________ while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as _______ - CORRECT ANSWER phototrophs, chemotrophs the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution is termed _______ - CORRECT ANSWER diffusion what specific name is given to an organism which can cause disease a) infection b) pathogen c) parasite - CORRECT ANSWER b) pathogen what is a microaerophile a) a bacterium that requires carbon dioxide in higher levels that the atmosphere b) a bacterium that can use oxygen if present but prefers aerobic mechanisms of metabolism c) an aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER c) an aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere from which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophillic microorganisms

a) frozen food b) water from a hot tub c) outside air in summer months - CORRECT ANSWER a) frozen food _________ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures a) nutrition b) symbiosis c) catabolism d) metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER a) nutrition bacteria are produce by _______ fission - CORRECT ANSWER binary micronutrients that are required by cells in small amounts are termed ______ elements - CORRECT ANSWER trace what word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways a) oxygenic b) anaerobic c) oxygenators d) aerobic - CORRECT ANSWER d) aerobic organisms that get their energy from chemical compounds are called a) phototrophs

b) autotrophs c) chemotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER c) chemotrophs which term is used exclusively to describe waters movement across a selectively permeable membrane a) active transport b) hypotonic c) diffusion d) osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER d) osmosis a(n) __________microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source - CORRECT ANSWER autotrophic growth of a bacterial culture in a growth medium in a test tube is defined as a closed culture meaning that a) there is a defined quantity of oxygen available to the cells b) nutrients are limited and waste products are not removed c) there is no energy source available to the cells d) the culture contains only a single species and is not contaminated - CORRECT ANSWER b) nutrients are limited and waste products are not removed which of the following conditions would cause a bacterial culture in exponential phase to shift to the stationary phase (check all that apply) a) drop in temperature b) loss of nitrogen source